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BY ASLAM JAINUL
UNIT 1 - Fourier Series. PART A 1. Define fourier series. If f(x) is a periodic function and it satisfies Dirichlets condition then f(x) = where + = = = ( cos ( ) ( ) cos ( ) sin sin )
2. Write fourier series of f(x) in ( c , c+2 ). f(x) = where + = = = ( cos ( ) ( ) cos ( ) sin sin )
3. State Dirichlet condition. In the given Interval, * f(x) should be well defined and single valued. * f(x) should have finite number of points of discontinuity. * f(x) should have only a finite number of maxima and minima.
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4. What is Period? Define Periodic function. A function f(x) which satisfies the relation f(x + T)=f(x) for all x is called Periodic function where least +ve integer T is called Period of f(x). Example : f(x)=sin x is a periodic function with period 2 f(x)=tan x is a periodic function with period ______________________________________________________________________________________ There are three types in fourier series * Full Range (0 , 2 ) * Checking Model (* Half Range (0, ) Type I : Full Range : With Respect to f(x) = where (0,2 ) + ( cos ( ) ; sin ) ( ) cos )
= =
( ) sin
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( ) sin
A function f(x) is said to be even function if f(-x) = f( x ) . Example : x , x sinx , cosx . 6. What is odd function ? A function f(x) is said to be odd function if f(-x) = - f( x ) . Example : x , x cosx , sinx . Type II : Checking Model : With Respect to () ) then =0.
= =
) then =
= ( ) sin
=0.
) then
=0.
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where
( )
and
= ) then
( ) cos = =0.
7. What is Sine Series ? Series has only sine term is called Sine Series. 8. What is Cosine Series ? Series has cosine and constant term is called Cosine Series. Type III : Half Range : With Respect to Cosine Series f(x) = where + ( cos ( ) ( ) cos ) ( )
= =
With Respect to
Cosine Series . f(x) = where + = = Sine Series . f(x) = where ( = sin ) ( cos ( ) ( ) cos )
( ) sin
____________________________________________________________________ 9. If f(x) = x sinx in ( coefficients ? ) , which term of fourier series will have zero = x ( - sin x) = - x sin x )
Constant term and Cosine term has zero coefficients. 10. Obtain the value of = for f(x) = ( )
( ( )
in 0 < x <2
)
= =
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====[
[( [( [ )
( ( ) ] ]
) ]
] =
11. Find the Fourier Sine series of f(x) = 1 ; 0 < x < Half Range Fourier Sine Series : f(x) = = ( ) sin ( sin ) = = = = = f(x) = ( [ ( ) ] sin ( [cos [( [ ) sin ) cos ] ) ( ] ) ]
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13.Check whether this function is odd or even f(x) = x - x in (14.Write down the Fourier series of f(x) = k in (0 , 2 ) 15.Express f(x) = x as a half range sine series in 0 < x <2. 16. If f(x)=|x| is expanded in the fourier series in the 17. Find the constant term in the fourier series of f(x) = x in 18. Obtain the half range cosine series for ( ) {
).
find .
19. If the fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x in the interval is + ( ) ( cos sin ). Find the value of the infinite series
____________________________________________________________________ Complex Form of Fourier Series : 23. Write the complex form of fourier series f(x) in (c , c+2l) The complex form of fourier series f(x) in (c , c + 2l ) ( ) ( ) Where ( ) dx.
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* In this type, first find value using the formula by substituting the given f(x) & then Substitute the value in f(x). * n value varies from to + .
____________________________________________________________________ Do Yourself : 24.Write the complex form of the fourier series for f(x) = in (- , ). ).
25.Find the complex form of the fourier series for f(x) = sin x in ( 26. Find the complex form of the Fourier Series of ( ) {
RMS Value : 27. Define RMS value of f(x) over an interval (a,b). The RMS value of f(x) =
( ( ))
and f(x) = x
( ( ) )
( )
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Parsevals Identity:
9 State Parsevals theorem on fourier constants If the fourier series of f(x) in (-l , l) converges uniformly to f(x) then ( ( )) ( x ). . ( )
31. If the fourier series corresponding to f(x)=x in the interval (0,2 ) is ( cos sin ( ) without finding the values of ). values of
Find the
By Parsevals identity ( ) = ( ( )) =
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= Do Yourself :
( )
) =
____________________________________________________________________________________________
( ) ;
; .?
33.If f(x)=
Previous year 2 mark Questions * Contain SASTRA University previous year Semester questions * And all Department CIA Questions. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.What is the sum of the fourier series at a point x = where the function f(x) has a finite discontinuity. Solution : f(x) =
( ) ( )
35. To what value, the fourier series corresponding to f(x)=x in (0,2 ) converges at x=0. Solution : f(0) =
( ) ( )
=2
36.At a point of finite discontinuity of a function f(x) , what does the fourier series represent.? It represents the value of the function.
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37. State Eulers formula for Fourier Coefficients 38. Define the value of the Fourier series of f(x) at a point of discontinuity. 39. If f(x) is defined in -3 3 Find the value of .
40. Write down the Fourier series for an odd function f(x) in (- , ). 41. What is harmonic analysis in Fourier Series. 42. State Parsevals identity in Fourier Series 43. Define odd and even functions graphically. Find 5 Find for f( ) for f( ) in -2 < x < 2 , f(x + 4) = f(x). - x in the range (0,3).
46. If x=c is a point of discontinuity then the Fourier Series of f(x) at x=c is given by f(x) = __________. 47. Find the period of the periodic functions y = sin 4x. 48. Find the RMS value of the function f(x) = 2 in (0,3). 49. Find the constant for the function f(x) = 3 in .
50. If f(x) = x + x is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (-2,2) to which value this series converges at x=2 ? 51. If f(x) is defined in (0,2 ) , then the value of Fourier series of f(x) at x=0 is equal to ______. 52. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x - x in the interval (-1 , 1). 53. Find the half range sine series of f(x)=x in (0,l).
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) is x =
cos
56. Under what conditions, the Fourier series for f(x) in (c,c+2 ) is possible ? 57. Find for the Fourier series expansion of sin(3x) in ().
58. If , are the Fourier coefficients in the real expansion of f(x) over (0,2l) and the coefficients in the complex expansion, what is the connection between them? 59. What is the advantage of having multiple of 4 equally spaced numerical values of f(x) in harmonic analysis. 6 The Fourier coefficients of the sum f( ) 61. If the fourier series expansion of ( ) f(x)= ) . 62. Check whether the function f(x)= is odd or even. (cos { f( ) are ___ __. is ( n
63. Is f(x)=tan x has Fourier series in any interval ? 64. If f(x)=sinh x is defined in ( 65. A function f(x) is defined in ( () if f(x) is odd.
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PART B Model 1 : Fourier Series Expansion 1. Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f(x)=|sin x| in . 2. Find the half range Fourier cosine series for f(x)= kx ( ) in ( ). 3. Express cosh(2x) as a Fourier series in . sin ( ) 4. If , Express f(x) in a Fourier sine series. { cos 5. Find the Fourier cosine series for f(x)= x ( 6. Find the Fourier sine series for f(x)= x in ( 7. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = x - x in ) in ( ). . { ).
8. Find the half range cosine series for the function ( ) 9. Express f(x)= (
12. Expand ( )
13. Find half range sine series for the function ( ) 14. Find the fourier series of f(x)= ( 15. Find the fourier series of ( ) 16. Express ( ) as a Fourier series in
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. ).
18. Find the Fourier series to represent f(x)= x - 2 in the interval (19. Expand x - x in a Sine series in ( ) the first three terms. .
21. Obtain the Fourier Series for f(x) = (x - 1) in 0 < x < 1. 22. Find the fourier series for ( ) { .
23. Find the half range Fourier sine series for f(x) = lx-x in (0,l) State and prove Parsevals theorem 25. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) { .
+
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+ + + 3
)(
+ +
(OR)
Model 3 : Complex Form. 26. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f(x)= 27. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f(x)= 28. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f(x)= 29. Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f(x)=
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Model 4 : Harmonic Analysis. 30. The values of x and the corresponding values of f(x) over a period T given below. Show that f(x) = 0.75 + 0.37 cos x 0 T/6 1.30 T/3 1.05 + 1.004 sin T/2 1.30 2T / 3 -0.88 where 5T / 6 -0.25 T 1.98
f(x) 1.98
31. Compute the first three harmonic functions of the Fourier series of f(x) given by the following table : x 0 1.4 5 3 1.2 2 1.0
3 1.9
3 1.7 1.5
f(x) 1.0
32. Obtain Fourier series upto the second harmonic to represent the relation between x and y to the following data : X Y 0 0.8 0.6 5 3 1.1
3 0.4
3 0.7 0.9
33. Determine the first two harmonics of the Fourier series for the following values : X Y 0 1.98 5 3 -0.25
3 1.30
3 1.05 1.30
3 -0.88
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35. Determine the first 3 harmonics of the Fourier series for the values : X Y 30 2.34 60 3.01 90 3.68 120 4.15 150 3.69 180 2.20 210 0.83 240 0.51
X Y
270 0.88
300 1.09
330 1.19
360 1.64
36. Find the Fourier series upto the third harmonic for the function y = f(x) defined in (0, ) from the table : x 0 2.2 3 6 0.83 5 6 0.88 1.19
6 1.6
6 0.51
f(x) 2.34
18 24
28 26 20
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UNIT 2 - Partial Differential Equations. PART A 1. Define PDE with example. An equation which involves partial derivatives of a function of 2 or more variables called Partial Differential Equation. Example : + = 0.
Define Lagranges linear equation A first order linear PDE which is of the form pP+qQ = R , where P , Q , R are functions of y z are called Lagranges equation Auxiliary Equation: Given a derivative , Find z. (Note : Integrate the given equation.) 3. Solve : ( = xy. ) = xy = =
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Do Yourself : 7. Solve 2z = + .
8. Solve (x a ) + (y - b) + z = 1.
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=a; and
=b;
Do Yourself : 14. Solve p + q = pq. 15. Find complete solution of pq + p + q = 0. (Note : pq p q is not Calirauts form.)
16.Find the complete (general) solution of z=px+qy+pq. * It is of the form z = px + qy + f(p,q). * For complete solution, replace p=a , q=b. * The complete Solution is z=ax+by+ab.
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17. Find the singular solution of z=px+qy+pq. * General Solution is z=ax+by+ * For Singular solution, then x+ 0=x+ x= then y+ 0=y+ y= Multiplying x and y , xy = 4xy = 1 Do Yourself : 18. Find the complete solution of (pq-p-q) . a . b .
19. Solve : p(1 + q) = qz. *It is of the form f(z,p,q) = 0. * Substitute p = * (1 + a . and q = a . )=a. z
log (az-1) =
F(y q)
20. Solve py = q. P= P = =k
Do Yourself : 21. Solve pq=xy. 22. Solve p + q = sin x + sin y. 23. Solve p - x = q + y.
24.Solve pyz + qzx = xy. * It is of the form pP + qQ = R. Where P=yz , Q=zx and R = xy. * = = = x dx = y dy
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Grouping 1 :
Grouping 2 : =
= u(x,y)
Homogen. Linear Eqn. with Const. Coeff. * To find C.F and P.I
Complementary Functions ( C.F ): * If roots are distinct then C F is f(y m ) * If two roots are equal then C F is f(y m ) * If three roots are equal then C F is f(y m ) f (y m ) f(y m ) f(y m ) f(y m ) f(y m )
f(y m )
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Note: * Dont worry about comple roots check whether that is equal or not. *D m D * Another form of Question: 4 Where - 12 and +9 = 0.
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b and simplify
Substitute D = -a
xy
Note : * In Book they used x power m and y power n , instead of n we used p. Required Formula : * * = 1 - x + x
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D )z
35. Solve: (D - D
) z = xy.
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Previous year Questions * Contain SASTRA University previous year questions * And all Department CIA Questions. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 36. Solve: 6 3 ; 3
37. Solve: xp + yq = z. 38. Find the particular integral of (D- DD 3D ) z 39. Form the PDE from ( 40. Find the general solution of ) -12 .
by eliminating . +9 =0
41. Find the complete integral of the PDE , p-x = q+y. 42. Solve + z = 0. + and form the PDE.
45. Find the PDE of the family of spheres having their centers on the line x=y=z. 46. Solve = sin x.
47. Find the complete integral of the PDE z=px+zy+pq. 48. Form PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants in z=(x-a)+(y-b)+1. 9 Solve (D - D )z
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DD) z
51. Find the differential equations of all planes through the origin. 52. Obtain the partial differential equation of all spheres of radius C having their centers on the xy-plane. 53. Solve : (1-x)p + (2-y)q = 3-z. 54. Define complete integral of PDE. 55. Form PDE by eliminating arbitrary function f from z = f 56. Find the complete integral of pq=5. 57 Solve ( DD D )z 58. Form PDE by eliminating a and b from z=a 59. By eliminating f from z +b .
60. Find the complete solution p+q=sinx + siny. 61. Solve : - xp + yq = z. 6 Solve (D D D-DD -D ) z
63. Solve p(1+q)=qz. 6 Form PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from z=(x+a)(y+b). 65. Solve py=q. 66. Find the particular Integral of -5 +6 =
69. Write the form of Clairauts equation in partial differential equations 70. Write the geometrical interpretation of singular integral. 71. Write down the suitable substitutions to reduce p+q = zx + zy into the standard form of partial differential equation. 72. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function ( ). 73. Define complete integral. 74. Solve pq=1. 75. Write down the suitable substitutions to reduce qx+py = zpq into the standard form of partial differential equation. 76. Find complementary function of (D + 4D +3)z = sin h(3x-2y). 77 Form PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants l and m from z=lx+my.
PART B Model 1 : Homogeneous Linear Equation with Constant Coefficients. To find CF and PI ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Question may be in the form of : -6 = y cos x ycos
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(D - DD -6D )
6DD D )z +6
3DD - D ) z
D D -DD -D ) z +4 = =
+ 3xy. (OR) (D - D D) z 3 + y + x + .
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D ) z
DD - 3D )z 3DD D ) z
21. Solve: (z - 2yz -y)p + (xy + zx)q = (xy - zx). 22. Solve: x(y+z)p y(x+z)q = z(x-y). 23. Solve: x(z-y)p + y(x-z)q = z(y - x). 24. Solve: (mz-ny)p + (nx - lz)q = ly-mx. 25. Solve: (x+y+yz)p + (x + y -xz)q = z(x+y). 26. Solve: x(y-z)p + y(z-x)q = z(x-y). 27. Solve: (y-z)p + (x-z)q = (x-y). 28. Solve: (3z-4y)p + (4x-2y)q = 2y-3x. 29. Solve: (x - yz)p + (y-zx)q = z-xy. 30. Solve: (x-y-z)p + 2xyq = 2zx.
Model 3: Clairauts Form 31. Solve: z=px + qy + p + q + pq. 32. Solve: z=px + qy + c p q .
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33. Solve: z=px + qy -2 34. Solve: z=px + qy + pq. 35. Solve: z=px + qy + p + q. 36. Solve: z=px + qy + p 37. Solve: z=px + qy + p q q . 6.
Model 4 : F(z,p,q)=0. 38. Solve: 9(pz+q) = 4. 39. Solve: z (p + q + 1) = a. 40. Solve: z = 1 + p + q. Solve: 9pq z ( z)
Model 5 : Elimination of arbitrary constants & functions. Form PDE by eliminating f and g from z f ( )+ y g(x). ). y)
(x,p) =
(y,q)
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Model 7 : F(z, 47. Solve: xp + yq = z. 48. Solve: xp + yq = z. 49. Solve: p + xyq = xz.
) = 0 & F(
)=0
Model 8 : Other Problems. 52. Solve: x 53. Solve 3 = sin x sin y given that sin when x=0 and z=0 when y is
an odd multiple of . 54. Find the equation satisfying the equation xp - yq=z and passing through the circle x + y=1 , z=1.
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