By :-Sir Saman

Fundamental of Computer: The term "Computer has been derived from Latin word Compute" which means calculate. Similarly, in English language Calculate means to do mathematical operation. So, Computer is an electronic device which accepts raw data, processes it according to the specific instruction and gives the result as new information. This is also a digital operating device. But, the computers originated with a huge size and extreme processing capabilities. Symbol and their Name Of Symbol Backward Slash Forward slash Exclamation Ampersand Hash asterisk (star) Colon Semi colon At the rate dollar

Symbol \ / ! & # * : ; @ $

Screen (VDU) Monitor is also output device called display unit. VDU stand for visual display unit. CPU (Central processing unit) it is a main part of a computer. It is also known as system box (brain box). There are central unit (C.U) arithmetical and logical unit (ALU) and storage unit (main storage in a CPU.) Printer printer is an out put device which is use to print a document. Mouse input device Characteristics of Computer: Speed-It can carry out the computation very fast. Accuracy-The results generated by computer are very accurate. Versatility-It can process multiple types of data. Automatic-If instructions are given correctly, it can work automatic. Storage-It can store a huge amount of data. Diligent-It is very hard-working in its work. Software: Software is a set of program which is used for different purpose. It is also defined as the program concerned with operation of the hardware in the data system. Types of Software:The software available in any computer can be divided into two types: Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman

System Software:-The software required for running user program is known as system software. System software is the collection of the programs written for computer, which allows the user to develop and run programs. Mainly system software is divided into two parts: 1. Operating system is a program:-which controls overall operations (activities) of the computer. It is the media point between the computer and operators, dos, UNIX, windows are the example of operating system. 2. Utility program:- Utility program are those programs, which are used for managing files or folders, working with files or folders or drives and developing writing and testing the programs. Application software:-The software written for special purpose (specific) in a specific language is known as application software. These programs perform certain task with respect to related program MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS- PowerPoint, adobe PageMaker, freehand, Photoshop, and AutoCAD are the examples of application software. System Unit: When data is input to a computer, it is processed and an output is produced at the output device. Processing takes place in the system unit. The component of the system unit that is involved in the actual processing is the microprocessor. [Input device] (Raw data) Input (Unknown) [CPU] Process (Result) [Output device] Output

Memory Input: Through which user can insert data or through which user can give instruction is called input unit. E.g. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone. Process: Process is the manipulation of data as per given instruction. Memory: The capability to store the data is known as computer memory. Programs and data are stored in the memory unit of the CPU during processing. Memory consists of storage locations. Memory can be classified into 2 types: 1) Primary memory: - It is also called the main memory or the central memory. This memory is resident (attach) on the motherboard. There are two types of primary memory:a) ROM (Read Only Memory):-It is permanently in built into the computer at the time of its production. It stores a set of instruction and instructs the computer how to work. The user cannot change these instructions. ROM is non-volatile, that is, when computer goes off this instruction is not lost. b) RAM (Random Access Memory): - It is short-term memory of volatile memory. That is, when the computer is switched ON, the memory, which available to use is RAM, but when the computer is switched OFF, all the information disappears. RAM is temporary whereas ROM is permanent memory. It is read/write, memory i.e. user can either write on to this memory or read from it. Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman

2) Secondary memory: - The secondary memory is the external memory. Secondary storage allows string large volumes of data. The contents of secondary storage are not lost when the power is turned OFF. Secondary storage devices: a. Hard Disk: Hard disk is a large capacity, permanent storage area that offers access to the information stored on it. Hard disk is always fixed in the computer and cannot be removed. Huge number of data can be stored in this type of storage media. b. Floppy Disk Floppy disks are magnetically coated disks on which information; both programs and data typed from the keyboard, can be stored and retrieved. It is also called portable disk drive. c. CD-ROM (Compact disk Read Only Memory) :- It is non erasable disk used for storing computer data. 3. Control Unit:The control unit directs all operations inside the computer. It is known as nerve center of the computer because it controls and co-ordinates all hardware operations. 4. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):- It operates on the data available in the main memory and amends them back after processing once again to the main memory. Output: Output is the processed data. It is also called result. E.g. Printer, Monitor/ Screen, Speaker. Data: - Data is just like raw material which provides some meaningful result after processing. History of computer in Nepal Computer was introduced in 1972. This was IBM 1401. HMG had paid 125000 per month as rent for this computer. Established in 1975, called yantrikee sarinikaran Kendra (electronic data processing center.) In 1991 it was converted to national computer center. Generation of computer What is generation? It has been identified that there are five major stages in the continuous development process of computer. These stages are called computer generation. 1. First generation computer (1946-48) They were very large slow and had less internal storage capacity. (e.g. UNIVAC made of vacuum tube i.e. also work by vacuum scald) 2. Second generation computer (1959-64) The transistors replaced the vacuum tubs of 1st generation it was great revolution in the field of electronics. In that period scientist developed magnetic tape and magnetic disk. They were small faster and storage large number of data. 3. Third generation computer (1965-74) Computer was integrated circuit (IC). An IC is an electronic circuit with a large numbers of components built on a small silicon chip. RAMs and ROMs also made in this generation. They had high memory capacity. 4. Fourth generation computer (1975-1990) Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman

The development of VHSI (very high scale integration) circuits, very high speed integrated circuits and microprocessor enhanced the performance of 4th generation computer improved speed memory size and packing system, CPU and other devices are packed into a single chip developed personal computer 5. Fifth generation computer (1991-present) After 1990 a new generation of computers called 5th generation. Leading countries for these computers are Japan and USA. They have been undertaking different projects to design 5th generation computer. The special characteristics of 5th generation would be: a. Use intelligent programming b. Use high performance multiprocessor system c. Have easy human-computer interfaces d. Use knowledge-based problem solving techniques. Different parts of windows screen

ICON

DESKTOP ` Start button The desktop The most important change in windows 95/98, 2000, XP over earlier versions of windows is new Time indicator interface called desktop. Desktop is the backdrop on which windows and icons of disks and applications reside. When you open a program or file, it appears in a window on the desktop. Task bar Icons Icons are symbols or pictures that represent documents, applications, folders, devices and others. Initially you will see at least four icons on your windows 95/98, 2000, XP desktop. My computer icon on the desktop opens a view into the resources of local computer Recycle bin is a holding place for all the deleted objects. Network neighborhood icon is available, if the computer is part of a network or is equipped so it can be connected to one at some point. d. My document icon it is use for default save location and to save document. Taskbar Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman

The taskbar is long horizontal bar located at bottom of screen when you start window for the first time. By default, they are always visible when a window is running. Starting with the start menu. When you click the start button, you see a menu that contains everything you need to begin using window. Program Display a list of programs you can start. Documents Display a list of documents that you have opened previously .It can list 15 documents/program only. Settings Display a list of system components for which you can change settings. Find/ search Enables you to find a folder file, shared computer or mail message. Help Allows using help to find out how to do a task in windows. Run execute a program, when you type filename or command. Shutdown/ turn off Shuts down or restart your computer or close computer. Windows components A window is a rectangular area on the screen that represents a folder on the desktop. A running program or a document or dialog box in program. a. Title bar The title bar is located at the top of the screen. It displays the name of the application or document. b. Control Menu box. It is located, or in the upper left corner of each screen. It opens a control menu (also called system menu) containing commands to control the location, size and status of the windows. c. Menu bar. A one line horizontal menu at the top of the screen below the title bar is called a menu bar. It contains a list of options such as file, edit, window, help etc. this makes it easier to learn new applications. d. Scroll bar. A scroll bar is a bar that appears at the bottom and right edge of a window whose contents are not entirely visible. e. Work space. Work space is the part/ portion of a window that is inside the frame and under the title bar and menu bar. This is also called client area. f. Maximize button. Maximize button displayed at the centre of the three buttons, displayed on the right corner of the title bar. When you click on the middle, button the window will become the full screen size of your desktop. g. Minimize button. Minimize button collapse a window and makes it disappear from the screen, if want to open a new window while working in another window, you need not close the current window. h. Restore button. When a window is maximized, its maximize button is replaced by a restore button. I. Close button. You can close any window, which is currently open by clicking on the close button. Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman
About mouse: Point: - : Place the mouse pointer to the specified object. Click: - press and release left mouse button. Right click: - Press and release right mouse button. Double click: - press and release left mouse button twice quick. Dragging and dropping: - place the mouse pointer on the object and press mouse left button, hold it down and move to specified location and drop it. How to open a program? Click on start button. Point to program. Click on specified program which you want to open. How to close a program? Click on close button. Or Choose file > exit from menu bar Or Press Alt +F4 key Or Right click on title bar and choose close from menu. Or Click on control menu box and choose close To open a document: Click on start button. Click on document. Click on required document which you want to open. Creating folder in desktop:Right click on blank area of desktop and choose new. Click on folder option. Type new name for the folder and press enter key. Creating new folder into an existing folder:Double click on a folder. choose file > new > folder Type new name for the folder and press enter key. Creating new document file by using different program:Double click on a folder to where you want to create document file. choose file > new Choose a program which you want. Right click on document file and choose rename and type new name for the document file and press enter key. Double click on the document file to open corresponding program. Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman
Type the text and/or draw the picture etc. choose the file > save or click on save tool button to save the document Click on close button to exit from the program. Selecting Multiple object (folder, shortcut, doc file) Click on the object to select an object. to select different object, hold down ctrl key and click on different object To select different object continuously, hold down shift key and drag the mouse pointer near the specified object. To select all objects at a time, press ctrl+A. Deselecting object To deselect all objects, click left mouse button on empty area. To deselect different object press ctrl + clicking. To invert the selection, choose edit > invert selection. Opening object Double click on the object Or Right click on the object and choose open. Or Select the object (s) and choose file > open. Or Select the object and press enter key. Renaming object Right click on the object and choose rename and type new name for the object and press enter. Or , Select the object and choose file> rename and type new name for the object and press enter key. Or Click on the name of the object, click again and type new name for the object and press enter Key. Using recycle bin To get deleted objects back again or to delete objects permanently. Double click on recycle bin icon shows temporarily deleted objects To undelete objects & restore them to their original locations. Select the objects then right click & choose restore or, choose File > restore from menu bar. To undelete objects & put them wherever you want, select the objects then find the place where you want them to appear & drag them to appropriate spot.

Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman

to delete objects permanently from recycle bin & the disk, select the objects then right click & choose delete or , click on the delete button in the tool bar or , choose file > delete from the menu bar. Choose Yes to delete the object. To delete all objects permanently at a time, right click on the recycle bin icon on the desktop & choose empty recycle bin from property menu or, choose Yes to confirm the dead. To restore the most recent deleted objects from the recycle bin to their original locations, choose Edit> undo delete from the menu bar or, click on the undo delete button in the tool bar. To add a program to the start menu or the programs menu. 1. Right click on task bar & choose properties. Or choose start > settings > task bar 2. Select start menu programs tab. 3. Click on add button then appears shortcut dialog box. 4. Type the location and name of the item you want to create a shortcut at command line criteria or search the item by clicking browse. 5. select group & select file & click open 6. Click on next (to select folder to place shortcut.) 7. Select any folder or new folder. 8. select next (to select name for the shortcut) 9. Type the name for the shortcut & click on finish button. 10. Click on ok button. To remove program from start menu. 1. Choose start > settings > taskbar. 2. choose start menu programs tab &click on customize tab. 3. Choose remove button then appears remove shortcut/ folder dialog box. 4. To remove an item from the start menu select the item & click remove button. 5. Click on close and ok button. Clear 1. Choose start > taskbar > start menu programs tab. 2. Click the clear button to remove the contents of document menu. 3. Click on Ok button. Copying & Moving objects or files/folders : 1. Select the objects which you want to copy or move. 2. press ctrl + C or, Choose Edit > Copy or, Right click & choose copy ( for copying the objects) 3. Press ctrl + X or, choose Edit > cut or right click & choose cut (for moving the objects). 4. Open the destination folder & select the place. 5. Press ctrl + V or, Edit > paste or, Right click & choose paste (to copy or moved the objects.) A. Dragging Method. 1. Select the objects. 2. dragging the objects to specified location (for moving the objects), Ctrl +dragging the objects to specified location (for copying the objects) B. Right dragging Method 1. Select the objects. 2. Right dragging the objects to required location & drop it, displays a dialog box. Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman
3. Choose copy here or, move here option. Browsing with my computer 1. Double click on my computer icon. 2. double click on drive letter(A: or C: or D: etc) 3. Double click on folder & sub folder until required folders or files are not found. Move, copy, delete and rename the objects as required

To display the properties of the objects To display the properties ( type of object, creation date, location, name, size, modification date, attribute- hidden, read only, system, archive etc.) of the selected object. Select the object. Choose file > properties or, choose properties button from tool bar. View Toolbar To display or, hide toolbar Choose view> toolbar and choose a tool bar. Go display or hide status bar. Choose view > status bar To display small icons format Choose view > small icons To display different view format Choose view > large icons Choose view > list Choose view > details (Name, Size, type, modification etc.) OR Right click on blank space > choose view> choose the style you like. Arrange icons in different order 1. choose view > arrange icons> name (name wise alphabetic order) 2. choose view > arrange icons > size( size wise order-smallest first) 3. choose view > arrange icons > date (date wise order smallest first) 4. choose view > arrange > auto arrange (automatic order) OR Right click on blank space > choose arrange icon by> choose the style you like. Finding files or folder. 1. Choose start> Search > files or folder. 2. Click on All file and folders. 3. Select name and location tab (if not selected). 4. Click the named box. And then type the name of files or folder (partial or full name) you want to find. 5. Specify where to search. Click the arrow next to look in box, or browse. 6. Click the find now button to start the search. 7. Click the new search button and ok button to clear the current search. To start a program or open a document or folder 1. Choose start > Run. 2. Type name of program or file or folder with location. Or Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman
1. Click on browse to look for the item. 2. Click on ok button. About Mouse: To change the mouse settings Buttons 1. choose start >settings > control panel 2. or 3. Double click on my computer icon & double click on control panel. 4. Double click on mouse icon. 5. If buttons tab is not selected, select it. 6. choose buttons configuration ( right handed or left handed) 7. change double click speed (slow or fast) 8. Click ok button.

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Mouse Motion 1. Choose start >settings > control panel. 2. Double click on mouse icon. 3. Select motion tab. 4. change the pointer speed (slow-fast) 5. Click on show pointer trails check box & change the size (short-long) then click on ok button. Pointer 1. Choose start > settings > control panel. 2. Double click on mouse icon. 3. Select the pointer tab. 4. Choose one scheme from dropdown scheme list then select one item from the list & choose browse button. 5. choose one option then click on open button & click on use default button( to restore previous) 6. Click on ok button. Display of Desktop Background: to change the background of desktop. 1. Right click on desktop & choose properties. 2. If background tab is not selected, select it. 3. Choose wallpaper option from drop down list (ed. Clouds forest etc.) 4. choose display option (tile or center or stretch) 5. Choose pattern option from drop down list & then click on edit pattern button. 6. Under pattern editor, change the pattern & click on change or done button. 7. Click on ok button. Screen saver: To apply screen saver: 1. Right click on desktop > click on properties. 2. Select screen saver tab. 3. Choose screen saver option from the list (e.g. - flying window, 3D text.) 4. Click on setting button (especially for 3D text. Or scrolling Marquee) 5. Type the text in text box. Monday, August 12, 2013

By :-Sir Saman

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6. Move the size speed & resolution slider left or right. 7. Double click format buttons & choose font, font size and color. 8. Click on ok button twice. 9. type minutes in minute box (wait) 10. Click on preview button to show screen saver. 11. Click on ok button. Appearance: To change the appearance of windows: 1. Right click on desktop > click on properties. 2. Click on appearance tab. 3. Choose one item from item list (desktop, menu, icon etc. 4. choose one scheme from scheme list (windows standard, rose, pinks) 5. Choose color from color list, font from font list, size from size list & click on ok or apply button. Settings: 1. Right click on desktop > click on properties. 2. Click on settings tab. 3. Choose color palette from color palette list. 4. Change the default desktop area with the help of slider. 5. Choose font size from the list. 6. click on advance properties for advance display properties ( adapter, monitor & performance) 7. Click on ok or apply button. Date & time 1. choose start> setting > control panel 2. Double click on date & time icon or, double click on time indicator on the taskbar. 3. Click on date & time tab option. 4. Choose month from month list, choose year from year list, choose day for day list. 5. Change the time in up down list as required. 6. Click on ok button.

Monday, August 12, 2013