18/13 Sport Content Building Collated Information

When you have completed your research, please add them to this document in this format: Example Q9) How has technology changed sport? Is it for the better or worse, or is it a doubleedged sword? (NAME) You can use a mixture of point forms and short paragraphs to organise the information. Please dont give chunks of information- that is not helpful. Be succinct, give as much as your friends would need if they were to use it in an example. Q15) Give specific examples of when these ideals and values have been upheld, and when they have been compromised. -> Fair Play (Wanqi) 1)In 1995 World and Olympic Champion pole-vaulter Sergey Bubka helped his SouthAfrican rival, Okkert Brits, on two occasions by lending him his equipment. Firstly, on 3 July after learning that Brits equipment had not arrived at the Paris Grand Prix Bubka offered him his poles so that he could compete. Again, on 9 September at the IAAF Grand Prix Final in Munich Bubka repeated his generous act. This time, however, it cost him victory as Brits vaulted a winning 5.95 m while Bubkas final jump was just under at 5.90 m. 2) 1964 winter Olympics, Innsbruck, Austria: The British two-man bobsled team, led by Tony Nash, completed its first run placing second overall. -> Then Nash discovered a broken a bolt on the sled putting them out of the competition. At the bottom of the hill, the great Italian bobsled driver Eugenio Monti, (who was lying in first place), heard of their plight and without hesitation, removed the bolt from his own sled sending it to the British team at the top of the hill. Nash's team fixed their sled and clinched gold. -> Monti took the bronze and later commented, "Tony Nash did not win because I gave him a bolt. Tony Nash won because he was the best driver." 3) Chelsea are set to back both a wage increase cap and a compromise financial fair play deal at showdown meeting of all 20 Premier League chairmen. The Roman Abramovich-owned club had been viewed as a hardline opponent of financial fair play (FFP), but it is understood Chelsea will agree to a system that obliges clubs to break even but allows owners to cover some losses. The thawing of the European champions' position should now ensure that both spending control systems are agreed tomorrow. Arsenal, Manchester United, Tottenham and Liverpool will still argue that wealthy owners should not be allowed to underwrite any losses, but in order to push FFP through will have to settle for a compromise, where up to 105m over three years can be covered.

4) While fair play should apply in football throughout the year, FIFA has, since 1997, dedicated one week of its international match calendar every year to praising and promoting the spirit of fairplay. During these FIFA Fair Play Days, FIFA calls on its member associations to organise activities dedicated to fair play and to highlight its importance both on and off the pitch. Fair play is also acknowledged and rewarded at every FIFA tournament. The Technical Study Group evaluates and rates the behaviour on and off the pitch of all participating teams in a FIFA competition. The FIFA Fair Play Award is then conferred upon the team with the best fair play score during the tournament. The Annual FIFA Fair Play Award , presented at the FIFA Ballon dOr gala, recognises special acts of fair play and often goes to individuals or groups who otherwise enjoy little share of the spotlight. How has each of the following forces changed sport? Is it for the better or worse, or is it a double-edged sword? Give specific examples. >>> Commercialisation (Sylvia) Sports nowadays are heavily commercialized. It has changed dramatically, no longer being a mere form of entertainment. Players now enjoy a financially secured life. It was not the case few decades ago. Players had to hold part time jobs along with playing to sustain their livelihood. Players now receive huge sums of money to play. Furthermore, sports stars get millions from endorsing various products.

Top 5
Rank Nam e Sport Natio nality Total earni ngs Salar y/ winni ngs Endo rsem ents

Floy Boxi Unit d ng ed May Stat weat es her, Jr.

$85 $85 $0 milli milli on on

Man Boxi Phili $62 $56 $6 ny ng ppin milli milli milli Pacq es on on on uiao

Tige Golf Unit r ed Woo Stat ds es Lebr Bas on ketb Jam all es Rog Ten er nis Fede rer Unit ed Stat es

$59. $4.4 $55 4 milli milli milli on on on $53 $13 $40 milli milli milli on on on

Swit $52. $7.7 $45 zerla 7 milli milli nd milli on on on

They earn a lot now and this has definitely made their life easier. Commercialization has helped the other business sector to sustain. The television networks and sponsoring companies have boomed along with the sports. The big sporting events such as World Cup and Olympics are covered live by the televisions. Each and every English Premier League match is covered by ESPN. The millions in their home view these events. And while doing so, the sports as well as the television networks get advertised. The recent cricket tournament was named DHL cup. It was named after the sponsoring company DHL. The hoarding boards and the big logos were used all around the ground to promote the company. The event was a success so was the promotion of sponsoring company. The mobile company, Vodafone sponsored the English cricket team as well. Samsung: Its name is printed on the vest of Chelsea players. The sponsors get the product advertised and clubs get money for that. Thus this has benefited club, sponsoring companies and television channels. However, commercialization has had some negative impacts also. This has changed the attitude of the players. The players no more play for the thrill and love of the game. The primary motivator now is money. This has given rise to: Match fixing- Players are found under performing for sums of money. -Hanse Cronje, the former South African cricket captain, was guilty in this charge. He gave one of his mediocre performances against the Indians for alleged sum of two million. -Similarly another South African batsman, Herselle Gibbs, was also found guilty. He was bribed to score less than twenty runs in a match. Doping- Players use performance-enhancing drugs. Lance Armstrong

In an interview with Oprah Winfrey that aired January 17 and 18, 2013, on the Oprah Winfrey Network, Armstrong confessed that he has used banned performance-enhancing drugs throughout much of his cycling career, most recently in 2005. He admitted that he used erythropoietin and human growth hormone, and that he had blood doped. Doping helped him for each of his seven Tour de France wins This has hampered and defamed the spirit of the game.

2. List down all sporting values and ideals. [Fatin]

The Olympic Values are Respect fair play; knowing ones own limits; and taking care of ones health and the environment Excellence how to give the best of oneself, on the field of play or in life; taking part; and progressing according to ones own objectives Friendship how, through sport, to understand each other despite any difference The Paralympic Values are: Determination the drive and motivation to overcome both physical and mental barriers in order to achieve your goals. Courage having the self-belief and confidence to overcome adversity and face difficulty. Equality showing respect and humility towards all those around you in the spirit of fair play. Inspiration to be motivated by the achievements and actions of others and to be a positive example to others.
THE PRINCIPLES OF OLYMPISM Non-Discrimination. The Olympic Movement strives to ensure that sport is practised without any form of discrimination whatsoever. Sustainability. The Olympic Movement organises and delivers programmes in a way that promotes sustainable economic, social and environmental development. Humanism. The Olympic Movement's activities place human beings at the centre of its attention, ensuring that the practice of sport remains a human right. Universality. Sport belongs to everyone. In all its decisions and actions, the Olympic Movement takes into account the universal impact sport can have on individuals and society. Solidarity. The Olympic Movement is committed to developing programmes that, together, create a meaningful and comprehensive social response to issues within its sphere of influence. Alliance between sport, education and culture. The Olympic Movement is committed to promoting the spirit of Olympism, which emerges at the convergence of sport, culture and education.

3. [LIM YI JIN] List

down reasons as to why athletes may choose to compete in sport, beyond the sporting ideals and values.
1. A desire to win at all costs -- even if that means lying. 2. Financial reasons -- with professionals trying to extend a career. 3. National pressures -- as exemplified by the old East German system. 4. Individual pressure from coaches -- who get paid better if they coach winners, and that can apply for administrations too. 5. They dope because they believe they will not get caught -- they believe they are invincible. 6. 'Leveling the playing field' "Early in my professional career, it became clear to me that, given the widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs by cyclists at the top of the profession, it was not possible to compete at the highest level without them," said Hincapie, who decided to end his 18-year top-level career. "Once you start winning, sponsors will be attracted and then money will come. It is an easy way to make money. Some athletes will dope for four to five years without being caught and will make a lot of money in that time," the former 800m specialist, now 38, told CNN. 7. 'Sophisticated skulduggery' At the other end of the scale, lying to earn more money is rampant in African football, where countless "promising" players have concocted false -- and younger -- ages in a bid to appear more enticing to any potential Western suitors (and thus secure a way out of poverty). This year Somalia was thrown out of the 2013 African Under-17 Championship qualifiers, while Niger was disqualified from the 2009 tournament for fielding a 22-yearold and its host Nigeria dropped several of its squad following age tests.

19(Say Yine). List down reasons to why countries should not host major sporting events. Give examples. High cost of improving transport links-The cost of hosting a major sporting event has increased significantly in recent years due to heightened security measures besides the high levels of investment required. It is hard to meet these costs running into billions through sponsorship and ticket sales alone. Vulnerability to terrorism-A terrorist attack like the Munich Massacre in the Munich Olympics of 1972

Huge financial gamble - it may make a huge loss-The sums received from international bodies are negligible given the scale of investment required and host nations have to pump in huge sums themselves. More often than not, the returns are insufficient to cover the costs. Greece, for example, spent US$15 billion (twice the estimated amount) on the 2004 Olympics and this overspending which was unavoidable given the importance of the event, has in no small part, nudged Greece into a financial abyss. Security concerns-Accidents in major sporting events, like the recent death of Georgian lunger, Nodar Kumaritashvili, in the Vancouver Winter Olympics, cause huge and often irreversible damage to a countrys reputation. Short-Term use-Many facilities built for the Olympics can never be fully used again. e.g. an 80,000 athletic stadium will rarely be full outside of the Olympics.

Potential for Negative Publicity-If things go well, a city can benefit from positive publicity, but if things go badly, it can cause the opposite. For example, the Winter Olympics has received adverse publicity because of corruption and cost over-runs. The football World Cup in Qatar, could back-fire, if players complain about the heat. Delhi suffered negative publicity over the state of its facilities at the Commonwealth Games. Extracted from : http://gpjlok.wordpress.com/2010/05/15/essay-1-hosting-sports-events-causes-more-problemsthan-benefits/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/participation/0_participation_individual_rev6.shtml

How far are these functions of sport actually met? Give specific examples. (Umairah) ~Promoting world peace and harmony International Olympic Truce Foundation To initiate conflict prevention and resolution through sport, culture and the Olympic ideals, by cooperating with all inter and non-governmental organisations specialised in this field, by developing educational and research programmes, and by launching communications campaigns to promote the Olympic Truce. The London 2012 Olympic Games has set a record by getting all 193 UN member states to sponsor the Olympic Truce. In the 2000 Sydney Olympics, North and South Korean athletes made a decision to march together in the opening ceremony. FIFA World Cup A riot erupted in central Paris following Algerias devastating loss to the United States in the 2010 World Cup, as 200 to 250 youths who had been watching the game on a giant screen at an inner-city stadium took to the streets. Shop windows were smashed and about 20 cars were incinerated or flipped over, among other incidents which spread to nearby

neighbourhoods. Police made several arrests around 8 p.m., and dispersed the crowds using tear gas. Violence broke out at Leicester Square in England when the England football team lost to Germany at the 2010 FIFA world cup. A German supporter who happened to be in the crowd was elbowed in the back as the angry mob looks on. AFF Suzuki Cup Singapore fans have been left feeling angry and hurt after being labelled "dogs" by Malaysian spectators during their weekend AFF Suzuki Cup win. The chants started even before the Singapore team went onto the pitch to warm up.
Q23. List down benefits and problems related to COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2010 (Feng Kun) Benefits 1. Infrastructural development The first and foremost benefit is that the host city goes through a complete transformation and also remains witness to fast infrastructural development. New Delhi, at the moment, is feeing the same. It is also true that due to Commonwealth Games unrecognized sports do attain fame and better equipments and facilities are provided in order to instruct the partakers of the games. Though India is far from being a sporting nation, the facilities that came up in the national capital for the Commonwealth Games have been a boon for athletes. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, Karni Singh Shooting Range, SP Mukherjee Swimming Complex, Talkatora Indoor Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium and the Yamuma Sports Complex are among the best in the sub-continent. The government is undertaking a large power-production initiative to increase power production to 7,000 MW. To achieve this goal, the government plans to streamline the power distribution process, direct additional energy to Delhi, and construct new power plants. In fact, the government has promised that by the end of 2010, Delhi will have a surplus of power. 2. Improve literacy for locals The Delhi government is also planning a program to teach English to those who will be serving the tourists. These include auto rickshaw drivers, security workers, waiters, porters, etc. But on the dark side the beautification has demolished hundreds of homes and the repatriation of Delhis beggars has been seen as a silly act of pretending poverty doesnt exist and portraying Delhi as Shanghai. Problems 1. Locals had to suffer

Delhi government, who was facing a cash crunch, has resorted to widespread increase in taxes and reduction in subsidies to generate cash for the games. The most necessary commodities like LPG, diesel, CNG, etc. have suffered a price hike, thus upsetting the general public. Plus recently, the Shiela Dixit led Delhi government has increased the road tax which in turn is irritating for the residents and commuters. Far more worrying than the possible threat to a few thousand privileged visiting foreigners, however, is a new report by the Housing and Land Network, an arm of the global movement Habitat International Coalition, suggesting that by the time the Games begin about 140,000 families will have been evicted from their homes to clear the space for the lavish facilities now compulsory for such events. 2. Embarrassment to India Allegations of mismanagement and corruption grew louder and a number of countries warned that accommodations for their athletes were so dire that they might withdraw their teams. As participants from the 71 competing nations began arriving, the Games Village designed to house some 6,000 competitors was still unfinished and in disrepair. A footbridge connecting the Village to the Games' main stadium collapsed, setting off a firestorm of criticism about corners that had cut. There were also fears of a dengue-fever outbreak hitting the athletes. Several top athletes pulled out of the event citing the disarray and security concerns, and for a few days, the fate of the event itself appeared to hang in the balance. Jeslin Wee Q16. Give specific examples of when these ideals and values (excellence) have been upheld, and when they have been compromised.

Sports Officials Canada promotes an annual National Officiating Award program, recognizing excellence in the field of officiating by a male and a female technical official. Inductees are honoured for their significant contribution to officiating at the national and international level. (2003-2012) Fox 40 Kitch MacPherson Awards - Male & Female

Sports Officials Canada and FOX 40 International Inc. sponsored an annual National Officiating Award program. The program recognized a male and a female technical official for their significant contribution to officiating at the national and international level. The award, the FOX 40 Kitch MacPherson Award of Excellence was in honour of the late Kitch MacPherson of Hamilton, Ontario in recognition of his service as a referee in the sport of basketball nationally and internationally. Source: http://www.sportsofficials.ca/index.php?action=cmsHoF.description

Sports Excellence is a leading indicator of Singapore's ever-strengthening commitment to developing a sporting culture. Singapores strategy for Excellence has several fundamental components that must work together:

Identify & invest in specific sports with medal potential; our resources are not limitless so we must maximise our investments by supporting our best hopes for medals. Adopt systematic long-term development plan for athletes; we must provide systemic support for our athletes that extends through their competitive careers and beyond; it is our shared responsibility to groom athletes for success in life after sports. Upgrade & expand the stock and capabilities of our coaches; we must provide our athletes with the best coaches available if they are to compete successfully in the world arenas. Expand our use of sports science & medicine to maximise performance; we can improve our competitive edge by making use of the latest techniques and knowledge in training and athlete management. Increase the opportunities for our athletes to compete in international events overseas and in Singapore by hosting more world-class events locally; our athletes need exposure to stronger competitors if they are to improve beyond current levels. Nurture national pride for athletes & coaches; we must formally recognise the effort and hard work put in by our athletes and coaches if we are to draw new generations into competitive sports.

Source: http://www.ssc.gov.sg/publish/Corporate/en/excellence/excellence.html

Q22) List down the benefits and problems related to the World Cup 2010( Ren Wei ) The World Cup 2010 was host by South Africa, it has brought many benefits and problems. Benefits Infrastructure and economic development New airports and expanded terminals have opened in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town. Bus rapid transit systems are under construction in cities across the country, most notably the

Rea Vaya in Johannesburg. The first segment of the Gautrain regional rail system in the Johannesburg area is set to open June 8, meeting its deadline to open before the Cup's opening match on June 11. Major road projects are being undertaken in every host city, updating access and circulation. New train stations have also opened in many host cities. The National Treasury has invested more than $2.1 billion on transportation and infrastructure projects, in addition to local funding sources. Transportation will be the main legacy of the World Cup, according to South African Minister of Transport Sibusiso Ndebele. During the building of these infrastructures, about 415,000 men and women were employed during the economic slump, boosting the economy temporarily. Problems Security The chief executive of G4S said his company, the biggest security outfit in the world, would not work at the World Cup because of security concerns. Thus, there was fear that the crime rate in South Africa will resurface during the World Cup. Health The department of Health in South Africa had to ensure that all visitors that come into South Africa are healthy and not carrying any diseases so as to prevent a disease outbreak in South Africa.

Give specific examples of when these ideals and values have been upheld, and when they have been compromised: Sportsmanship (Si Ting) Sportsmanship is the behaviour in sport that is fair and shows respect to other players. Sportsmanship being upheld: (a) Act of sportsmanship at Texas A Texas teen has set the example of sportsmanship by unselfishly surrendering the basketball to a developmentally disabled member of the opposing team so he could score a point during a game. Mitchell Marcus serves as the team manager for the basketball team at Coronado High School in El Paso, Texas. http://4goodnews.wordpress.com/2013/03/02/act-of-sportsmanship-gives-texasbasketball-fan-a-shot-at-glory/
(b) PAOLO DI CANIO West Ham striker Di Canio was commended by FIFA after passing up the opportunity to score a winner at Everton in December 2000 by catching the ball because goalkeeper Paul Gerrard was lying injured. It was a remarkable act of sportsmanship from a player who once pushed a referee over. (c) MICHAEL PHELPS

At 19 years of age, Phelps produced a stunning victory in the 100 metre butterfly at the Athens Olympics, which sealed his fourth gold of the Games. And Phelps had the opportunity to add a further medal to his collection in the 4x100m medley relay, but he surprisingly announced he would step aside "to give a team-mate a chance". (d) ANDY RODDICK Leading 5-3 in the second set of his quarter-final encounter with Fernando Verdasco in the Rome Masters of 2005, and with three match points, Roddick watched on as his opponent spun a second serve close to the left tram-line. The line judge called the ball out, giving Roddick the victory. However, the American, seeing the ball mark in the clay, called the serve good, handing Verdasco a reprieve. The Spaniard took full advantage and held serve, before winning the set in a tie-break. Verdasco won the match and said: "I have to thank him. He is a great sportsman." (e) JOHN FRANCOME British Horse racing was graced with a great act of sportsmanship in 1982 when John Francome denied himself the chance to take his fourth National Hunt jockeys' championship when his rival Peter Scudamore sustained an injury which ended his campaign. Both riders were level on points at the time. Jockey Francome explained that his decision was made out on respect for Scudamore who had enjoyed a terrific season. (f) TANA UMAGA In a 2005 Test, Colin Charvis, of Wales, cantered to the try-line but his run was brutally thwarted by New Zealand's Jerry Collins, knocking him out. Umaga, seeing the graveness of his opponent's state, ran to put him in the recovery position - a commendable act which ultimately earned him the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship. http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/ten-examples-of-great-sportsmanship-6428038.html

(g) Carlos Tevez against West Ham Considering the recent controversy surrounding Emmanuel Adebayor and his goal celebration in front of the Arsenal fans, there was potential for Carlos Tevez's return to West Ham to produce similar scenes. Tevez however, demonstrated good grace and sportsmanship in front of the fans who had loved him during his spell at Upton Park. The Argentinian striker scored two goals in Manchester City's 3-1 victory and instead of celebrating them he held up his hand in apology to his old fans, maintaining the relationship of mutual respect between the two. (h) Paolo di Canio against Everton In a Premier League clash in 2000, Paolo di Canio displayed a moment of sportsmanship that was in contrast to other incidents during his career. In injury time, Paul Gerrard, the Everton keeper went down injured in the penalty area. West Ham continued playing and Trevor Sinclair crossed the ball to di Canio in front of an open goal. Instead of tapping in to score the winner di Canio caught

the ball and signalled that the writhing Gerrard, who it later turned out had only twisted his knee, needed some urgent attention. This act earned him a standing ovation from supporters and went some way to atoning for past acts in his career. (i) Ricky Ponting against India In the first Sydney test between India and Australia there was a rare example of sportsmanship from Ricky Ponting. Rahul Dravid edged a shot straight to Ponting in the slips who appeared to take the catch. As the rest of the Australia team ran towards him in celebration and Dravid set off from the wicket Ponting said that he had not fully caught it and that the ball had hit the floor. Consequently the wicket did not stand and Dravid returned to the crease. Sportsmanship being compromised: (a) Fernando de Moraes against Sunshine Georgies FC Fernando de Moraes performed an extraordinary piece of play in Australian football which was widely labelled as poor sportsmanship. As per convention, the ball had been put out of play following an injury and Moraes threw the ball in to the Sunshine keeper as part of the fair play convention. However, as the keeper dallied on the ball Moraes crept up behind him, stole the ball and scored. This received much criticism for poor sportsmanship, however many people did criticise the goalkeeper for his naivety. (b) Diego Maradona against England The 1986 'Hand of God' is possibly the most famous act of cheating and bad sportsmanship in history. In the quarter-finals of the World Cup, as far as the referee was concerned the tiny Diego Maradona appeared to somehow rise above the tall Peter Shilton in goal and head the ball in. However, to almost everybody else watching the game, Maradona had used his hand to punch the ball in. Video footage and photographs proved everyone's suspicions that this was no 'Hand of God' but the hand of Maradona. (c) Mike Tyson v Evander Holyfield During a rematch between the two heavyweight boxers, Mike Tyson ensured the fight would go down in boxing history. During the third round Tyson lost his cool and as the two men were locked together he bit a chunk out of Holyfield's ear and spat it onto the floor. This was noticed by the referee and Tyson was docked two points. However, just moments later Tyson tried to bite Holyfield's ear a second time and the fight was ended with Holyfield being named winner and Tyson disqualified. http://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/the-art-of-sportsmanship-5-of-the-bestand-worst-examples-6718816.html (d) TJ Lang Gets Popped in the Pouch

Robison was caught on camera delivering a nasty kick-stab into the groin of the Packers T.J. Lang in 2011. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1548569-25-terrible-examples-ofsportsmanship/page/6 (e) Marty McSorley High-Sticks Donald Brashear in Head Angry with the perennially a-holish playing style of Vancouvers Donald Brashear, former Boston Bruins defenseman Marty McSorley decided to bash a fellow athlete in the temple with a hockey stick in 2000. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1548569-25-terrible-examples-ofsportsmanship/page/11

List down reasons as to why countries want to host major sporting events. Give examples. [Samantha] Reasons Economic benefits Examples Los Angeles Games made over $200 million. The Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC) relied on existing facilities and therefore constructed very little. Much of its success can also be attributed to the over $700 million received from television rights, commercial sponsorship and ticket sales. The total cost of the Games was $500 million. Manchester improved from 19th to 13th in the European Cities Monitor after hosting the 2002 Commonwealth Games. East London has new rail lines (Dockland light railway extension) and improved public transport, including improved international rail station at Stratford. This helps to reduce congestion and increase productivity. (2012 London Olympic and Paralympic Games) The 2012 London Olympic and Paralympic Games will lead to economic growth of 1.936bn between 2005 and 2016 and will create more than 8000 new full-time jobs. 1984 Olympics revealed that Los Angeles experienced an unexplained increase of 5000 jobs during the year of Olympics.

Raise profile of a country/city

Encourages investment in transport and infrastructure

Job creation

World-class facilities built

Hosting major events requires world class facilities, which leave a crucial legacy for a region and a sport. A good example of this is the National Cycling Centre, developed for the 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games. British Cycling has capitalized on this world class facility to become one of the best NGBs in the world. UK Sport estimate that 13,000 volunteers will gain pre-2012 experience as part of their major events strategy, and the Games will rely on more than 70,000 volunteers.

Volunteerism

http://www.sportandrecreation.org.uk/campaigning/policy-areas/hosting-events/hostingmajor-sporting-events http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA493810

Q22) List down the benefits and problems related to the 2011 cricket world cup.
( Benjamin Toh ) Benefits Economic - Sri Lanka is set to benefit in a number of multi faceted ways. In addition to money spent by visitors including pre and post stays, the country will also gain via infrastructure investments, employment opportunities and skills development in addition to the further empowering of a national identity and the greater inculcation of an overwhelming sense of unity. The direct benefit to a destination is the cash spent by these visitors while the indirect benefit can be years of follow up visits. Some additional benefits can include the development of new infrastructure and service industries, increased employment and a stronger national economy. The pre and post publicity from the games will also manifest itself in a growth in the Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions (MICE) market in addition permanent infrastructure improvements. Problems Political tension - The IndiaPakistan cricket rivalry is one of the most intense sports rivalries in the world especially in Indian Subcontinent. An India-Pakistan cricket match has been estimated to attract up to three hundred million television viewers. The political party Shiv Sena threatened to disrupt the final in Mumbai if the team from Pakistan qualified to play.

Riots - Bangladeshi fans threw rocks at the West Indies team bus as it returned players to their hotel after their win over Bangladesh in Dhaka on 4 March. It was later claimed that the rock-throwers had confused the bus with the Bangladesh team bus. The elite Rapid Action Battalion of Bangladesh arrested 38 people after the attack, and the West Indians later received an apology. On 8 March, fans who lined up outside the Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground in Nagpur to buy tickets for the match between India and South Africa were caned by local police.

Qn.4) List down some examples of athletes whom we have reason to believe are competing for purposes beyond the ideals. (Jia Hui) Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles last week after the International Cycling Union decided that he was a ringleader of a doping program on his winning cycling team. Armstrong became a heroic figure for many, not just because of his cycling feats, but also because he is a cancer survivor and the founder of the highly respected Livestrong cancer foundation. Jackie Robinson overcame poverty and racism to become a sports legend, breaking the color barrier in Major League Baseball when the Brooklyn Dodgers hired him in 1947 to play second base. The first black man to play in the major leagues since 1889, Robinson was instrumental in ending racial segregation in professional baseball, and his example contributed to the success of the Civil Rights Movement. During his 10 seasons in professional baseball, Robinson played in six World Series and was chosen for six consecutive All-Star Games. He received the first-ever Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 and the National League MVP Award in 1949. Oscar Pistorius is a South African sprinter knows as the "Blade Runner" and "the fastest man on no legs." Although both of his legs were amputated below the knee when he was less than a year old, Pistorius participated in sports such as rugby, tennis, water polo and wrestling during his school years. He started running with special prosthetics in January 2004 during rehabilitation for a serious rugby knee injury. Wilma Rudolph caught infantile paralysis (polio) as a young child, which twisted her left leg and foot and made it necessary for her to wear a brace for three years. Despite those early challenges, Rudolph grew up to become a runner who was considered the world's fastest woman during her competitive years. Rudolph competed in two Olympic Games (1956 and 1960). In the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Rudolph became the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field during a single Olympic Games.

Bethany Hamilton started surfing professionally as a young girl, but at age 13 she

lost her left arm and nearly lost her life when she was attacked by a shark while surfing in her home waters off Kauai. Less than a month later, she was back on her board and surfing again. Two years later, in 2005, Hamilton won first place in the National Scholastic Surfing Association (NSSA) National Championships, a goal she had been working toward before the shark attack. In 2008, she started competing full-time on the Association of Surfing Professionals World Qualifying Series. In her first competition against many of the world's best female surfers, she finished second. Babe Didrikson Zaharias was an outstanding all-around athlete who challenged traditional perceptions of femininity at a time when most women were expected to stay at home and take care of their husbands and children. Zaharias won two gold medals and one silver in track and field at the 1932 Olympics, and became a champion golfer after coming late to the game. When she represented her employer in the 1932 Amateur Athletic Union Championships, she competed in eight out of ten events, won five, tied for first place in a sixth, and set five world records in a single afternoon. She was also an expert seamstress who made many of her own clothes, including the outfits she wore as a professional golfer. The Associated Press placed Zaharias at #9 on its list of the Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century. In an age where women did not have too many opportunities to get involved in sports, Jackie Mitchell did the unthinkable: she became a professional baseball pitcher. In 1931, at the age of 17, Mitchell was signed to a contract by the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts. That right there is pretty inspirational. But it gets a lot better. In her very first week with the Lookouts, Mitchell had to go up against the mighty New York Yankees in an exhibition game. This of course meant she would be facing baseball legends Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth. References:
http://living.msn.com/life-inspired/life-unleashed/the-most-inspirational-athletes-of-all-time#4

http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/should-athletes-who-dope-have-to-forfeit-theirtitles-and-medals/

http://www.totalprosports.com/2011/11/21/9-inspirational-sports-stories/

Q24) Benefits and problems related to the F1 Singapore (Wei Jian) Economical Benefits Problems

Each race weekend rakes in tourism receipts of about S$150 million Hotels welcome the prospect, with the races bringing in 40,000 visitors each race

Cost of organising the race each year is reported to be S$150 million Businesses in the Marina Bay area are affected and retail sales are usually hit hard over race weekends due to road closures Doubts arise if Singapore will continue to draw the F1 crowds with the novelty factor of the race dropping. In addition, Singapore could lose its unique selling point for F1 if other nations also turn their events into night races.

The F1 night race is a showpiece for Singapore to project herself as one of the best cities in the world to work, live and play in. Hence, Singapore places her bets on the star-studded event to draw the attention of investors and businessmen.

Examples -Studies by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) have noted how the night race has improved perceptions of Singapore abroad and raised interest in investing here. It also estimated Singapore to reap S$1 billion in net economic output and another S$1 billion in terms of increased tourism and investment. -BCG surveyed individuals in the top 20% income bracket from selected markets like China, Russia and Britain. 30%-40% who watched the race had an improved perception and awareness about Singapore and 10% more likely to travel to Singapore. -In another survey, 70% to 90% of business owners and top management of mid-sized companies had improved perceptions of Singapore due to F1. 5% to 10% of them are now keen to invest and do business here. -A report by Amadeus (leading IT solutions firm in the tourism and travel industry) & Forward Data SL (market research and consulting company) showed that Australians, British and Americans topped the list for inbound travellers during the F1 week. This indicates that the race has broadened Singapore's tourism appeal beyond traditional markets like Indonesia, China and India, and made inroads into Europe and Oceania, where F1 is most popular.

Societal (only a few I could find) Benefits There is a greater sense of pride and ownership among Singaporeans of the event that has made the city the "crown jewel" of the F1 calendar. Problems Travel disruptions due to road closure

Noise pollution Sources -http://www.stcars.sg/guides-articles/motorsports/f1-to-bring-bigger-benefits-in-next-lap/a/85941 -http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Plush/Story/A1Story20121002-375047.html (The Straits Times, 02/10/12) Inclusion/friendship/bonding being upheld/compromised (Dylan) It looks like it did not take long for Kenyan athletes to learn the lesson. A Kenyan athlete gave up her first position and with it US$10,000 in prize money so that she could assist a disabled Chinese athlete. The disabled Chinese athlete had been struggling with dehydration when the Kenyan athlete slowed to assist with a bottle of water. The slowing resulted in her losing her first position.

http://athleticsinkenya.com/

Developments in Sport Q13) List down some modern developments in sports today not mentioned above. How is sport changing in our modern society? (Qin Ying) Increased participation of youth in sports How kids play sports?

Sports 30 Years Ago: Played every day with the neighbourhood kids for hours on end, whatever sport was in season. Sports Now: Kids only play and practice real sports when adults formally organize them. The rest of the time they are playing video versions of sport on Wii, Playstation, and X-Box. Rarely do you see kids organize informal, real games of their own any more. Kids attend dedicated sports facilities where a paid instructor provides expert tutelage in their sport on a regular basis. They also may receive speed and agility training as well as sport psychology consulting. Where do kids play sports?

Sports 30 Years Ago: Kids of all ages went into a backyard or nearby vacant lot to play. Sports Now: Kids play on perfectly manicured and lined fields. Recognition of youth playing sports: Sports 30 Years Ago: Kids enjoyed the intrinsic rewards of competing and playing with friends. You had bragging rights over your friends or the next neighbourhood over - until the next game. Sports Now: Every kid now is given a shiny, new trophy in t-ball just for showing up. They seek and have come to expect the extrinsic rewards more so than the intrinsic. The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) is an international multi-sport event first held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010. The games are held every four years in staggered summer and winter events consistent with the current Olympic Games format, allowing youths from aged 14-18 to participate in. On 6 July 2007, International Olympic Committee (IOC) members at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City approved the creation of a youth version of the Olympic Games. http://www.championshipcoachesnetwork.com/public/379.cfm

Greater recognition of Paralympics In 2000, during the Sydney Games, the relationship between the International Paralympics Committee and the International Olympic Committee was further strengthened by the signing of a memorandum of understanding and later the signing of a cooperative agreement. Since then the parallel relationship of the two organisations has resulted in the two largest sporting spectacles on earth being organised closely together. However, London 2012 will be the first Games to have the same organising committee for both events. David James of the Centre for Sports Engineering Research at Sheffield Hallam University, added: 'We're already at the era where prosthetics can outstrip human performance. With the developments being made in things like powered knees and ankle joints, athletes will soon be flying down the track. In wheelchair sports, some countries including Britain and Japan have partnered with car companies to ensure the wheelchairs will one day be available on the mass market. -Funded by UK Sport as part of a 700,000 Paralympics research programme, the new chairs were developed by Loughborough University, BMW and RGK as a way improving the athletes speed and manoeuvrability while maintaining stability. Development of Sports psychology

Interest in sport psychology has accelerated in the last 15-20 years, partly due to the increased realization that the winning edge in many sports is not just physical superiority, but rather a combination of psychological, physiological and technical factors. Some researchers in Sweden suggested that programs in applied sport psychology would become licensed (e.g. Johnson & Fallby, 2004). Also,Gardner and Moore (2006) argue that proficiency in sport psychology will foster a professional environment that allows more psychology departments to offer clinical sport psychology.

Qn11. Influence of mass media and advertisement on sports Sports advertising is big business. According to an article in the New York Times, as recently as 2007, "G.M. spent close to $578 million on TV sports advertising." Tens of millions of people flock to large venues yearly to watch modern gladiators battle for championships and, on a smaller scale, local sports teams also fill the stands with spectators. While there may be concrete benefits for a small business to advertise in sports, there are several disadvantages to consider before spending too much of your precious marketing budget in this arena. 1.)Sports became a business Depending on the venue, sports advertising can be cost-prohibitive for a business. For example: The 2011 price for a 30-second advertising spot during the Super Bowl was about $3 million. KMOX, a large talk radio and sports channel in St. Louis that has broadcast St. Louis Cardinals baseball off and on for several decades, averages $106 per spot, although you may negotiate a cheaper price within a long-term contract. For example: News Corp.'s (NWS +0.54%) Fox, Walt Disney's (DIS +0.40%) ESPN and Time Warner's (TWX -1.46%) TBS spent $12.4 billion last year for the broadcast rights for Major League Baseball from 2014 to 2021, a deal that will double MLB's annual payday. [VS] Comcast's (CMCSA +0.31%) NBC and CBS (CBS -0.61%) are paying 63% more to broadcast National Football League games under their $28 billion deal that runs through 2022. The National Basketball Association got a 20% increase in its latest TV agreement, while the National Hockey League more than doubled its take in fees for its latest broadcast rights contract.

2.)Moral Failings Depending on the product you are marketing, tying marketing efforts to a specific sporting event or player may be directly impacted by moral failings of its participants.

For example: In professional sports, Tiger Woods had developed a brand that drew eager advertisers from Nike to Buick to spend millions to employ him as a spokesperson. Many of his sponsors withdrew ads due to his failings. 3.)Return on Investment Varies While the return on investment (ROI) for sports advertising is apparently very good, as evidenced by the exorbitant rates associated with major events, the ROI may vary depending on several factors. In many sports, temperature extremes or precipitation can greatly reduce attendance and effectiveness of an event. Often a small business will advertise on specific, high-profile events but may or may not attempt to cover every event for an entire season. While this is certainly less expensive, it can lead to more risk exposure due to possible postponement of an event. The popularity of a team due to the its performance during a season directly affects attendance, and therefore ROI. 4.)Other Considerations If you advertise on television or radio, advertisement placement can be critical. Advertising early in the game while the event is being described and late in a game during its climax may yield more attentive listeners, especially in a longer event like a baseball game. It is, however, very hard to predict times during an event when you can gain the most listeners. Demographics can also be a consideration, as few sporting events appeal universally among genders and age categories

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-sports-advertising-25864.html http://money.msn.com/now/post.aspx?post=13f60a33-cb03-461b-9549-b6101245f34b

Major Sporting Events Q21) Benefits and Problems related to YOG 2010 (Nina) Benefits: International Branding -Singapore will be remembered as the country that hosted the worlds Youth Olympic Games -Singapore will be on the international communitys radar if there are investment decisions

first

-Positive profile of Singapore shown to an international audience, more people will want to come visit (e.g. YOG was watched by over 2 billion viewers & YOG youtube channel viewed over 5 million times) Contributions to local economy -Merchandise and ticket sales expected to bring in S$7 million -Estimated that YOG will bring in some S$57 million in additional tourism receipts (e.g. Visa reported that spending on foreign Visa-branding payment cards in Singapore went up by some S$154 million) Growing Sporting Culture -Singapore is now better equipped to host world class sporting events -Athletes can be better prepared for future competitions -5 new satellite centres for sports development have been launched, more will be set up over the next few years -Singaporeans can benefit from the upgraded or new facilities (e.g. Toa Payoh Sports Hall, Sports Schools 10 metre air pistol range , the new Tampines Bike Park) Inspiring the youth -Games reached out to 500,000 local students through the YOG Culture and Education Programme -Students and athletes were educated about important global and sport issues -Olympic Education Programme helped instill the Olympic values of excellence, friendship and respect -Students were given a chance to support countries they were twinned under the Friends@YOG Programme, forming friendships with countries that they may not have heard of before Athlete development -Youth development coaches will help develop sporting talents -The Committee is currently establishing a national sports talent development framework -Participation base will be broadened, and talent will be identified and nurtured at an early stage -New committee will be formed to review athlete development and to enhance education and career options for national athletes
(Taken from: http://straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story?STIStory578820,html )

Problems: Dispute over concept of Youth Olympics Games -Former IOC Vice-President Dick Pound was the only person in the IOC critical of the Youth Olympic Games at the IOC's 2007 session in Guatemala. -He felt that the IOC should organise an international conference first, instead of taking the risk of founding a large, new event. He also expressed scepticism over whether the Games would encourage more people to take up sports, and estimated that they would attract not more than 2% of the young generation Attendance -The International Herald Tribune claimed in a 16 August 2010 article that ticket sales to events had been "sluggish" despite an expensive government campaign featuring billboards around Singapore to encourage neighbourhoods to celebrate the event, and that there had been reports that children had been "forced" to attend pre-Games events. -Members of the public commented that although some events were sold out, there appeared to be many unoccupied seats at venues, and claimed that this was because the Ministry of Education (MOE) made a block purchase of 87,000 passes to be given to schools. -However, students usually did not stay for the full duration of sessions, which can be up to seven hours long. The MOE denied that students were to blame, stating that more than 95% of students allocated tickets had attended events, and that some schools had asked to purchase additional tickets due to overwhelming demand. On 20 August, the organisers reported that tickets were sold out for all 26 sports except girls' football.
Reference: "Competition kicks off at first Youth Olympics: 204 nations attending, but the 12-day event is struggling to attract fans".

International Herald Tribune. 16 August 2010. p. 10.

Leonard Lim; Jonathan Wong (19 August 2010). "Sold out, but where are the spectators?: Organisers will resell tickets to walk-in fans and fill empty seats".The

Straits Times. pp. A1 & A9. "Don't blame us for empty seats: MOE". The Straits Times. 20 August 2010.

Iranian withdrawal from taekwondo final -On 16 August 2010, Iranian officials withdrew Mohammed Soleimani from the men's under-48-kilogram category taekwondo final against Israel's Gili Haimovitz, citing an ankle injury. -Haimovitz was awarded the gold medal by default at a victory ceremony at the Suntec International Convention Centre from which Soleimani, the silver medallist, was absent. -Soleimani said he was "very sad" to have missed the bout as he was "sure [he] was going to get the gold medal". Israel's chef-de-mission Daniel Oren claimed that the pullout had been politically motivated. He said: "It's not the first time this has happened at the Olympics. But this is a first for a medal match.

Reference: Tan Yo-Hinn (17 August 2010). "Soleimani was confident of gold: Iranian rues his missed chance, IOC insist no wrongdoing in his pull out". Today. p. 18. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010.

Bolivian footballers alleged to be overage -Arturo Garcia, chairman of the Coaches Association of Santa Cruz in Bolivia, told the Bolivian newspaper La Razn he had proof that at least five players in the Bolivian boys' football team had been over the age limit of 15 years. Bolivia beat Haiti 50 to take the gold medal in the finals of the boys' football tournament on 25 August 2010. Bolivian Deputy Sports Minister Miguel Angel Rimba ordered an investigation into the claim. -Montenegro coach Sava Kovaevi, whose team was knocked out by Bolivia in the semifinals, said that Montenegro would ask football governing body FIFA to look into the matter. -However, FIFA announced they would not be doing so as complaints concerning the eligibility of players should have been submitted in writing to FIFA's headquarters in Singapore at the Youth Olympic Games no later than five days before the first match, that is, by 8 August. FIFA also said that its staff had met all footballers individually at the Olympic Village and had checked their passports against their dates of birth provided by their respective National Olympic Committees.
Reference: Sanjay Nair (8 September 2010), "Too late to protest about over-age YOG players: FIFA", The Straits Times: A1 & A6;

Shamir Osman (8 September 2010), "No Fifa investigation yet over Bolivia's alleged use of overage players", Today: 32, archived from the original on 8 September 2010

Doping -Two wrestlers, Greco-Roman 50 kg silver medallist Nurbek Hakkulov of Uzbekistan and 63 kg freestyle wrestler Johnny Pilay of Ecuador, were disqualified on 15 October after testing positive for the banned diuretic furosemide.
Reference: "IOC catches 2 wrestlers doping at Youth Olympics". Associated Press. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010.

1. List down all functions of sport- any economic, social or political functionswhat are the benefits sport can offer for these different aspects of society? You may find it useful to think about both recreational and competitive sport. [Xu Yi] ECONOMICALLY:
-Commercialisation

Sports atheletes are usually at the centre of attention and can place products in public eye. -Popular sports atheletes now earn as much through advertising as they do from competing. For example, David Beckham who earns in the region 4.6million pounds a year for playing for Manchester United while his personal sponsorship deals including Adidas, Pepsi and Police sunglasses earns him about 5million pounds a year. Exploitation and child protection in sport. In football, FIFA established a transfer regulation in September 2001 that contained a number of clauses relating to the protection of underage players, training compensation and a solidarity mechanism. SOCIALLY: Bonding->Just like play, it can be a considered a silent universal language that can create unity, bring people together, and teach the value of team work. For both children and adults, sports provides the opportunity for socialisation, to expand ones circle of friends, to boost self confidence, and to discover and improve talents. It is an excellent way to encourage people, especially teenagers, to pursue a healthy lifestyle, regardless of the kind of sports that one is into.

Stress relief-> Playing and watching sports provides an outlet for stress relief, keeps you mentally stimulated and allows you to escape temporarily the frustrations of the city, workers from the post-Civil War era to the modern day have used sport to cope with stress. These benefits are noted by employers, with the practice of reimbursing gym and league fees dating back to the Industrial Revolution.
health function-> sport involves physical movement and so can foster improved general health; -Education In schools, physical education an important component of quality education and can be used to promote schooling among young people. Outside classroom, sports is a school for life, teaching basic values and life skills, important for holistic development. Sports is also a powerful vehicle for public education. -Raising awareness Fundraising, advocacy, mobilization and raising public awareness: in particular by appointing celebrity athletes as Ambassadors or Spokespersons and leveraging the potential of sports events as outreach platforms. The mobilizing power of sport is often used as a door-opener to convey crucial messages about HIV/AIDS, childs rights, the environment, education, etc.

POLITICALLY: Sport as a universal language can be a powerful tool to promote peace, tolerance and understanding by bringing people together across boundaries, cultures and religions. Its intrinsic values such as teamwork, fairness, discipline, respect for the

opponent and the rules of the game are understood all over the world and can be harnessed in the advancement of solidarity, social cohesion and peaceful coexistence. SPORT FOR PEACE PROJECT EXAMPLES UN peacekeeping operations: Cte dIvoire.In June 2009, a football tournament was organized by the UN peacekeeping operation in Cte dIvoire (UNOCI), bringing together the armed forces of the rebel-led FAFN and the government-led FDS to promote reconciliation and unity. sport as a diplomatic instrument; sports as a means of propaganda and ideology; sport as a way of obtaining political prestige; sport as an instrument of foreign policy; sport as a medium for political protest; sport as a catalyst of (inter-)national conflicts.

<Shi Ming> How far are these functions of sport actually met? Give specific examples. 6.Nation Building Only forum where everyone work towards a common goal. For example: Mathare Youth Sport Association (MYSA) which strategizes the use of youth soccer programmes in the slums of Nairobi to bring hope to the lives of thousands of destitute children in the slums. Taking the advantage of soccer fever in the slums, the MYSA programmes have been able to make a major breakthrough in crating sustainable programmes in the fight against the rampant drug abuse in the slums, slow down the crime rate, make an impact on school dropout and create positive attitude. As a marketing strategy and a role model for the kids in the slums, the MYSA established a Mathare United Football Club (FC), which has risen in ranks to become a formidable football club in the super league division. This year the Mathare United FC won the Moi Golden Cup and is poised to win the Premier League.

 What is important to note is that all the players of the Mathare United FC hail from the slums of Nairobi and are role models and a source of inspiration to all the children in the slums. All the players of the Mathare United FC are required to do 80 hours per month of garbage cleanup in the slums as part of MYSAs golden environmental objectives. The slogan of MYSA giving the youth a sporting chance epitomizes MYSAs philosophy of inspiring the kids through sport to be positive and to accept the challenges in life. http://www.playthegame.org/news/detailed/using-sports-in-national-development-1102.html

FIFA World Cup 2010 (Africa) World Cup assisted the government to achieve its aims in terms of nation building. Data collected from survey respondents in the host cities of Durban and Johannesburg before and after the 2010 World Cup indicated that levels of agreement that the World Cup would be, a major boost for nation building increased after the event from 80.1% in Cape Town and 87% in Durban before the World Cup to 91% in Cape Town and 93.5% in Durban after the event. SASAS data appears to indicate that the hosting of the 2010 World Cup had a significantly positive impact on South Africans feelings of national pride with a total of 76% of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing that the hosting of the World Cup enhanced their national pride. www.hsrc.ac.za/en/research-outputs/ktree-doc/8349

How has each of the following forces changed sport? Is it for the better or worse, or is it a double-edged sword? Give specific examples. >>> Technology (Zhi Ting) Negative impacts 1. Over reliance In the area of sports where the skills of individuals are put on display, technology might have just changed this emphasis on skills to a competition of who has the best equipment. Recently, popular swimwear brand Speedo introduced a new line of swimming attire. The new full-body swimsuit has been designed to help reduce water resistance and promote gliding in water. In the Formula One, two new inclusions for 2011 are the introduction of the Drag Reduction System (DRS) as well as the re-

introduction of the Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS). Such technology might have created an over-reliance on them. Instead of competing on a level based on skill, we are now competing on a level based on technology. While some would argue that there is no replacement for raw athletic talent, many maintain that the technological advances in sporting equipment have added significantly to athletic performance. For example, there is disagreement about whether current-day athletic achievements should be viewed with the same regard as records established in the pastwhen athletes were performing without the benefit of graphite tennis rackets, fiberglass poles, ultra-light running shoes, and titanium golf clubs. Even the athletes themselves are divided on the issue. Despite the ongoing debate, it is certain that athletes will continue to utilize advances in sports technology to enhance and better their performance.

2. Concerns over the health of the athlete The second objection to new technologies is based primarily upon concerns over the health of the athlete. For instance, performance drugs, particularly street level performance drugs, have already demonstrated that they can cause illness and shorten the life spans of athletes. However, there is no doubt that some performance drugs can provide a margin of victory. This use of chemicals is perhaps the most difficult technological question that sports faces today. Looking at the Olympics, we see that there has been a continual struggle to set standards of fairness and safety, yet there is strong evidence that some athletes continue to seek an edge in this way, and, in fact, may be a step ahead of those trying to test them.

Positive impacts 1. Optimising Athletic Performance The recent push of athletic associations to standardize rather than outlaw new innovations points to the growing importance of sports technology for optimizing athletic

performance. Although some current changes are more apparent than otherslike form-fitting body suits that some world-class swimmers and sprinters now wearthere has been a steady evolution of even seemingly mundane sports equipment for decades. One of the best examples is the golf ball. The first generation of golf balls resembled hacky sacks, covered and leather and filled with feathers. The ball, called a "feathery," could be struck up to 200 yard (182.88 m) but slowed when it became damp. Around the same time, ball makers started experimenting with the gutty ball, a golf ball made out of a rubbery substance called "gutta-percha" from India. When softened in hot water, gutta-percha could be rolled into the shape of a ball with the hands.

2. Increase Accuracy of Competition In addition to revolutionizing equipment, improved sports technology has also shrunk the difference between winners and losers, allowing thousandths of a second to decide who finishes first and who finishes second. Modern-day timing systems start with the firing of the starting gun and stop when a light-based sensor detects the winner across the finish line. Now that there are fewer improvements that can be made to the equipmentnamely limited to slight adjustments to the surface of the track and weight of the shoesthe difference in winning times of the 100-meter sprint has shrunk. Improvements are now made in about 0.006 second increments rather than the 0.015 second improvements seen in the early 1900s. Although improvements in time, at least in the shorter running events, will be largely due to the training regime of the athletes, the technology that measures their performance will be distinguishing a "win" that might have been a "tie" a century ago. Computerized measuring devices might even change the judging of other sports like the pole vault. Historically, the pole vault has been judged strictly on the height of the bar that the athlete scaled. Now, poles with light-emitting diode (LEDs) can measure the actual altitude a pole vaulter has achieved.

3. Stadium Lights

Electric lighting hasnt been around as long as we assume it has. Until it was, sports could not be played in primetime, and even sports indoors at any time was a tricky proposition. However, once stadium lights were introduced, not everyone was quick to adopt the primetime schedule. The authorities in most sports saw night games as a gimmick and opted to continue the day games, despite the clear scheduling conflicts that they posed. Though the first baseball night game was played in 1935, the Chicago Cubs famously held out until 1988. Without stadium lights, wed all be cutting work and class to go to baseball games.

4. Increase Convenience The Internet gives sport fans virtual access to sport in real time and on demand and allows them to create personal, specific methods of interaction. By 2009, three out of four Americans had home access to the Internet, while 63% of those now have broadband Internet connections at home, a 15% increase from the previous year (PewInternet.org 2009). Social media such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, and blogs have opened up other possibilities for sport news and discussion. Beyond simply reporting the news, social networking sites have the ability to link sport fans with each other and with professional athletes to share ideas, discussions, opinions, and photos with lightning speed around the world. The Internet can also present a wide variety of programming by video streaming in real time so that people can watch their alma mater play a football game in another time zone or follow their daughters college volleyball game. Major League Baseball (MLB) established its Advanced Media (MLBAM) site in 2000, and the result has been an entity that generated $380 million in 2007 and continues to grow at about 30% a year. MLB.com now boasts up to 8 million unique visitors per day during the season and offers team news, merchandise, and ticket sales (Jacobson 2007).
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5. How far are these functions of sport met? Give specific examples. London Olympics and Paralympics http://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/media/pdfs/lbg/2012/Eco_impact_report.pdf It is estimated that the 2012 Games will support a 16.5 billion (2012 prices) contribution to UK GDP spread over 12 years. Of this, 82% is expected to result from the pre-Games and legacy construction activity, 12% from tourism and 6% from the expenditure required to stage the Games. Fifa world cup 2010 http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/impact-of-the-world-cup-on-the-southafrican-economy/1151/ For South Africa, one of the greatest benefits was the upgrading of its infrastructure. Besides the building of new stadiums, the government improved national roads and airports. It also invested in public transport like the Gautrain and rapid bus transport systems. ICT upgrades included over 128,000 kilometres of new fibre installed across the country. It was estimated that South Africa saw up to 350,000 arrivals specifically for the World Cup, and many more from people who changed their itineraries to coincide with the event. June 2010 retail sales were up 7.4% on June 2009. South African restaurant group Famous Brands recorded a 24% increase in sales in June 2010 compared to the same month the previous year. 2010 Youth Olympic Games in Singapore http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10978576 The event also generated S$60 million in additional tourism receipts for Singapore. An additional S$60 million in sponsorships by brands like Visa, Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble.

Uu En

Major Sporting Event: Beijing Olympics 2008 Benefits: 1. Improvement in infrastructure Over the past 7 years (2001-2008), the Chinese government had spent $33 billion onto sport venues, roads, airport terminals, improving subway lines, parking accommodations etc. It is reported that infrastructure boom also happens 1000 miles away at the East of Beijing. The most significant one will be the Beijing Capital International Airport which has a floor area larger than all 5 terminal buildings at London Heathrow Airport. The Chinese government has significant spent heavily on infrastructures like new highways, subway lines, sail port etc. More roads help to reduce congestion. The airport will encourage more international trade. Overall, productive capacity of economy will be increased. 3. Fall in unemployment. During 2004-2008, major construction projects for the Olympics not only provided over 430,000 jobs, but the retail and wholesale industry created 130,000 new jobs. Moreover, the financial, insurance, IT and telecommunications industries also earned revenues from the Olympics Games. On the whole, in recent years, the Olympic Games have created 1.8 million new jobs across all the industries, of which more than 370,000 posts were created this year. (Increase in job opportunities) 4. Wealth effect. Development all over Beijing & in cities nearby had caused the prices of property to surge to record high level. For example, Qingdao which will be hosting sailing & windsurfing is now experiencing the biggest increase in its property prices compared to other major China cities. This in return means growing wealth which can be a boost to existing consumption power
5. Projecting the positive image. The Chinese government can use this opportunity to advertise the modern China to the rest of the world. Bear in mind that there will be more than 30,000 journalists during the event & the broadcast may reach to a number of 4 billion viewers. If it is done effectively, it will leave a long lasting impact towards the Chinese economy in aspects like increase in numbers of foreign investors, tourists & greater trade

6. Influx of foreign visitors. Number of tourists will increase significantly by July & August. Hotels will be fully booked, local shops & stores will gain record high profits etc. Normally, major sporting events can lead to a long term growth in visitor numbers. Barcelona saw higher visitor numbers after the Barcelona Olympic

7. Economic Growth. According to experts' predictions, from 2004 to 2008, the Beijing Olympic Games contributed 105.5 billion yuan (13.4 billion US dollars) to Beijing's GDP. From 2001, when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games, to 2006, Beijing's annual economic growth rate reached 12.2%. During the same period, Beijing's per capita GDP more than doubled, reaching 6,300 US dollars. The per-capita wage of urban workers in Beijing increased from 20,962 yuan (3,050 U.S. dollars) in 2001 to 40,117 yuan (5,840 U.S. dollars) in 2006, an increase of almost 110 percent, and the actual annual average increase rate reached 15.7 percent after allowing for inflation(GDP growth) 8. Further development of the Service Sector. The Beijing Olympic Games also promoted the development of the service industry in Beijing and across the country. Beijing's service industry had been considered in the past to lag behind that of cities in developed countries, where the service sector occupied 80 percent of the total urban economy. At present, Beijing's service industry is developing rapidly and is expected to reach 70 percent of the local economy total in 2008. 9. Decrease in Language barrier. The Beijing Olympic Games have given rise to the wave of language studies among Beijing residents. According to official statistics, nearly five million Beijing residents (35 percent of Beijing's population) have a certain level of spoken English, and about 30 million foreigners are learning Chinese. (Source: http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/olympiccities/beijing/n214544942.shtml)

Problems:
1. Air pollution. Researchers found for four fifths of the time athletes were exposed to levels of coarse particular matter higher than considered safe by the international health watchdog, the World Health Organization. For the most dangerous types of soot particles smaller than 2.5 microns which is more easily inhaled the lungs where they lodge and cause more serious respiratory health problems these exceeded safe limits for the whole duration of the games. (Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/london-2012/5597277/Beijing-Olympicswere-the-most-polluted-games-ever-researchers-say.html)

2. Expenditure is actually much larger than estimated. The costs of hosting such major events have surged in recent years. It includes not only the initial money pumped

but also the heightened security. Furthermore there are just too many costs that increase out of hand e.g. raw materials, oil, & land 3. Negative externalities. The construction of infrastructures all over the place in these few years may have led to problems like serious congestion, worse air pollution especially in Beijing & noise pollution especially on those who live in proximity of the site 4. Higher tax. Since the government had spent so much, it may think of raising various taxes in the near future (In China there are 26 types of taxes, Wikipedia)
5. Will the infrastructure be used in the future? The investment onto so many infrastructures like Beijing National Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium, National Aquatics Centre, Green Convention Centre etc could be a huge waste if the Chinese government fails to recoup the spending & if it cant be turned into other uses in the future

Evaluations

1. Beijing Olympic expenditure leaves minimal impact onto economy. From the $33 billion spent over the span of 7 years, roughly the Chinese government spends $5 billion each year. However the Chinas total annual construction spending is larger than $300 billion which means that the additional spending due to Olympic contributes only to 2% of total construction spending. Hence it is very arguable whether this will leave significant impact onto the local economy

2. Tourists arrival in Beijing may not be that high. There are many that visit China for the purpose of leisure. As such they may choose to avoid crowded places like Beijing, Qingdao etc where sports event will be held. Therefore the estimated private benefits & external benefits may not be that high as anticipated

3. The venues will still be use after Olympics. Tenders for building sports venues encouraged winners to put these structures to commercial use after the games. Other venues went up in universities and other educational institutions which will make use of them after the

competitions are over. These arrangements reduce the future cost to the government of maintaining these facilities (Source: http://econsguide.blogspot.sg/2008/07/beijing-olympics-costs-benefits.html)

Qn10: How has globalisation changed sport? Is it for the better or worse, or is it a double-edged sword? Give specific examples. (Ying Jie)
Globalisation is defined as worldwide integration and development. Throughout the twenty-first century, the world of sports has been radically globalized. It has changed sports in a manner that today, players from across the world fill American sports leagues and European soccer clubs and these games, broadcasted on national television and the Internet, continue to spur on the globalization of sports. Sport globalisation is akin to a double-edged sword. It is seen as positive as the best sportsmen and sportswomen in any country are able to congregate and compete with one another on an international scale. Sportsmen from different countries are also able to form a team with many varying strengths, train and then compete with other teams at international competitions. This brings about diversity in sports. Eg 1 - With the rise of the US Soccer team, the World Cup has truly become a global competition. Regular season football and hockey games are now played abroad, while foreign soccer teams tour on American soil. Eg 2 Arsenal Football Club, an English professional football club based in North London, consists of players of many, different nationalities, including England, Scotland, Brazil and France. It is seen as negative as sports are now not solely meant for entertainment but also used as a means to earn profits. Quoted from sociologist Barry Stuart, As modern sport has become global in scope it has largely lost its playful character and its professional practice has become both a global media spectacle and a serious and financially significant global business. Conventional wisdom suggests that as an activity takes on a global stature, it becomes more controlled and competitive, disconnecting from local origins. Eventually, leagues will have multi-continental franchises and road trips will tire players even more. Franchises and the surrounding sports league will see greater profit as the global market provides limitless expansions of revenue. Eg 1 According to Forbes.com, the combined operating income for the National Basketball Association (NBA)s 30 teams was about $207 million in 2006, making it the third most profitable of the big four American pro sports circuits. The league is focusing on three central business objectives: expanding corporate sponsorship, focusing on diverse fan demographics, and expanding into international markets. In 2005, NBA sponsors contributed a total of about $360 million. Merchandise sales have risen to nearly $2.1 billion and about 20% of all NBA garb is now sold outside of the U.S. The league is in the midst of a six-year, $4.6 billion television deal, with nearly 15% of that cash coming from overseas. http://bleacherreport.com/articles/25902-globalization-and-sports-an-overview-part-i

http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/sport.jsp http://www.askmen.com/sports/business_200/218_sports_business.html

12. How has politics changed sports? Is it for the better or worse, or is it a doubleedged sword? Give specific examples.

In Iran, political changes have freed women from the ban administered by Islamic conservatives on participating in sports. In this case, politics has changed sports for the better as gender equality issues in sports are addressed. (worldpolicy.org)

Significant protests in London, Paris and San Francisco disrupted the Olympic torch relay as it made its way through cities on five continents preliminary to 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. At the center of the protests is the Chinese regimes repression in Tibet and its overall human rights record. This means that political issues have negatively
affected sporting events because major sporting events are closely related to politics. As the limelight is shone on the host country of a major sporting event, this is a perfect opportunity for the opponents of a regime to voice out their concerns to the world. However, the way they do so, as in the case of 2008 Beijing Olympics, has created difficulties for the event to unfold smoothly.

(wsws.org)