Introduction

Co-operative Society Management System

Introduction
1.1 Project Summary 1.2 Scope 1.3 Objective 1.4 Project Overview 1.5 Technology and Literature Review

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Introduction

Co-operative Society Management System

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Summary:

Chapter-1

The Co-Operative Society Management System is a system that keeps its client in maintaining his profile by creating account on the sites in a very simple way by inserting his email id and password. He can go on filling the details of his family members. Through this he will come to know about daily updates on the events occurring in the society.

It consists of various features like:

Online data of all the family members. All the transactions are transparent for all the society members. The In-Flow and Out -Flow of cash in the societ y is easily accessible to a l l m e m b e r s o f t h e s o c i e t y. The members get the latest updates on events occurring in the society. The members can easily advertise for selling or renting their properties. The guest members can contact the members regarding their advertisements.

1.2 Scope:
The system allows the society members to create an account. All the details filled by him will help him in maintaining society details. He can also keep a check on the income and expenses of the society. This will make him aware of his daily activities going on in the society. He can check the notices and even post complaints if any.

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Introduction

Co-operative Society Management System

The following are the basic operations of a Co-Operative Society Management System: Faster retrieval of information. Check the all the income & expenses of the society online. All the transactions are transparent for the entire society members. Who is the chairman, cashier of the society & theirs name, contact number, house number etc. What are the terms & condition of the society etc.

1.3 Objectives Of The System:

The root objective behind creating this online system is that it helps in maintaining large data of society events and members. All the details of all the members, once filled will remain with the client on hand along with all the timely changes. He can modify the details with his choice like editing the data of expenses, total family members, funds and other details. When any details is done & its data is not required anymore the client can delete that detail, client can edit his profile, can change his password and so on. .

1.4 Project Overview:

The Co-Operative Society Management System is a system in which all the society members can create their own account. The administrator verifies the user and adds them. The administrator can also update and delete them. The members can post advertisements for sell/rent. He can go on filling the details of his family members. Through this he will come to know about daily updates on the events occurring in the society. He can post whatever complaints he has. He can keep a track on the expenses and income of the society. It is transparent to everyone.

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Introduction

Co-operative Society Management System

1.5 Technology And Literature Review

To come to a final decision about our B.E project we had to take into consideration a lot of aspects. Considering the time that is given to us to complete it is one year and hence keeping that in mind we need to make a project that is impressive enough to fetch us a high score.

We also wanted the project to incorporate a vast variety of fields of engineering such that we could maximize the learning from our project. But at the same time it had to be simple enough to be able to finish it completely in the one year that is given. Another aspect was that the group being composed of 4people, it was evident that we had to come to a consensus on a particular topic. So we looked for projects that satisfied all the aspects.

1.5.1

.Net Technology

.NET was started to counter the threat that was posed by Java for Microsoft. Microsoft needed a managed code environment to compete against Sun in the enterprise arena. More broadly, while Java has never really delivered on the write once, run anywhere idea, it has been pretty successful with learn once, work anywhere. Java and Windows are the two biggest programming environments on the planet. Java world may not be bigger than Windows world, but its been growing in a way that the mature Windows market hasnt. Microsoft cant afford to lose its base of programmers locked into Microsoft platforms, because thats what maintains the network effect that gives their OS franchise its value.

What .NET offers are all the advantages of Java, plus language neutrality. All .NET languages use the same object-oriented runtime library, and one has to learn that. But learning a new language is easy; its learning the new library thats hard. Once the new library is familiar, one can easily work in whatever language the legacy code was written.

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Introduction

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So, both Java and .NET have the same two compelling features: an object oriented API and a managed code environment where one can never have loose pointers or memory leaks. Microsoft counters Javas hippy culture with the very corporate virtue of language neutrality. It takes a lot of machinery to deliver these features, and following is the overview of the architecture of the .NET technology.

There are a lot of new names in the .NET world, and these are explained to start with. The CLR (Common Language Runtime) is the managed code environment that everything else is built on. .NET is garbage collected environment but never interpreted while .NET uses byte codes like Java, the common Intermediate Language (IL) code is always compiled, usually Just in Time (JIT) to be executed.

Thus, before it can be executed by the CLR, any source code that we develop in C# or some other language needs to be compiled. Compilation occurs in two steps in .NET: Compilation of source code to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MS-IL). Compilation of IL to platform to platform-specific code by the CLR This two step process is necessary to provide some of the key benefits of the .NET viz. platform independence, performance improvement, language interoperability etc.

The CTS (Common Type System) provides basic value types, type composition, type safety, objects, interfaces, and delegates. The CLS (Common Language Specification) is the subset of the Common Type System that all first class .NET languages need to share. Two .NET languages that have the same non-CLS type like unsigned integers-can share values of that type, but there will be .NET languages, which cant understand them. For example, Visual Basic doesnt have unsigned integers.

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Introduction

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The .NET framework classes are the new run-time library, an object-oriented API. The framework consists of thousands of CLS-compliant C# classes that do just about everything from GUI programming to file IO to web services. The features of .NET that are responsible for most of the distinguished benefits provided by the .NET platform are discussed next.

CLR The CLR is the engine that drives every .NET application. It consists of the JIT compiler that compiles the MSIL to native object code, the garbage collector, the CTS and the exception handling machinery. The CLR gets threads and bulk memory management from the underlying operating system.

The single most important thing that is obtained from the CLR is the managed code. With managed code, there can be no dangling references. Language interoperability can also be achieved because of the managed code, since it doesnt matter which language has been used to write the code, the managed code is always in the same form, which is language neutral.

Porting .NET to another platform starts with porting the CLR to the other platform. It means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; at runtime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on that particular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL, the platform independence is achieved for .NET in much the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence.

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Introduction MSIL

Co-operative Society Management System

All .NET languages compile to MSIL. .NET programs compile to something called an assembly, which is a standard PE (Portable Executable) exe or DLL that contains a special header that says that the PE file contains the MSIL and .NET metadata instead of normal object code. Every entry point in the PE file is populated with stub code that causes the MSIL to be compiled to actual object code on an as-needed basis.

Before JIT, every method was populated with stub code that compiles the MSIL before running it. But, after the JIT, each method was populated with actual object code. Obviously, as-needed compilation does mean that the first call to a routine costs more that subsequent calls, but its not a huge overhead both because MSIL is so low-level and because the JIT compiler doesnt have to handle parsing, linking, or macro expansion. JIT compiling also produces a couple of benefits. NET applications can use reflection API to emit MSIL at runtime. This generated code will be JIT compiled when called, just like any other MSIL code. This lets spreadsheets and script languages compile expressions to MSIL, which is in turn compiled on down to object code.

Memory and Garbage Collection The Garbage Collection is .NETs answer to memory management and in particular to the question of what to do about reclaiming memory that running applications ask for. Up until now there have been two techniques used on Windows platform for deal locating memory that processes have dynamically requested from the system: Make the application code do it all manually Make objects maintain reference counts

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Having the application code responsible for deal locating memory is an efficient technique and it has the advantage that resources are never occupied for longer than necessary. The big disadvantage, however, is the frequency of bugs. Code that requests memory also should explicitly inform the system when it no longer requires that memory. However, it is easy to overlook this, resulting in memory leaks. Although modern developer environments do provide tools to assist in detecting memory leaks, they remain difficult bugs to track down, because they have no effect until so much memory has been leaked that Windows refuses to grant any more to the process. By this point, the entire computer may have appreciably slowed down due to the memory demands being made on it.

The other method, viz. maintaining reference counts is favored in COM. The idea is that each COM component maintains a count of how many clients are currently maintaining references to it. When this count falls to zero, the component can destroy itself and free up associated memory and resources. The problem with this is that it still relies on the good behavior of clients to notify the component that they have finished with it. It only takes one client not to do so, and the object sits in memory. In some ways, this is a potentially more serious problem than a simple C++ style memory leak, because the COM object may exist in its own process, which means that it will never be removed by the system.

The .NET runtime relies on the garbage collector instead. This is a program whose purpose is to clean up memory. The idea is that all dynamically requested memory is allocated on the heap. Every so often, when .NET detects that the managed heap for a given process is becoming full and therefore needs tidying up, it calls the garbage collector. The garbage collector runs through variables currently in scope in the code, examining references to objects stored on the heap to identify which ones are accessible from the code that is to say which objects have references that refer to them. Any objects that are not referred to are deemed to be no longer accessible from the code and can therefore be removed.

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Introduction

Co-operative Society Management System

Garbage collection works in .NET because Intermediate Language has been designed to facilitate the process. The principle requires, firstly, that you cannot get references to existing objects other than by copying existing references, and secondly, that IL is type safe. So, if any reference to an object exists, then there is sufficient information in the reference to exactly determine the type of the object. Noteworthy features of garbage collection include the following: Allocation is fast. The system is just advancing a pointer, not manipulating a linked list. Consecutive allocations are adjacent, not scattered all over the heap, which helps cache performance. The code is smaller, simpler, and more reliable, because we never have to worry about who owns a block and because we never have to free the memory, we allocate. We never have memory leaks, that is, we never have data structures that refer to memory thats been freed.

Namespaces

Namespaces are the way that .NET avoids name clashes between classes. They are designed, for example, to avoid the situation in which you define a class to represent a customer, name your class Customer, and then someone else does the same thing. A namespace is no more than a grouping of data types, but it has the effect that the names of all data types within a namespace automatically get prefixed with the name of the namespace. It is also possible to nest namespaces within each other. For example, most of the general purpose .NET base classes are in a namespace called System. The base class Array is in this namespace, so its full name is System Array.

.NET requires all types to be defined in a namespace, so for example one could place the Customer class, in the namespace Company name. This class would have the full name Company name Customer. If a namespace is not explicitly supplied, then the type will be added to a nameless global namespace.

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Introduction Interface

Co-operative Society Management System

.NET supports interfaces, just like Java. .NET interfaces are not reference counted. They dont need to be reference counted, as all .NET data is freed by the garbage collector. Eliminating reference counting lets the compiler generate faster and simpler code to deal with interfaces. No more maintaining reference counts on assignment; no more implicit finalization when an interface reference goes out of scope. For the most part, this is a change for the better; it breaks the code that relies on interfaces for resource protection. Major important features of interfaces include the following: Using interfaces increases our codes distance from implementation details. The programmer only know that this object can do that; he doesnt know what type of object it is. He programs to interface, not the implementation. Paradoxically, interfaces also specific our code. Passing an object reference passes a reference to all its fields and all its methods. Passing an interface reference to only the abilities we are actually using. Getting the problem semantics right is part of building a clear, reliable program. Components and interfaces are often a better model of the semantics of a problem than multiple inheritances. Inheritance is a strong, is a relationship, while supporting an interface is a weaker, can do relationship. In concrete terms, this means that we dont have big, heterogeneous objects, where this group of methods can inadvertently mess up the state that that group of methods depends on.

Delegates

Delegates can best be seen as a new type of object in C#, which has some similarities to classes. They exist for situations in which we want to pass methods around to other methods. We are as used to passing data to methods as parameters that we dont consciously think about it, and for this reason, the idea of passing methods around instead of data might sound a little strange. However, there are cases in which we have a method that does something, and rather than operating on data, the method might need to do something that involves

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invoking another method. To complicate things further, we dont know at compile time what this second method is. That information is only available at run time, and hence will need to be passed in as a parameter to the first method. The examples of such situation are starting threads, or using functions of the generic class library and events. Thus, if we want to pass methods around, we have to wrap up the details of the method in a new kind of object, a delegate. Delegates quite simply are a special type of object- special in the sense that, whereas all the conventional objects contain data, a delegate just contains the details of a method.

Framework

VB

C++

C#

JScript

Visual Studio.NET

Common Language Specification ASP.NET Windows Forms

.NET Framework Base Classes

Common Language Runtime

Windows

COM+ Services
Fig. 1 (a) - .Net Framework

The .NET Framework is composed of the common language runtime and a unified set of class libraries. The framework classes constitute the runtime library that all .NET languages and applications share. In order to take all the advantages of the .NET one should make an effort to learn the framework classes. Through these framework classes, .NET turns all the

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Introduction

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complexity of XML, SOAP, and WSDL into straightforward remote calls that pass objects between systems. This is great stuff but theres a lot more to the framework classes than web services. .NET includes cryptography classes, Perl-compatible regex classes, and a great suite of collection classes.

What is new about the .NET base classes is that they combine the ease of use that was typical of the Visual Basic and Java libraries with relatively comprehensive coverage of the Windows API functions. There are still many features of Windows that are not available through the base classes, and for which one needs to call into the API functions, but in general, these are now confined to the more exotic features. For everyday use, one probably finds the base classes adequate. And if we need to call into an API function, .NET offers a so-called platform-invoke which will ensure data types are correctly converted, so the task is no harder than calling the function directly from C++ code would have been, no matter whether we are coding in C#,VB.NET.

Future

Historically, the Windows API has been a set of flat function calls. Learning the Windows API was always a slow and frustrating exercise, and almost all Windows code manipulates the API from behind various layers of incompatible object-oriented wrappers.

Knowing MFC didnt help much with Delphi and vice versa. Moreover, if one wasnt working in C or C++, one was always at a disadvantage. When a new API came out, one would either have to take the time to translate the headers and maybe write some wrapper classes on oneself, or would have to wait for someone else to do it. Either way, there was always the danger that a translation might be wrong in some way the pad bytes are off, and optional parameter might be required, a routine might be declared with the wrong calling convention, and so on.

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Introduction

Co-operative Society Management System

All these problems disappear with .NET and the framework classes. The framework is object-oriented from top to bottom. No more handles to pass to an endless set of flat functions we work with a window or a font by setting properties and calling methods. Now, this is the native API, not a wrapper. The wrapper classes are organized into hierarchical namespaces, which reduce the endless searching through alphabetical lists of function names. Looking for file functions? System.IO is a pretty logical place to look. Want a hash table? System. Collections have a pretty nice one.

Finally, Microsoft promises that all future APIs will be released as CLS -compliant parts of the framework class library. This means that even if one is not working on C or C++, one can make use of a new API the day it is released, without having to do any header translation, and without any danger that the header translation might be wrong.

One might be skeptical about those promises. As we know, COM was once touted as Windows object-oriented future. This is a sensible attitude but, .NET is a lot better than COM ever was. Most peoples first COM experiments produced a sort of stunned disbelief at just how complex Microsoft had managed to make something as simple as object orientation. Most peoples first .NET experiments leave them pleasantly surprised that something this good could have come from the same company that gave us COM and the Windows API.

1.5.2

Introduction To C#

C#(C Sharp) was designed for developing application in a fully object-oriented manner as part of the Microsoft .NET initiative. C# debuted in the year 2000 by Microsoft founder Bill Gates. At the same time, Visual Studio .NET was announced. C# is an object-oriented programming language as part of their .NET initiative in response to the success of Sun Microsystems' Java programming language. C# source codeas well as those of other .NET

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languagesis compiled into an intermediate byte code called MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language. C# is primarily derived from the C, C++, and Java programming languages with some features of Microsoft's Visual Basic in the mix. C# is used to develop applications like

Console Application Window Base Application Web Based Application Mobile Application .NET offers an alternative to Java development. Microsoft's Visual Studio .NET development environment incorporates several different languages including ASP.NET, C#, C++, and J# (Microsoft Java for .NET), all of which compile to the Common Language Runtime.

Why C# is better than other languages-

Fig. 1(b) - .Net Framework Version Hasmukh Goswami College of Engineering 1

Introduction

Co-operative Society Management System

C# and Java- Here are some features that C# has but Java does not: Delegates- You can kind of do this in Java, but its not as clean. Lambdas- Which are way better than anonymous inner classes. (C# has anonymous inner classes, too.) LINQ (Language Integrated and Query ) Operator overloading- This feature can be abused, but it is still occasionally useful, especially in libraries and DSLs. Properties- No need to write getters and setters. Everything looks like a direct field access, even if it isnt. Yield CO-Routine capability- This is a powerful and highly useful capability, especially for lazy iterators. Extension methods- They permit you to extend existing classes. Null coalescing operator that provides a simple syntax for dereferencing a reference and supplying a default if the reference is null.

C# and VB C# is a new, type-safe language, object-oriented language. It has automatic garbage collection feature. It is developed solely for running along with CLR frameworks. We can use pointers, if needed, though unsafe. On the other hand, VB.NET is developed from VB. Comments in C# are just better. You can do Multiline comments, XML comments, single line comments, etc. Regions in C# are far better. The key here is that you can place a region inside a function, thus breaking up the implementation into logical pieces.

C# and C++ C++ too complex and unsafe C++ system-dependent C++ not Web-ready C++ does not manage memory 1

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Introduction C++ has pointer types

Co-operative Society Management System

Conclusion C# nicely improved on Java, VB and C++. C# can be used for everything like -sockets, threading, events, sql, XML. C# by Dissection: a plug Parallel treatment

Advance features of C# LINQ (Language Integrated and Query)LINQ to SQL LINQ to OBJECT XML Web Services Cryptography

Most Important Advantages of C# C# is supported by Microsoft. C# is type safe which comes with its advantages. Nothing is better when you are developing windows applications. Its syntax is also very well designed. Code looks pretty good. Its intelligence IDE Its worth learning because lots of code is written and is being written in it. With C# you can explore lots of interesting things .NET,WPF,WCF,XNA,ASP.NET

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Introduction 1.5.3 Introduction To Scripting

Co-operative Society Management System

JavaScript: Unlike the relationship between VBScript and VB, Java script is not a, subset of Sun's Java language. The two languages share some common syntax, but Netscape developed use Jscript, not Sun. Jscript is a powerful scripting language. Developers commonly use Jscript to write client-server script because it's the common standard for browser scripting, and not all browsers can run VBScript. You don't have limit yourself to Jscript on the client; you can use it on the server as well. To use Jscript on the server, you can change the default ASP.NET language to Jscript by making is run at server. JavaScript is a compact, object-based scripting language for developing client and server Internet applications. Netscape Navigator 2.0 interprets JavaScript statements embedded directly in an HTML page, and Live wire enables you to create server-based applications. In a client application for Navigator, JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML page can recognize and respond to user events such as mouse clicks, form input, and page navigation. For example, you can write a JavaScript function to verify that users enter valid information into a form requesting a telephone number or zip code or Date or Email ID. Without any network transmission, an HTML page with embedded. JavaScript can interpret the entered text and alert the user with a message dialog if the input is invalid. Or you can use JavaScript to perform an action (such as play an audio file, execute an applet, or communicate with a plug-in) in response to the user opening or exiting a page.

1.5.4

Introduction To Backend

Microsoft SQL Server 2005:-

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 provides the database developer the opportunity to locate

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programming code in native formats or create server-driven complex systems. The .net framework, in combination with the SQL Server 2005, delivers the functionality of the powerful class library in combination with modern programming languages. Common Language Runtime (CLR) is used to code procedures, triggers and functions within the chosen language in the .net framework. Using object-oriented constructs such as structured exception handling, namespaces, classes and arrays assist the programmer in effectively handling procedural issues when programming with SQL Server 2005.

SQL Server provides a number of tools that serve different purposes, such as installation, database query, and replication. All these tools have user-friendly graphical interfaces. SQL Server Management Studio is a new tool built for SQL Server 2005. It combines the functionality of the Enterprise Manager snap-in and the Query Analyser. Although this is the main tool for administering one or more SQL Servers, you can also use the SQL Server Management Studio for executing queries and scripts, and for managing SQL Server projects. The SQL Server Management Studio tool is based on the Microsoft Development Environment used in Visual Studio 2005 to create applications New : SQL Server Management Studio New Rich GUI Integrated Authoring, management Supports all SQL Server Components

Replaces query Analyser, Enterprise Manager. Can Manage Multiple Servers

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