AVIAN DISEASES 52:567–571, 2008

Passive Immunity of Progeny from Broiler Breeders Vaccinated with Oil-Emulsion

Bacterin Against Salmonella Enteritidis
A. Y. Inoue,AC A. Berchieri Jr.,B A. Bernardino,A J. B. Paiva,B and E. V. SterzoB
A
Fort Dodge Animal Health, Rua Luiz Fernando Rodriguez, 1701, CEP 13064-798, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
B
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Avian Pathology Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
Received 4 March 2008; Accepted and published ahead of print 6 June 2008

SUMMARY. Young poultry are very susceptible to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections because of the absence of complete
intestinal flora colonization and an immature immune system. This study evaluated the role of passive immunity on the resistance
of young birds against early infections caused by SE. The progeny of broiler breeders vaccinated with an oil-emulsion bacterin was
compared to the progeny of unvaccinated birds. Efficacy was determined by challenging birds at 1 and 14 days of age with SE Nal
Spc strain, phage type 4. After challenge at 1 day of age, the progeny of vaccinated birds presented a significantly lower number
(log10) of SE Nal Spc reisolation (P , 0.05) in liver (2.21), spleen (2.31), and cecal contents (2.85) compared with control groups
(2.76, 3.02, and 6.03, respectively). The examination of the internal organs, 3 days after infection, revealed that 28% of the birds
(7/25) from vaccinated breeders were positive, whereas 100% (25/25) of the chicks derived from unvaccinated birds were positive.
Birds challenged at 14 days of age presented a lower number of positive samples compared with those challenged at 1 day of age,
and the progeny of vaccinated birds presented statistically lower numbers (log10) of colony-forming units/ml of SE Nal Spc only in
the cecal contents compared with nonvaccinated breeder progeny (2.11 vs. 2.94). Age seems to influence the susceptibility of birds
to SE infections: in control groups, the number of positive birds at 14 days of age (9/25) was lower when compared with the group
infected at 1 day of age (25/25). The number of positive fecal samples of the progeny of vaccinated birds was significantly lower
(36) than those of the control group (108) after challenge at 1 day of age. Unchallenged progeny of vaccinated birds presented
passive antibodies detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) up to 21 days of age. On the other hand, antibodies
of the control group were detected by ELISA 14 days after challenge. These results show a significant contribution of breeder
vaccination by increasing the resistance of the progeny against early SE infections. However, the bacteria were not completely
eliminated, suggesting that additional procedures are needed to effectively control SE infections.
RESUMEN. Inmunidad pasiva de la progenie de reproductoras pesadas vacunadas con una bacterina emulsionada en aceite
contra Salmonella Enteritidis.
Las aves jóvenes son muy susceptibles a las infecciones con Salmonella Enteritidis debido a la ausencia de una colonización completa
por parte de la flora intestinal y a la inmadurez de su sistema immune. Este estudio evaluó el papel de la inmunidad pasiva en la
resistencia de aves jóvenes contra las infecciones tempranas causadas por Salmonella Enteritidis. La progenie de reproductoras pesadas
vacunadas con una bacterina emulsionada en aceite fue comparada con la progenie de aves no vacunadas. La eficacia fue determinada
por el desafı́o con la cepa de Salmonella Enteritidis Nal Spec, fagotipo 4. Después del desafı́o al dı́a de edad, la progenie de aves
vacunadas presentó un número significantemente (P , 0.05) menor (log10) de reaislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis Nal Spec en
hı́gado (2.21), bazo (2.31) y contenido cecal (2.85) cuando se comparó con los resultados obtenidos para el grupo control (2.76, 3.02 y
6.03, respectivamente). La evaluación de los órganos internos 3 dı́as después de la infección, reveló que el 28% de las aves (7/25)
provenientes de reproductoras vacunadas fueron positivas, mientras que el 100% (25/25) de las provenientes de reproductoras no
vacunadas fueron positivas. Las aves desafiadas a los 14 dı́as de edad presentaron un número menor de muestras positivas comparado
con aquellas desafiadas al dı́a de edad, y la progenie de aves vacunadas presentó valores estadı́sticamente menores (log10) de Unidades
Formadoras de Colonia/ml de Salmonella Enteritidis Nal Spec, únicamente en el contenido cecal, comparados con los obtenidos en la
progenie de reproductoras no vacunadas (2.11 Vs. 2.94). Aparentemente la edad influyó en la susceptibilidad de las aves a la infección
con Salmonella Enteritidis: en los grupos control, el número de aves positivas a los 14 dı́as de edad (9/25) fue menor cuando se
comparó con el grupo infectado al dı́a de edad (25/25). El número de muestras provenientes de heces positivas de la progenie de aves
vacunadas fue significativamente menor (36) que el originado en las del grupo control (108) después del desafı́o al dı́a de edad. La
progenie no desafiada de aves vacunadas presentó anticuerpos maternos detectables por medio del inmunoensayo asociado a enzimas
(ELISA) hasta los 21 dı́as de edad. De otra parte, los anticuerpos del grupo control fueron detectados por la prueba ELISA 14 dı́as
después del desafı́o. Estos resultados muestran una contribución significante de la vacunación al incrementar la resistencia de la
progenie contra infecciones tempranas con Salmonella Enteritidis. Sin embargo, la bacteria no fue completamente eliminada,
sugiriendo que se requieren procedimientos adicionales para el control de la infección.
Key words: passive immunity, Salmonella Enteritidis, vaccination, broiler breeder
Abbreviations: CFU 5 colony-forming units; dpi 5 days postinfection; ELISA 5 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay;
Ig 5 immunoglobulin; Nal 5 nalidixic acid; SE 5 Salmonella Enteritidis; Spc 5 spectinomycin

Salmonella infection is considered one of the most important
bacterial diseases in domestic chickens and turkeys. Among many
serotypes of Salmonella, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) has been
described as the most prevalent in commercial broilers and layers
C
Corresponding author. E-mail: inouea@fdah.com
(29). SE is associated with illness in young birds and with foodborne
diseases in humans (11).
Vertical transmission and early exposure to SE are the main causes
of clinical diseases because of the high susceptibility of newly
hatched birds to infections. Intestinal microflora colonization and
mature immune systems provide older birds resistance against the
effects of SE, lowering the morbidity and mortality (13). Birds

567
568 A. Y. Inoue et al.
challenged at 1 day of age can remain infected and shed SE until
maturity (12).
The benefits of passive immunity in reducing the damages caused
by early exposure to infectious agents have been studied for many
poultry diseases (8,10,26). Maternal antibodies from breeder’s blood
can be transferred through the egg yolk as immunoglobulin G (IgG;
15,24). It is also reported that other immunoglobulins, like IgA and
IgM, are also secreted in reproductive tract of vaccinated birds (25).
These immunoglobulins can be transferred to the eggs during their
passage through the oviduct. After absorption, the antibodies are
diffused in amniotic liquid and are ingested by the embryo (7). In
commercial poultry industry, the importance of passive immunity
against SE is also related to the ability of the bacteria to infect large
number of birds at the hatchery, where the temperature and
moisture are favorable to proliferation (5,20).
In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of
maternal antibodies on the progeny of breeders vaccinated with an
SE bacterin in oil emulsion. In addition to the effects on bacterial
counts in the organs of challenged birds, we assessed other aspects,
such as fecal shedding and serology using an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Birds. Day-old broilers chicks (Cobb-Vantress, Siloam Springs, AR)
from two different commercial hatcheries (São José Farm, and Pena
Branca Company, São Paulo, Brazil) were used in the study. The chicks
were divided into four groups: groups 1 and 3 were progeny of broiler
breeders vaccinated with an inactivated SE vaccine (POULVAC SE; Fort
Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) at 12 and 20 wk old.
Groups 2 and 4 were chicks from unvaccinated breeders. The chicks
used in this study were from breeders between 38 and 40 wk old.
The birds were weighed (40 6 1 g), then reared in isolation units
maintained with filtered air under negative pressure (Fort Dodge
Research Center, Paulinia, São Paulo, Brazil). All birds were fed and
watered ad libitum. At arrival, 20 birds from each group were assessed
according to Waltman et al. (30), to ensure that the newly hatched
chicks were free of Salmonella. The samples (drag swabs, liver, spleen,
heart, and ceca) were examined using selenite broth (CM0395 and
LP0121A, Oxoid, Ogdensburg, NY) for 24 hr at 37 C and plated onto
brilliant green agar (CM0263, Oxoid).
Salmonella Enteritidis strain. A mutant strain of Salmonella
Enteritidis (SE), phage type 4, resistant to nalidixic acid (Nal) and
spectinomycin, (Spc) from the Laboratory of Avian Pathology (São
Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil) was used as
challenge. Bacterial cultures were prepared in 10 ml of nutrient broth at
37 C for 24 hr under stirring. This mutant was named SE Nal Spc.
Experimental design. Organ samples. One hundred chicks were
divided in four groups: birds from groups 1 and 2 were challenged at 1
day of age (25 birds per group) and birds from groups 3 and 4
challenged at 14 days of age (25 birds per group). Both groups were
challenged directly into the crop with different doses of SE Nal
Spc: groups 1 and 2, with 2.12 3 105 colony-forming units (CFU) per
bird; groups 3 and 4, with 2.17 3 109 CFU per bird. The birds from
each group were sacrificed and were examined 3 days after challenge.
Samples of liver, spleen and ceca contents were analyzed individually to
recover viable SE Nal Spc. The number of cells was estimated by plating
0.1 ml of the decimal dilutions on brilliant green agar containing
sodium nalidixate (20 mg/ml) and novobiocin (1 mg/ml) (BGNalNov).
Fecal samples. Eighty chicks were divided into two different groups:
birds from groups 1 and 2. Both groups were challenged directly into the
crop with 2.12 3 105 CFU of SE Nal Spc. Cloacal swabs were taken at
1, 3, 6, 9, 13, 15, 20, 23, and 26 days postinfection (dpi). Cloacal swabs
were cultured in selenite broth (CM0395 and LP0121A, Oxoid)
containing novobiocin (40 mg/liter) or were directly plated on
BGNalNov. The samples were incubated at 37 C for 24 hr.
Table 1. Number of positive samples of liver, spleen, and cecal
contents for SE Nal Spc in birds challenged at one or 14 days of age, and
examined 3 days after infection.
Challenged at Challenged at
1 day of ageA 14 days of ageB
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Breeders Vaccinated Unvaccinated Vaccinated Unvaccinated
Liver 4/25 15/25 0/25 2/25
Spleen 3/25 18/25 0/25 2/25
Cecal contents 4/25 17/25 2/25 8/25
Total positive
birds 7/25 25/25 2/25 9/25
A
Challenged with 2.12 3 105 CFU/ml.
B
Challenged with 2.17 3 109 CFU/ml.
Antibody detection. Sixty chicks were divided into three groups: 20
birds from group 1 unchallenged, 20 birds from group 1 challenged, and
20 birds from group 2 challenged. Both groups were challenged dir-
ectly into the crop with 2.12 3 105 CFU of SE Nal Spc at 1 day old.
Serum samples were collected at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age.
Serum was diluted at 1:2 in phosphate-buffered saline solution and
tested for the presence of specific antibodies by an ELISA (FlockChek
SE, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME). The results were
measured in a Visible Plate Reader (650 nm, Biotrak version 1.3;
Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden).
Statistical analysis. Chi-square contingency tables were used to
statistically analyze fecal-shedding results. ANOVA was used to
statistically analyze viable SE log10 count in the organs (liver, spleen,
and cecal contents).
RESULTS
All the samples from day-old chicks, examined at arrival, had
negative bacteriologic exams.
Organs samples. Results of bacteriologic exams (Table 1) for all
organs showed a higher number of positive birds in the progeny
from unvaccinated breeders (groups 2 and 4) compared with the
progeny of vaccinated birds (groups 1 and 3). The chicks that were
challenged at 14 days of age (groups 3 and 4) had fewer positive
samples than the groups challenged at 1 day old (groups 1 and 2).
Comparing different organs, cecal contents were the site of greater
positive samples at 14 days of age.
Data in Table 2 show a statistically higher number of viable SE
Nal Spc (P , 0.05) in all samples (liver, spleen, and cecal contents)
of birds from unvaccinated breeders (group 2) challenged at 1 day
old compared with chicks from group 1. In chicks challenged at 14
days old, the number of viable SE Nal Spc of the control group
(group 4) was statistically higher (P , 0.05) than group 3 only in the
cecal contents.
Fecal samples. Table 3 shows that the birds from vaccinated
breeders (group 1) presented a statistically lower number of positive
cloacal swab samples (P , 0.05) than the control group (group 2).
Group 1 had fewer positive results than group 2 in direct evaluation
of the samples and after culture in selenite broth. After 13 dpi, the
number of positive samples was similar in both groups, and no
shedding was observed after 20 dpi. In broilers derived from
vaccinated breeders, the peak of shedding occurred at 9 dpi, whereas
the peak was at 1 dpi in the control group (Fig. 1).
Antibody detection. Table 4 shows the differences in antibody
detection in the three groups of birds. Birds from unvaccinated
breeders (group 2) challenged at 1 day old had detectable
seroconversion in the ELISA at 14 days old. More than 70% of
the birds from vaccinated breeders (group 1) challenged at 1 day old
 Passive immunity in vaccinated broiler breeder progenies 569
Table 2. Log10 viable counts of SE Nal Spc/ml in liver, spleen, and cecal contents in birds challenged at 1 or 14 days of age, from breeders that
were vaccinated or not vaccinated against SE; birds were examined 3 days after experimental infection.
Challenge at 1 day of age Challenge at 14 days of age
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Breeders Vaccinated Unvaccinated Vaccinated Unvaccinated
Liver 2.21 (,2.0–3.5)* 2.76 (,2.0–4.7) , 2.0 (,2.0–,2.0) 2.02 (,2.0–2.30)
Spleen 2.31 (,2.0–3.4)* 3.02 (,2.0–4.7) , 2.0 (,2.0–,2.0) 2.13 (,2.0–4.1)
Cecal contents 2.85 (,2.0–7.8)* 6.03 (,2.0–9.0) 2.08 (,2.0–4.0)* 2.94 (,2.0–7.0)
*Values in the same row followed by an asterisk (*) are statistically different (P , 0.05). Comparison within the groups: challenged at 1 day old
(between groups 1 and 2) or challenged at 14 days of age (between groups 3 and 4).

had positive simples at 14 days of age, and 23.5% were positive at 28 infections (6,9,13). In the present study, the groups of chicks
days. Nevertheless, the unchallenged group 1 had a faster decrease in infected at 1 day of age had a higher number of positive samples and
positive findings, with 47% of the birds positive at 14 days of age, higher SE Nal Spc counts than the groups challenged at 14 days of
but no positive samples at 28 days of age. age in progeny from vaccinated or unvaccinated breeders.
It was also demonstrated that horizontal transmission and
environmental contamination is higher in birds from unvaccinated
DISCUSSION breeders because of SE shedding after challenge. Vaccinated groups
had lower shedding rates throughout the study. Another important
In groups of birds challenged at 1 day old, the results comparing
result is related to the age of fecal shedding after challenge: the
the number of positive samples and the number of SE viable cells
progeny of vaccinated breeders presented the highest numbers of
showed a significant reduction in both parameters for the group
positive samples on day 9 dpi, whereas, in progeny of unvaccinated
from vaccinated breeders. These results are interesting, once the
breeders, the shedding peak was at 1 dpi. Birds infected at 1 day of
number of SE cells is related directly to the potential for damage
age are important sources of infection because of intermittent SE
caused by SE infection (4).
shedding until they reach adulthood (12). In addition, chicken meat
The ceca is the main site of SE bacterial multiplication in birds;
cross-contamination in poultry processing plants, caused by contact,
spleen and liver are the most important nonintestinal organs where
can be increased by contaminated feces in carcasses (23). The control
this bacterium is found (13). SE can be recovered in internal organs
of SE fecal shedding is equally important in layers because
1 hr after experimental inoculation (18), and the highest levels of
contaminated feces can soil the egg shell surface, and penetrate
liver and spleen contamination are observed 3 days after infection
through the egg (2). Delay in fecal shedding may be related to the
(28). In the present study, in addition to the lower SE Nal Spc count
presence of maternal IgA in the intestinal tract. IgA in the intestinal
in the cecal contents of progeny from immunized breeders, as
tract has a significant role in immunity against Salmonella because it
previously described by Methner and Steinbach (24), there was less
inhibits bacterial adherence and colonization in the intestinal
SE reisolation in the liver and the spleen after challenge at 1 day of
mucosa, which is the primary site of infection (22). Higher IgA
age. The passive immunity could be important in reducing the
titers in the progeny of vaccinated birds have been reported during
transient depletion of lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs, which
the first week of age (15).
promote the development of carrier states in broilers that are exposed
The period of shedding lasted until 16 days of age for both
early to Salmonella, as described by Hassan and Curtis (14).
groups, which is similar to that described by Bailey (1), although
Comparing the groups challenged at different ages (1 and 14
Berchieri et al. (3) demonstrated that passive immunity in chicks
days), it is clearly demonstrated that the absence of complete
from infected breeders presented a longer shedding period after SE
intestinal flora and immature immune systems play an important
infection than birds without maternal immunity. The shedding
role in the higher susceptibility of young birds to Salmonella
period and the numbers of infected bird can be influenced by the
infectious dose and by the strain used in the challenge (27).
Table 3. Shedding of SE Nal Spc measured by the number of
positive cloacal swab samples in chicks challenged at 1 day of age.A
Progeny from Progeny from
vaccinated birds unvaccinated birds
Days postinfection 0 hr 24 hr Total 0 hr 24 hr Total
1 dpi 0 1 1 12 26 38
3 dpi 1 5 6 5 9 14
6 dpi 0 7 7 2 17 19
9 dpi 0 13 13 4 25 29
13 dpi 0 8 8 0 7 7
16 dpi 0 1 1 0 1 1
20 dpi 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 dpi 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1 35 36* 23 85 108
A
Each group (vaccinated or unvaccinated) contained 40 birds. 0 hr 5
SE-positive results in direct plating in brilliant green agar; 24 hr 5 SE-
positive results after enrichment in selenite broth. Fig. 1. Number of SE positive samples in cloacal swabs from chicks
*Statistically significant (P , 0.05). challenged at 1 day of age.
570 A. Y. Inoue et al.

Table 4. Number of positive serum samples in ELISA SE in progeny from vaccinated and unvaccinated breeders, challenged or not at a day of
age with SE Nal Spc.
% Positive on days postinfection
A
Groups Results 1 7 14 21 28
Group 2 Positive 0.00 0.00 76.47 94.12 88.24
Suspect 0.00 5.88 11.76 5.88 5.88
Negative 100.00 94.12 11.76 0.00 5.88
Group 1 Positive 88.89 82.35 70.59 41.18 23.53
Suspect 0.00 5.88 29.41 23.53 29.41
Negative 11.11 11.76 0.00 35.29 47.06
Control Positive 88.89 100.0 47.06 17.65 0.00
Suspect 11.11 0.00 11.76 11.76 11.76
Negative 0.00 0.00 41.18 70.59 88.24
A
Group 2 5 progeny from unvaccinated breeders, challenged at 1 day of age (n 5 20 birds); group 1 5 progeny from vaccinated breeders,
challenged at 1 day of age (n 5 20 birds); Control 5 progeny from vaccinated breeders, not challenged (n 5 20 birds).

Maternal IgG was detected in the serum of the unchallenged
progeny of vaccinated breeders until the third week of age, which is
consistent with the report of Methner and Steinbach (24). In some
bacterial diseases, such as in Escherichia coli (19) and Pasteurella
multocida (17) infections, higher antibody titers are related to
resistance to challenge. On the other hand, there is no clear
correlation between detectable antibodies and resistance against
Salmonella infection (21). In the progeny from vaccinated breeders,
the number of positive samples detected by ELISA decreased, even in
challenged birds. However, the number of positives from unchal-
lenged progeny of vaccinated breeders decreased more rapidly.
Considering that the highest IgG titers in serum samples are usually
detected between 4 and 5 wk after infection (16) and that the
serologic response was evaluated only until 28 days of age, it is
possible that this response could have increased later in SE-
challenged birds of vaccinated breeders.
As observed in some other diseases (8,10,26), SE passive
immunity reduced viremia, delayed infection, and decreased fecal
shedding in infected birds. The incremental resistance of birds in the
first days of life through maternal antibodies seems to be the
contribution of this study because this is the period of higher
susceptibility in birds. Nevertheless, despite the significant decrease
in the number of positive samples, the bacterium was not completely
eliminated. The high SE concentration used for challenge could be
the reason SE broke the antibody barrier in infected birds. Once the
SE is inside cells, it assumes an important epidemiologic role because
circulating antibodies are not capable of fighting Salmonella inside
the macrophages (31).
The complete eradication of SE from broiler flocks seems to be a
very difficult task. Considering its prevalence around the world,
there is a high possibility of early exposure in field conditions, and
passive immunity ought to assume an important epidemiologic role.
Additional tools, such as biosecurity, competitive exclusion products,
food treatment, and flock monitoring, are essential to achieve success
in SE control.
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