ANDROID EDITION

Ho t Make an A :

Table of Content
How to Build an App: Android Edition
1 3 5 8 13 16 Whats All the Excitement About? Step 1: Decide What New Thing You Want to Do Step 2: Dene Your MVP Step 3: Design Your App Step 4: Set up Your Android Development Environment Step 5: Developing Your App

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Whats All the Excitement About? Its never been easier or quicker to build and distribute an application to millions of devices and get paid, especially when you tap into Androids market leading features. NFC is useful for actions like automated store checkout, inventory counting, contact information exchange, and oering special deals to customers in a specic store aisle.

We are living in the Post-PC era. That sentence in quotes comes up over 14,000 times in a Google search. So what are so many people writing about? They are writing about a time when many computing tasks such as staying in touch with friends, doing online research, shopping, and playing games no longer require a laptop or desktop computer. Not only can these activities now be done on the go with a smartphone or tablet, but they can also be done in new ways that enrich the experience. Android also oers features not found on other mobile platforms like iOS or Windows Phone that make development easier. Two good examples are the AccountManager system and the AccountAuthenticatorActivity base class, both of which streamline the process of setting up custom accounts such as to Android devices are a great example. Many are location-aware; many have accelerometers that know when the phone is moving, in which direction and how fast; and many include NFC (Near Field Communications), a technology that enables easy communications (such as by tapping) between two devices or between a device and a passive tag. Besides its technical advantages, Android also oers developers major business opportunities. register and authenticate user IDs and passwords. Android also oers market-leading capabilities for letting applications on the same device invoke each others services. That way a developer is spared the work of implementing and replicating an already-existing service.

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION According to Google, there were over 700,000 apps available on Google Play in October 2012 and there were over 25 billion downloads in September 2012. According to IDC, as of Q3 2012 Android accounted for 75% of all smartphone shipments in a market that did not exist until 2008. The Cloud is a general term meaning a service that users and applications share via the Internet. A cloud may be private i.e., the services belong to an organization for the benet of its employees and business partners. Or a cloud may be public i.e., a company (such as Amazon or Kinvey) owns the services, which it oers commercially to the public, including app developers. In

Two recent developments in particular have sparked (Android) growth: the An-droid ecosystem and the cloud

the Android space, Cloud services typically function as an apps backend. They may do computational tasks considered too heavy for a phone. They might also store, secure and share data among multiple users on dierent phones. A good example is a game app

Two recent developments in particular have sparked this growth: the Android ecosystem and the Cloud. The ecosystem consists of resources like Android Development Tools (to be discussed later) and distribution platforms (like Google Play) that accelerate app development and marketing. These platforms remove the friction involved in distributing and selling traditional PC applications. Theres no physical packaging, no inventory stocking, and much less waiting for developers to get paid. You simply register online, pay a nominal fee, upload the app and youre in business.

where users need to access the current state of play.

If you are a developer and want to build your own backend, you certainly can do that. Whether you want to or not probably depends on whether your backend will set your app apart in the eyes of your potential customer. If its a service thats fairly typical across lots of apps like user authentication or a shopping cart then the answer is probably no. You may be better o hooking into a commercial backend provider via an API.

Ste 1
DECIDE WHAT NEW THING YOU WANT TO DO

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Now you can focus on what counts most a unique user experience and application-specic functionality. That brings us to the rst step in making an app. Other app opportunities involve information sharing. A prime example of that is Google Docs that lets dierent Why do people buy apps? Why do they make them? The answer to both questions is that a successful app improves users lives in new ways typically by taking advantage of features like location awareness and accelerometers that are present in phones. A great example app is Google Now, which Google describes as follows: The key, again, is identifying a function Google Now gets you just the right information at just the right time. It tells you todays weather before you start your day, how much trac to expect before you leave for work, when the next train will arrive as youre standing on the platform, or your favorite team's score while theyre playing. And the best part? All of this happens automatically. Cards appear throughout the day at the moment you need them. The Google Maps API enables location awareness so apps can tailor the user experience based on location such as by recommending stores or restaurants in that area. As previously noted, NFC is a feature that lets users easily exchange data, such as photos or contact that improves peoples lives. That requires, rst, identifying the value to be provided, second, conceptualizing a core function that provides that value and, third, researching the market to make sure there is nothing else out there that already does what your app will do. The research part is easy since you can probably nd out if a similar app already exists just by spending a few minutes on Google Play. users on dierent devices work on the same document (in the Cloud) cooperatively. A similar opportunity is context sharing such as when the user starts a movie on a smartphone, stops the movie, and later picks up the action at the very same point on a TV, PC, tablet, or another smartphone. information, with another NFC phone just by tapping the two phones together.

Does your app meet all three of these tests? Good, then lets proceed to the next step.

Ste 2
DEFINE YOUR MVP

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Most unsuccessful apps fail for any of three reasons: It was enough to prove the convenience and accuracy of using Google.

1. the app was a solution in search of a problem (i.e., no real need existed) 2. the implementation was poor 3. the app tried to do too much

The same MVP approach drives the app market today. With each app focused on meeting a specic need, everyones needs are as dierent as the collection of apps on their various devices. Focusing on a specic function also

Keeping the app as simple as possible (especially in version 1) is the best way to avoid all three pitfalls. Most successful apps (indeed, most successful consumer tech products) are based on what is called an MVP, or minimum viable product. Its the product with the smallest feature set that can deliver the core function without any distracting bells and whistles. You know you have an MVP if the product would no longer function if you removed any single feature.

makes for a less cluttered app one that is easier for the customer to understand and for the developer to build. As a result, an MVP will probably perform better technically and its value will be easier for both the developer and buyer to discern.

The best example is the original Google Search. Whereas todays Google Search oers more than 20 special features beyond the original word search capability (e.g., synonyms, weather forecasts, stock quotes, maps, translation) the original product was simply text search where the user types into a search box at the top of an otherwise all-but-empty web page and gets back a page full of text search results. Oine capability (i.e., ability to work when not connected to the Internet) So, in drawing up your MVP feature list, ask yourself what features are key to the experience. Possible must-haves include:

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Location aware (i.e., will the app use GPS?) NFC (i.e., can devices share data by touching?) Push notication (i.e., sending updated information to devices as soon as it is available)

MVP Takeaway
MVP = Minimal Viable Product Its the product with the smallest feature set that can deliver the core function You have an MVP if the product would no longer function if you removed any single feature An MVP will probably perform better technically and its value will be easier for both the developer and buyer to discern

Draw up your feature lists knowing which features are necessary and which are there primarily to enhance the user experience. Push notications, for example, are not key to Instagram but the app has them anyway to encourage user activity. Features that are there solely to enhance the user experience may have to wait for version 2. (The rst iPod only came in only one color and could just hold 1000 songs.)

Once you have your feature list, the next step is design to decide where and how to implement the features on the device, in the cloud, or in some combination. Most app design decisions fall into two broad categories: user experience and shared information. Which takes us to the next step.

Ste 3
DESIGN YOUR APP

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION User experience (UX) decisions determine the apps look and feel. They answer questions such as: What does the app look like? What screens does it have? In the app world, onscreen objects like buttons, sliders, and ll-in boxes are called widgets. So you need to decide which types of widgets will reside on which screens. What actions will occur as a result of the user interacting with those widgets? (the HTML5 part) sits within an application wrapper (the Java part) that implements less dynamic content such as the apps widgets. Which part of the app is HTML5 and which is Java is not obvious to the untrained eye (there may be no browser address bar, for example) but implementing the app this way enables much faster content refresh (via the web) and more responsive widgets (via Java). HTML5s write once, deploy anywhere model is also another Keep in mind that users will expect to interact dierently with a mobile device than they do with a PC because the screens on mobile devices are much smaller. Theyll expect to use their ngers instead of a mouse or a trackpad. Ideally, your app can even be used with one hand holding the device while using just a thumb for scrolling and working the apps other controls the Path app is a good example, and increasingly so is Facebook. In addition to deciding what happens on the frontend, you also have to decide what happens on the backend specically, what data will users share? For example, will users want to broadcast their GPS locations to other users in real time (such as to enhance a gaming experience)? Will the app share You will also need to decide which parts (if any) of your application to write in HTML5 and which to write in Java, the primary programming language for Android devices. For reasons of speed and programming eciency, many apps (like Facebook) are designed a little like 1960s-era TV sets where a small window of frequently updated content or store movie or restaurant preferences or purchase histories with backend recommendation engines? If so, these functions will most likely call the APIs of backend service providers you wont actually have to write those functions yourself. advantage. Parts of the app written in HTML5 can be deployed across iPhones, iPads and Android devices without rewrite.

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION

ID O R D N A Y H W

CrossCompatibility

Open Platform

Market Growth

International Growth

Free Tools

For the time being, then, set those backend functions aside and focus on the front end. Just like you want to build a product with the minimal viable number of features, you may also wish to build your rst prototype using dummy data thats static rather than shared. Its much easier to ne-tune the frontend if you dont have to simultaneously modify your backend too. Once you get the apps look-and-feel right, then make those backend connections.

Android platform. Some of the reasons to develop for Android include:

1. Cross-Compatibility There are well over 100 million Android devices in use today, representing hundreds of dierent models from dozens of dierent manufacturers. Companies as varied as Samsung, Motorola, LG, HTC, etc. make devices that will run Android apps and these devices come in many dierent screen sizes and resolutions. Android-capable

Why Android? Besides the features and design of your rst app, theres one other decision you need to make before you start actual development. Thats whether to deploy on Apples iOS platform or on Googles

devices also come in dierent congurations of hardware features, such as camera, accelerometer, GPS, and Bluetooth yet they all run Android and all are available to you as potential targets for your Android app.

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION 2. Open Platform Androids cross-compatibility stems from the fact that it is an open platform, meaning that any company can download the free source code and build products based on that code. You can view and modify the code as you wish to create new features, or to handle an existing feature in a new way. 5. Free Tools 3. Market Growth As noted earlier, the Android market is huge and growing fast thanks to its openness and compatibility across so many devices and device makers. Androids openness and market growth also make for a highly innovative environment where the next big thing is likely to happen. Thats a very attractive proposition for developers. Why Not Android? Although Android oers many compelling advantages as a platform for your mobile app, it also has some disadvantages. Here are three: All the tools you need to develop rich Android apps are free of charge. Step 4 is about installing those tools and setting up your Android development environment. 4. International Growth In particular, Android overwhelmingly dominates markets outside the U.S. For example, it accounts for over 90% market share in China (Q3, 2012) according to Beijing-based Analysis International as reported by Tech In Asia.

DROID N A t o N Y H W

Customers less willing to pay

High diversity of devices

Not in the Apple ecosystem

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION 1. Customers less willing to pay Perhaps its because of Androids open source heritage, but whatever the reason, Android apps generate less than 10% of the total dollars spent on mobile apps, despite having 75% of the smartphone market itself and despite the fact that the average selling price of an app in the Android Market is $3.79 versus Apple App Stores $2.01. In other words, Android users are reluctant to spend money on apps. 3. Not in the Apple Ecosystem 2. High diversity of devices Building an app that runs successfully on so many dierent screen sizes and resolutions continues to be a challenge despite the fact that Android has provided innovations such as fragments and GridLayout. Android introduced fragments in Android 3.0 (API level 11), primarily to support more dynamic and exible user interface designs on large screens, such as tablets. A fragment is a Java class that enables tablets to display side-by-side on one screen content that on a phone could not be displayed all at once on the same screen and so would be displayed on multiple screens. GridLayout is a class that places its children in a rectangular grid composed of a set of innitely thin lines that separate the viewing area into cells. Some developers and users prefer Apples closed and more tightly controlled environment to Android. Apples ecosystem, consisting of iCloud, iTunes, the App Store, the iPad, the iPhone, Mac computers, etc., oers a very holistic user experience with the ability to share data seamlessly across devices plus the assurance of having applications pre-approved for quality and content prior to going on sale.

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SET UP YOUR ANDROID DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

Ste 4

Java Dev Kit

Android SDK

Eclipse IDE

Android ADT

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Android apps are typically written as Java classes. That source code is then compiled into bytecode that the Dalvik engine (a subset of a Java Virtual Machine) runs under the Android operating system. The following steps describe how to acquire and congure the tools you need to write your apps Java classes and then test and package the app for deployment. NOTE: By the time you read this, these instructions may have changed. Please refer to the Android Developers Website for current updates. Installing the JDK For Android app development youll need four basic toolsets: To install the ocial Oracle Java SE SDK (JDK) for Windows, OS X, and Linux go to the Oracle Java website and follow the 1. The Java Development Kit (JDK) This is the Software Development Kit (SDK) for Java and provides the foundation for the Android SDK. Installing the Android SDK At this point you still need to acquire the Java les needed to compile an Android 2. Android SDK This consists of all the tools you need to develop and test your app: Eclipse + ADT plugin Android SDK Tools Android Platform-tools The latest Android platform The latest Android system image for the emulator app as well as some additional build tools and the les required to run an Android emulator. To access these add-ons, look inside the tools/ directory of the Android SDK you just downloaded and run the Android batch le or shell script. That opens the Android SDK Manager. Make sure the following items are checked and then click Install. instructions. 4. Android ADT (Android Development Tools) This Eclipse plug-in performs much of the housekeeping involved in creating an Android app such as creating the needed les and overall structure. 3. Eclipse IDE (integrated development environment) Included in the Android SDK download, the Eclipse IDE provides the hands-on controls you need for writing your app using Java, the Android SDK and the Android ADT.

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION SDK Platform for all Android SDK releases you want to test against ARM EABI v7a System Image Documentation for Android SDK Samples for SDK Google APIs by Google Inc. for the Android SDK release youre downloading Android SDK Tools and Platform-tools Android Support package (in the Extras group at the bottom of the tree)

Development Takeaway

Android apps are written as

Java classes

Source code is compiled

into bytecode that the Dalvik engine runs under the Android operating system

Four Basic Toolsets 1. Java Development Kit 2. Android SDK 3. Eclipse IDE 4. Android ADT

One shortcut that many developers like to use is to install everything with a single command. Just type the following command at the command line: android update sdk --no-ui

This will perform a full install of all Android versions and samples along with all system images. Obviously, this approach takes up the most amount of space on the system.

Once all the selected items are installed (it may take several hours if you have a slow Internet connection), you are ready to begin making your Android app!

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Ste 5
DEVELOPING YOUR APP

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION With the development environment installed, the next step is to launch Eclipse and begin making your app. For this step, we will walk through two examples: My First App and Test Drive. The rst app displays a button on the phone push the button to display the text, Hello World. The second app uses the Kinvey backend service. In that app there are two buttons push one button and it saves static data to the backend and the app displays text that the save was successful. Push the other button and the app loads the data to the phone from the backend and displays text saying the load was a success. This brings up the Create Activity page. Click BlankActivity and then Next In the New Android Application panel enter the following information: For Application Name and Project Name enter My First App For Package Name enter com.example.myrstapp For Build SDK select Android 4.2 For Minimum Required SDK, choose API 9: Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) Uncheck Create custom launcher icon Click Next

To get started on My First App, Launch Eclipse and select File > New > Project to bring up the New Project wizard. Choose Android Application Projectand click Next.

This brings up the New Blank Activity page. For Activity Name enter MainActivity

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION For Layout Name enter activity_main For Title enter MainActivity Keep the remaining defaults as is Click Finish The Eclipse Package AndroidManifest.xml This XML le is called the manifest. It is a conguration le that tells Android what your app contains. The manifest for My First App looks like the image below.

Explorer now appears. It shows the various folders containing the les that Eclipse will use to build your Android app. When you make an app you do so by working on the les within this hierarchy. Eclipse is context sensitive so clicking on a le brings up an appropriate wizard, graphic tool or text editor for working on that le. Eclipse just created one of these les for you.

The two key parts of the manifest are its root, the <manifest> element, and that elements primary child, the <application> element. Among other things, the <manifest> element supplies the name of your apps package, uniquely identifying your app to the device running it and to the Google Play Store. The <application> element supplies the name for the class implementing activity (MainActivity) and an <intent-lter> describing under what conditions Android displays the activity.

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION The default intent lter, as in this case, is for the activity to appear in the launcher so users can choose to run it. Note that an app can have any number of activities an activity is the apps behavior associated with a particular screen. libs/ You can easily add or change various parts of the manifest, such to enable various permissions or screen sizes, by using the Eclipse manifest structured editor. To show it, just double click AndroidManifest.xml in the Package Explorer. scr/ Besides the manifest, other elements in the application package to note are: Holds the applications Java source code (which you can edit directly). This folder contains third-party Java JARs, such as those required to communicate with the Kinvey backend. You can use the Eclipse Navigate and Search functions to nd and import these JARs to your libs/ directory. The drawable les, meanwhile, contain static images sized appropriately for particular ranges of screen sizes, such as drawable-mdi, which contains images sized for medium size screens.

res/ Modifying this item is where much of your actual app making work is done. It holds resources such as drawable icons and GUI layouts that are packaged with the compiled Java in the application. For example, the layout folder contains XML les that determine the positioning and size of text boxes, buttons and other layout elements for a particular activity and also attach onClick methods to them. Double clicking on a layout (in our case, thats activity_main.xml) brings up the Eclipse graphical layout editor. As you drag and drop items into place the editor generates the appropriate XML.

gen/ Where Eclipse build tools place the Java source code (in R.java) they generate (for example, after you import a JAR or modify a layout, close and then reopen the project).

bin/ Holds the compiled application.

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION To complete My First App, we need to add the button to the layout and also the text to be displayed when the user taps the button. To do that, click on activity_main.xml within layout in the Package Explorer. Eclipse opens the layout editor, which has both a graphical mode and an XML text-editing mode. In the graphical mode, follow these steps: Using a relative reference rather than a Draw a button and a text box in the layout. On the button, type the word Button. Select the button youve just drawn and click the On Click item in the Properties palette. In the blank space just to the right of On Click in the Properties Pallet type the name of a method you wish to Switching to text-editing shows us the resulting XML (except for the missing text, in red): constant means if we ever wish to change the displayed text, we need only make the change in one place rather than everywhere that string might be used. attach to the button (an on click listener that responds when the button is clicked). Lets type the method name: showHelloWorld. On the text box, type the string: @string/hello_world. This references a constant (Hello World!) in strings.xml in the values folder.

--

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Type in the missing code manually. Now the Hello World! text will be hidden until the button is pressed. Eclipse automatically detects the phone and asks whether you wish to run the app on the phone or in the emulator.

Finally, we will supply the logic for the onClick method we have just named. To do that open the src item in the Package Explorer and click the MainActivity.java le. Then type in the methods Java code, here shown in red:

Congratulations! Your app is done. Now might be a good time to toast your accomplishment.

Note that the methods signature must be public and must include only one parameter, which is the view parameter.

Making a Toast One of the convenient features that Android oers developers is the ability to build alerts, or toast messages, into

To run the app, click Run in the Eclipse toolbar. The app will run in the built-in Android emulator, as shown in the gure. If you plug your phone into your computer via a USB cable, you can also run the app on your own phone. 21

applications without writing much code. Typically these alerts are displayed in a reserved area at the top or bottom of the phones screen whenever a predetermined event occurs.

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION For example, suppose we wanted the app we just built, My First App, to display the toast Button onClick Triggered! when the button is clicked. To do that we simply add the following code, shown here in red, to our Java source: Backend as a Service (BaaS) providers, as theyre called, compete on a variety of features and benets, one of which is how easy it is to connect to your app. So, chances are, it will be a pretty easy process including 8 steps.

1. Download the providers SDK to your computer; this contains the software that lets your app talk to the backend 2. Create an account on the providers website, usually with a credit card 3. Follow the providers instructions to The makeText method invokes the string referenced by TOAST_TEXT, which the show method displays. install the downloaded les into your application package (e.g., place the JARs in the libs folder) 4. Add your app on the backend and Connecting To a Backend as a Service One factor mentioned earlier thats fueling apps explosive growth is the availability of Cloud-based backend services. These are useful when your app needs more data than can be reasonably stored on a mobile device and/or the data must be accessible by multiple devices. Connecting your app to a commercial backend means you dont have to provide that service yourself eectively leveling the playing eld for anyone who cant aord to build their own app backend versus larger organizations that can. Heres how this would work with Kinvey and our second example app, Test Drive. type in your apps name where requested 5. Congure your backend data model (i.e., a collection of objects) 6. Locate your apps backend service credentials used to authenticate the app with the backend copy them into your apps source code 7. Create a static app handle used to identify the app on backend calls 8. Map your apps data to your backend model

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION The app, as previously noted, displays Save and Load buttons. Tapping the Save button saves some static dummy data to the backend and displays a Save worked! message (or Save failed! if the save did not work). Tapping the Load button loads the saved data from the backend to the device and displays a Load worked! message (or Load failed! if the load did not work). Figure X

Figure Y

These labels tag the dummy TestObject data the app passes to TestObjects on the backend when the user taps the Save button. Similarly, when the user taps the Load button the app retrieves a TestObject from the backend TestObFigure X shows the My Apps page on Kinvey with Test Drive already added and its application credentials displayed (by clicking the Credentials link). Figure Y shows the backend collection (named TestObjects) for the Test Drive app. Note the _id and name columns with the labels 12345 and My rst data! respectively. (When conguring a collection, use the + and - buttons to add and delete columns.) kinvey-1.4.1.jar and kinvey-1.4.1.jar.properties to the libs folder urbanairship-lib-1.1.5.jar from the ua-android-lib-1.1.5 directory to the libs folder kinvey-1.4.1-javadoc folder to a docs folder in the base project directory 23 For those operations to happen the Kinvey SDK must have been downloaded (see Kinveys Getting Started page) and these SDK contents installed into the project: jects.

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION The complete Test Drive project can be downloaded from here. To illustrate steps 6 and 8 listed above, however, we will highlight some specic sections of the code. Lets start with step 6, authentication.

To authenticate the app to Kinvey, the auto-generated credentials must be copied into the app, replacing your_app_key and your_app_secret in these lines:

In step 7 we provide a private handle for calls to Kinvey:

Step 8 is mapping the app data to the model we just congured at Kinvey. You can use any class that implements the MappedEntity interface, in this app example, thats a TestEntity class that has a string name. It looks like this:

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HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Now lets look at the method that does the save. The method is called in the onClickListener of the save_button. When the activity loads, it will create a new static TestObject with id "12345". When the save button is clicked the following method will trigger the dummy TestObject to be saved in the testObjects collection.

Here line 2 creates a handle to the backend collection where the object is saved. Lines 3 through 21 save the object and displays an alert if the save is either successful or fails. Likewise, the load method looks like this:

Line 2 creates a handle to the backend collection that has the object to load. Line 3 instantiates an instance of TestObject for the library into which the data is loaded from the backend. And lines 4 through 23 load the object and display an alert if the load is either successful or fails. 25

HOW TO MAKE AN APP: ANDROID EDITION Welcome To Our World! The key takeaway from all this is that making an app is a worthwhile thing to do for anyone with a clever idea and a working knowledge of Java. The proof is in the hundreds of apps succeeding in the market every day, many written by people working on their own and who never wrote an app before in their lives. As with anything else, practice does make perfect. But hopefully with all the resources available, and the knowledge gained from this ebook, you have already started down the path toward joining the growing legions of Android app developers. If so, we welcome you!

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Written by
Morgan Bickle On any given day you'll nd Morgan programming mobile SDKs, building backend APIs, and discussing the future of web and mobile technology. As part of the core founding team at Kinvey and now the CTO, he owns Kinveys technology vision. Prior to Kinvey, he wrote enterprise software for a decade. Randall Cronk Since 1990, Randall has helped over 250 high-tech companies convey the value of what they do through white papers, web content, brochures, case studies and articles. Based today in downtown Boston, he was previously a vice president with Regis McKenna where he ran the Digital Equipment account.

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