Advanced Hydrology

(Web course)

Subhankar Karmakar Assistant Professor Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE) Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076 Email: skarmakar@iitb.ac.in Ph. # +91 22 2576 7857

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Hydrologic Cycle
Prof. Subhankar Karmakar IIT Bombay

The objective of this module is to introduce the phenomena of weather, different stages of the hydrologic cycle, hydrologic losses and its measurements.

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Topics to be covered

Weather

Introduction to Hydrology Different stages of Hydrology or water cycle Hydrologic losses and measurements Analytical Methods Empirical Methods
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Lecture 1: Weather and hydrologic cycle

Weather & Climate

Weather- the state of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness.

Climate the average course or condition of the weather at a place usually over a period of years as exhibited by temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation.

Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.
(Wikipedia)

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Atmosphere
Troposphere Most of the weather occurs. Stratosphere
19% of the atmospheres gases; Ozone layer

Mesosphere
Most meteorites burn up here.

Thermosphere High energy rays from the sun are

absorbed; Hottest layer.

Exosphere
Molecules from atmosphere escape into space; satellites orbit here.
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(http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/layers_activity_print.html)

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Winds and Wind belts

Exist to circulate heat and moisture from areas of heating to areas of cooling Equator to poles Low altitudes to high altitudes Three bands of low and high pressure above and below the equator (area of low pressure)
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Cloud Types
Cloud is a visible set of drops of water and fragments of ice suspended in the atmosphere and located at some altitude above the earths surface.

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Classification of Precipitation events

Based on the mechanism by which air is lifted. Frontal lifting:

Warmer air is forced to go above cooler air in equilibrium with a cooler surface. Orographic lifting:

Air is forced to go over mountains (and its the reason why windward slopes receive more precipitation). Convective Lifting:

Warm air rises from a warm surface and progressively cools down. Cyclonic Lifting:

A cyclonic storm is a large, low pressure system that forms when a warm air mass and a cold air mass collide.
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Frontal lifting

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Orographic lifting

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Convectional lifting

(climateofindia.pbworks.com)

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Cyclonic lifting

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Factors affecting Indian climate

Factors affecting Indian climate

Related to Location and Relief Latitude Altitude Relief Distance from Sea The Himalayan Mountains Distribution of Land & water
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Related to Air Pressure and Wind Surface pressure & wind Upper air circulation Western cyclones

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Seasons
Cold weather Hot weather South west monsoon Retreating monsoon

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Seasons

Cold Weather Season

It extends from December to February. Vertical sun rays shift towards southern hemisphere. North India intense cold experiences

Light wind blow makes this season pleasant in south India. Occasional tropical cyclone visit eastern coast in this season.

Tropical Cyclone

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Seasons

Temperature-January

150C 200C 200C 250C 200C 200C 250C

100C`

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(climateofindia.pbworks.com)

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Seasons

Pressure-January

HIGH PRESSURE

1014

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(climateofindia.pbworks.com)

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Seasons

Winter Rainfall

RAINFALL DUE TO WESTERN DISTURBANCES

RAINFALL DUE TO NORTH EAST WIND

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Seasons

Hot Weather Season

It extends from March to May. Vertical sun rays shift towards Northern hemisphere.
May 480C

Temperature rises gradually from south to north. Highest Temperature experiences in Karnataka in March, Madhya Pradesh in April and Rajastan in May.
April 380C

March 300C

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Seasons

Temperature-July

250C

300C

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Seasons

Pressure-July

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Seasons

Storms in Hot Weather Season

BARDOLI CHHEERHA

LOO

KALBAISAKHI
MANGO SHOWER

BLOSSOM SHOWER

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(climateofindia.pbworks.com)

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Seasons

South West Monsoon

It extends from June to September. Intense heating in north west India creates low pressure region. Low pressure attract the wind from the surrounding region. After having rains for a few days sometime monsoon fails to occur for one or more weeks is known as break in the monsoon.
LOW PRESSURE HIGH TEMPERATURE

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Seasons

Monsoon Wind

Arabian sea Branch

Bay of Bengal Branch

INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE

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Seasons

Onset of SW Monsoon

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Seasons

Retreating Monsoon Season

It extends from October to November Vertical sun rays start shifting towards Northern hemisphere.
LOW PRESSURE

Low pressure region shift from northern parts of India towards south. Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive. This is commonly known as the October heat
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Seasons

Withdrawal of Monsoon

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Distribution of Rainfall

> 200cm
100-200cm

50-100 cm

< 50cm

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(climateofindia.pbworks.com)

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Seasons

Variability of Rainfall
The variability of rainfall is computed with the help of the following formula: C.V.= Standard Deviation/ Mean * 100 Variability <25% exist in Western coasts, Western Ghats, north-eastern peninsula, eastern plain of the Ganga, northern-India, Uttaranchal, SW J & K & HP. Variability >50% found in Western Rajastan, J & K and interior parts of Deccan. Region with high rainfall has less variability.
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