1

B GIO DC V O TO TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
---------------------------------------


TRN NGC T


NG DNG PHP BIN I WAVELET
TRONG X L NH




LUN VN THC S K THUT







H NI - 2010

2
NI DUNG



Chng 1. Nghin cu cc l thuyt tng quan v x l nh v mt s phng
php x l nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh.


Chng 2. Nghin cu php bin i Wavelet v cc ng dng ca n trong
gim nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh


Chng 3. Kt qu m phng

Kt lun
3
Chng I. Nghin cu cc l thuyt tng quan v x l nh v mt s phng
php x l nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh.
1.1 Nghin cu cc l thuyt tng quan v x l nh
1.1.1 X l nh, cc vn c bn trong x l nh

Hnh 1.1. Qu trnh x l nh.

- S tng qut ca mt h thng x l nh:

Hnh 1.2. Cc bc c bn trong mt h thng x l nh.
- Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
+ Nn chnh bin dng.
+ Kh nhiu
+ Chnh mc xm.
+ Trch chn c im.
+ Nhn dng .
+ Nn nh.
1.1.2. Thu nhn v biu din nh
- Thu nhn, cc thit b thu nhn nh
Cc thit b thu nhn nh bao gm camera, scanner cc thit b thu nhn ny
c th cho nh en trng.
- Biu din nh
Cc nh thng c biu din theo 2 m hnh c bn.
+ M hnh Raster
Quy trnh chung hin th nh Raster thng qua DIB
4

Hnh 1.4. Qu trnh hin th v chnh sa, lu tr nh thng qua DIB.
+ M hnh Vector:
Trong m hnh vector ngi ta s dng hng gia cc vector ca im nh
ln cn m ho v ti to hnh nh ban u nh vector c thu nhn trc tip t
cc thit b s ho nh Digital hoc c chuyn i t nh Raster thng qua cc
chng trnh s ho

Hnh 1.5. S chuyn i gia cc m hnh biu din nh.
1.2. Mt s phng php x l nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh.
1.2.1 Cc k thut tng cng nh
* Ci thin nh dng ton t im
- Tng tng phn (Stretching Contrast)
- Tch nhiu v phn ngng
- Bin i m bn
- Ct theo mc
- Trch chn bit
- Tr nh
- Nn di sng
- M hnh ho v bin i lc xm
* Ton t khng gian
- Lm trn nh bng lc tuyn tnh
+ Lc trung bnh khng gian
+ Lc thng thp
+ Lc ng hnh
- Lm trn nhiu bng lc phi tuyn
+ Lc trung v
+ Lc ngoi (Outlier Filter)
- Mt n g sai phn v lm nhn
- Khuch i v ni suy nh
+Phng php lp
5
+ Phng php ni suy tuyn tnh
* Mt s k thut ci thin nh nh phn
- Dn nh
- Co nh
1.2.2 Khi phc nh
L phc hi li nh gc so vi nh ghi c b bin dng. Ni cch khc,
khi phc nh l cc k thut ci thin cht lng nhng nh ghi m bo gn c
nh nh tht khi nh b mo.
Cc nguyn nhn bin dng thg do:
Do camera, u thu nh cht lng km.
Do mi trng, nh sng, hin trng (scene), kh quyn, nhiu xung.
Do cht lng.
M hnh chung:

1 1
0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
N M
k l
m n u m n h m k n l m n

= =
= +

(1.49)
trong :
u(m,n) l nh gc; me[0, M 1]; ne[0, N 1]
v(m,n) l nh ghi c;
h(m k, n l) hm p ng xung hai chiu; ke[0, N 1], le[0, M 1]
Cc k thut khi phc nh:
+M hnh khi phc nh c: m hnh to nh, m hnh gy nhiu, m hnh
quan st.
+Lc tuyn tnh c: lc ngc, p ng xung, lc hu hn FIR.
+Cc k thut khc: Entropy cc i, m hnh Bayes, gii chp.
* Cc m hnh quan st v to nh
- M hnh quan st nh.
- M hnh nhiu.
M hnh nhiu l m hnh tng qut. Trong h thng c th nh quang in,
m hnh nhiu gy bin dng c biu din c th nh sau:

1 2
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) m n g m n m n m n = + (1.54)
Trong (m,n) l nhiu ph thuc thit b, xy ra vic truyn in t
ngu nhin.
* K thut lc tuyn tnh
- K thut lc ngc
- Lc gi ngc
6
- Lc Wiener
- Lc Wiener v p ng xung hu hn FIR
- K thut lm trn Spline v ni suy
* K thut lc phi tuyn trong khi phc nh
- Lc nhiu m
- K thut Entropy cc i
- Phng php Bayesian

Tm tt
Chng 1 trnh by l thuyt tng quan v x l nh nh cc vn c bn
trong x l nh, phng php nhu nhn v biu din nh; Mt s phng php x
l nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh nh ci thin nh dng ton t im, ton t
khng gian v cc k thut phc hi nh.

Chng 2. Nghin cu php bin i Wavelet v cc ng dng ca n trong
gim nhiu v nng cao cht lng nh
2.1. Bin i Wavelet
2.1.1. Bin i Wavelet lin tc (CWT)
2.1.1.2 Php bin i wavelet thun
Gi f(x) l tn hiu 1-D, php bin i wavelet lin tc ca f(x) s dng hm
wavelet
0
c biu din bi:

*
0
1
( , ) ( )

| |
=
|
\ .
}
x b
W s b f x dx
s s
(2.1)
trong :
- W(s, b) l h s bin i wavelet lin tc ca f(x), vi s l t l (nghch o
ca tn s) v b l dch chuyn t trng v tr.
-
*
0
l hm lin hip phc ca wavelet
0
c gi l hm wavelet phn tch.
Phng trnh (2.1) cho thy, php bin i wavelet l mt nh x chuyn t
hm mt bin f(x) thnh hm W(s, b) ph thuc hai bin s l bin t l s v bin
dch chuyn b. H s chun ha 1/ s trong (2.1) m bo cho s chun ha sng
wavelet vi cc t l phn tch s khc nhau ||
0(s, b)
|| =||
0
||.
7

a) b) c)
a) Wavelet Harr, b) Wavelet Daubechies 4, c) Wavelet Synlets 4
Hnh 2.1: Ba dng hm wavelet
2.1.1.3 Cc tnh cht ca hm wavelet
a. Tnh cht sng
b- c trng v nng lng
2.1.1.4 Biu din cc h s wavelet
C hai cch biu din cc h s wavelet. Th nht, biu din cc h s wavelet
W(s, b) trong h ta ba trc vung gc (x, y, z) vi trc x biu din tham s dch
chuyn (v tr) b, trc y biu din tham s t l (l nghch o tn s) s v trc thng
ng z biu din h s wavelet W. Th hai, biu din cc h s W(s,b) trong mt
phng khng gian t l (x, s) (gi l t l ) dng cc ng ng tr hay
dng nh; cch biu din ny thng dng trong x l nh.
2.1.1.5 Php bin i wavelet nghch
Nu php bin i wavelet thun c dng (2.1) th php bin i wavelet
nghch c dng:

0
0
1 1
( ) ( , ) ( )

=
} }
g
x b
f x db W s b ds
c s s
(2.7)
trong :
- c
g
l hng s ph thuc vo hm wavelet c s dng.
Cng thc (2.7) cho php khi phc li tn hiu nguyn thy t cc h s bin
i wavelet bng php tnh tch phn theo ton b cc tham s t l s v dch chuyn
b. Trong (2.7), hm wavelet
0
c s dng thay cho hm lin hip phc ca n
trong biu thc (1.1).
2.1.2.6 Php bin i wavelet lin tc hai chiu v nhiu chiu
Php bin i wavelet 2-D c cho bi phng trnh:

*
0
1
( , ) ( )

| |
=
|
\ .
}
R B
W s B f R dR
s s
(2.9)
trong :
- R(x1, x2) l vct ta gm hai thnh phn l x
1
v x
2
tha h thc:
8

2 2 2
1 2
R x x = +
- B (b1, b2) l vct v tr, c hai thnh phn tha h thc:
2 2 2
1 2
B b b = +
H s (1/s) chun ha nng lng ca sng wavelet 2-D, c suy ra t
trng hp 1-D. Tn hiu f(R) l hm theo hai bin khng gian l x
1
v x
2
.
Php bin i wavelet nghch 2-D c vit di dng:

0 3
0
1 1
( ) ( , ) ( )

=
} }
g
R B
f R dB W s B ds
c s s
(2.10)
Php bin i wavelet n chiu (n > 2) c th xy dng n gin bng cch m
rng s phn t trong cc vct R v B n n gi tr theo cch biu din:
R(x1, x2, xn) v B(b1, b2, bn). (2.12)
Hm wavelet
0(s,B)
(R) trong khng gian n-D c vit dng:

0( , ) 0 ( /2)
1
( ) ( )

=
s B n
R B
R
s s
(2.13)
Nn php bin i wavelet trong n-D c vit li di dng:

*
0 ( /2)
1
( , ) ( )

| |
=
|
\ .
} n
R B
W s B f R dR
s s
(2.14)
v php bin i wavelet nghch ca n trong n-D c dng:

0 1
0
1 1
( ) ( , ) ( )

+

=
} } n
g
R B
f R dB W s B ds
c s s
(2.15)
2.1.1.7 Tiu chun chn hm wavelet
a- Trc giao hay khng trc giao
b- Phc hay thc
c- rng
d- Chn hay l
e- Cc momen trit tiu
f- ng hng hay khng ng hng
2.1.1.9 Ri rc ha php bin i wavelet lin tc
tnh cc h s ca php bin i wavelet lin tc trn my tnh, hai tham s
t l v tnh tin khng th nhn cc gi tr lin tc m n phi l cc gi tr ri rc.
2.1.2.10 Hiu ng bin
Khi ly bin i wavelet ca tn hiu hu hn v ri rc, do nh hng bi tch
trong ca hm wavelet vi cc gi tr ln cn trn cc bin ca tn hiu nn gi tr
ca h s wavelet b bin i kh mnh, hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng bin.
S bin dng do hiu ng bin cng ln khi thc hin php bin i wavelet cc t
l ln
9
2.1.2. Php bin i wavelet ri rc
2.1. 2.2- Php bin i wavelet ri rc v phn tch a phn gii
Mi quan h gia hm t l v hm wavelet c cho bi:

N 1
k
k 0
(x) c (2x k)

=
u = u

(1.25)

N 1
K
K
k 0
(x) ( 1) c . (2x k N 1)

=
= u + +

(1.26)
Cc php lc c tin hnh vi nhiu tng (level) khc nhau v khi
lng tnh ton khng tng, khi qua mi b lc, tn hiu c ly mu xung 2.
ng vi mi tng, tn hiu c phn gii khc nhau. Do , php bin i
wavelet ri rc c gi l phn tch a phn gii (MRA, multiresolution analysis).

Hnh 2.6: Phn tch a phn gii s dng bin i wavelet ri rc
Ti mi tng lc, biu thc ca php lc c cho bi cng thc:

high
n
y (n) S(n).g(2k n) =

(2.27)

low
n
y (n) S(n).h(2k n) =

(2.28)
Trong , S(n) l tn hiu, h(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc thng thp
tng ng vi hm t l (n) v g(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc thng cao
tng ng vi hm wavelet (n). Hai b lc ny lin h nhau theo h thc:
h(N-1-n)=(-1)
n
g(n) (2.29)
trong , N l s mu trong tn hiu.
10
Tn hiu S(n) c th c ti to theo cc bc ngc li gi l php bin i
wavelet ri rc nghch (IDWT, inverse discrete wavelet transform) c cho bi:

high low
k
S(n) (y (k).g(2k n)) (y (k).h(2k n)) = +

(2.30)
trong , y
high
(k) v y
low
(k) ln lt l tn hiu ng ra sau khi i qua cc b lc
thng cao v b lc thng thp cp trn.
2.1.2.3- Php bin i wavelet ri rc hai chiu
Gi x v y l hai trc ta ca tn hiu 2-D, L l php lc thng thp, H l
php lc thng cao, php bin i wavelet 2-D c tnh c th nh sau:

(1)
(x,y) (x) (y):LL u = u u (2.31)

(2)
(x,y) (x) (y): LH = u (2.32)

(3)
(x,y) (x) (y):HL = u (2.33)

(4)
(x,y) (x) (y):HH = (2.34)

Hnh 2.7: Php bin i wavelet ri rc 2-D

2.1.2.4 Lc nhiu
Php bin i wavelet ri rc c p dng rng ri trong vic lc nhiu. Nh
trnh by trn, php bin i wavelet ri rc khai trin d liu gc thnh hai nhm
h s: cc h s xp x v cc h s chi tit trn mi tng v nhiu nm trong cc h
s chi tit ca mi tng. Gi s chng ta thc hin php bin i wavelet ri rc n
tng th k v gi s rng h s xp x tng th k hu nh loi nhiu hon ton.
Tuy nhin, trong cc nhiu b loi c c nhng thnh phn tn s cao ng vi cc
cu trc a phng c ch. Do nu ly h s xp x th k em phc hi (s dng
IDWT) s nhn c cc d liu lc nhiu th nhng khng cn cc thnh
phn tn s cao c ch.
2.2. ng dng ca php bin i Wavelet trong gim nhiu v nng cao cht
lng nh
11
2.2.1. M hnh x l nhiu c bn
M hnh nn tng cho kh nhiu c bn
s(n) f (n) e(n) = +o (2.35)
e(n) l nhiu trng hay nhiu khng trng dao ng trong khong o
2

f(n) tn hiu khng c nhiu
Quy trnh kh nhiu tin hnh theo 3 bc :
Bc 1. Phn tch tn hiu. Chn mt wavelet thch hp v chn mc phn
tch N. S dng DWT phn tch. Tnh cc h s phn tch wavelet ca tn hiu
mc N.
Bc 2. t ngng ton cc hay t ngng cc b cc h s chi tit trn
cc mc, chn mt ngng thch hp cho kt qu th tt nht.
Bc 3. Ti to tn hiu ban u. Tnh s ti to wavelet da trn cc h s
ca xp x mc N v cc h s chi tit thay i t mc 1 n N.
2.2.2. Phng php t ngng tn hiu.
2.2.2.1. L thuyt ngng
- t ngng cng: t cc gi tr v 0 cc phn t m gi tr tuyt i thp
hn ngng.
- t ngng mm: u tin thit lp v 0 cc gi tr tuyt i thp hn
ngng v sau h dn cc h s khc v 0.
- Phng php wavelet shrinkage l qu trnh kh nhiu hnh nh phi tuyn
loi b nhiu bng cch thu hp li h s wavelet trong min wavelet.

Ngng cng Ngng mm Shrinkage
Hnh 2.8 Ngng cng, ngng mm v Shrinkage
2.2.2.2 Kh nhiu khng tuyn tnh bng phng php t ngng cng v mm
- Chn mt wavelet thch hp bin i s dng DWT, mc phn ly N

K
i(k) j,k K K,k
j 1 k k
x(t) d (t) a (k) (t)

= = =
= + |

(2.36)
- H s wavelet ngng mm:
12

j j
j
sign(d (k)).(|d (k)| T)
(d (k))
0

q =

nu
j
j
|d (k)| T
|d (k)| T
>
s
(2.37)
- H s wavelet ngng cng:

j
j
d (k)
(d (k))
0

q =

nu
j
j
|d (k) | T
|d (k) | T
>
s
(2.38)
T l ngng c p dng.
Tn hiu c khai trin thnh nhng h s wavelet c nhiu, k hiu
j,k,
c

.
Dng phng php t ngng kh nhiu ta nhn c tn hiu s c loi tr
nhiu theo biu thc sau:

j,k, j,k
(k m) ( j, )
x s (c )

<
=

(2.39)
H s
j,k,
c

bao gm cc thnh phn c nhiu
j,k,
e

v thnh phn khng nhiu
j,k,
c



j,k, j,k, j,k
(k m) ( j, )
x s (c e )

<
= +

(2.40)
Sai s MSE (mean square error) l:

2
2
j,k, j,k, j,k,
L2
(k m) ( j, )
x f c s (c e )

<
= +

(2.41)
Nhiu trng c phn phi u, trung bnh zero v phng sai
2
0
o th nhiu
trng ca h s wavelet
j,k,
e

c phn phi u, trung bnh zero v phng sai:

2 2 2m
0
/ 2 o = o (2.44)
Tr trung bnh bnh phng sai s ca nh (MSE) l:

j,k, j,k,
2
2 2 2 2
j,k, T j,k,
L2
c T c T
E( x f ) (T ) [c E(s (e ))]


> s
s +o + +

(2.46)
2.2.2.3. Cc phng php v quy tc chn la ngng
a. Phng php ly ngng trung v
- c lng nhiu:

j
jk jk
median(|w median(w )|) / 0.6745 o = (2.50)
- nhiu chun nhiu ti mi mc j c c lng bi gi tr lch tuyt
i v cho ra ngng dng c nh ti mi mc
i i i
T 2lnN = o
b. Cc quy tc chn ngng
+Rigrsure
+Sqtwolog
+Heursure
13
+Minimaxi:

2.2.3. Kh nhiu hnh nh.


Hnh 2.9 M hnh c bn ca qu trnh x l nh
(a) Bin i DWT 2D
(b) Nhiu nh
(c) Phn tch
(d) Khi phc
L [n] : B lc thng thp
H [n]: B lc thng cao
+: Gim phn gii
| : Tng phn gii

2.2.3.2 Phng php chn ngng Wavelet
Chn ngng l k thut n gin khng tuyn tnh, m hot ng trn mt h
s wavelet ti mt thi im. Dng c bn nht ca n l mi h s c t
ngng bng cch so snh vi ngng, nu h s nh hn ngng, thit lp v
khng, nu khng th gi li hoc thay i. Thay th h s nhiu nh bng khng v
nghch o bin i wavelet, kt qu c th khi phc li cc c tnh cn thit ca
tn hiu v vi nhiu t hn.
- Phng php kh nhiu bng chn ngng wavelet lc mi h s Y
ij
t cc
subband chi tit vi mt hm ngng c c

ij X . c tnh kh nhiu

1
f W X

, vi W
-1
l ton t wavelet nghch o.
2.2.4. Mt s phng php chn ngng cho kh nhiu nh
14
2.2.4.1 Phng php Visushrink
Visushrink l l phng php chn ngng bng cch p dng ngng Universal
xut bi Donoho v Johnstone. Ngng ny c cho bi 2logM vi l bin
nhiu v M l s lng cc im nh trong image. N c chng minh rng cc
gi tr ca M ln nht iid nh N(0,
2
) s nh hn ngng universal vi xc sut
cao. Nh vy vi xc sut cao, mt tn hiu nhiu thun c c tnh bng khng.
Tuy nhin, vi kh nhiu hnh nh, Visushrink c tm thy to ra c
tnh qu mn nh trong hnh 2.10. iu ny l do ngng universal (U
T
) c ly
theo rng buc vi xc sut cao. V vy, U
T
c xu hng ti cc gi tr ln ca M,
loi b nhiu h s tn hiu cng vi nhiu. Nh vy, ngng khng thch ng tt
trong tn hiu khng lin tc.
2.2.4.2 Phng php Neighshrink
Cho d(i, j) biu th cc h s wavelet quan trng v B (i, j) l mt ca s ln
cn xung quanh d (i, j). Cng cho S
2
=d
2
(i,j) trn ca s B (i, j). Sau , h s
wavelet c ly ngng b co li theo cng thc,
d(i,j)=d(i,j)*B(i,j) .(4)
Vi cc yu t co li c th c nh ngha l B(i,j) =( 1- T
2
/ S
2
(i,j))+, v k
hiu + phn cui ca cng thc ngha l gi gi tr dng, t n l s khng khi
n m.
2.2.4.3 Phng php SureShrink
b. La chn ngng trong cc trng hp ri rc
Cc c tnh trong cc phng php lai lm vic nh sau:

F
d
2
i d d
t x
i
2
t i d d
(x ) s
(x)
s(x ) s
s

>

(2.55)
ton t ngng
Vi
2
i 2 i
d
(x 1)
s
d

=

,
3/2
2
d
log (d)
d
= (2.56)
c. ng dng SURE kh nhiu nh
Ngng SURE c xc nh cho mi subband s dng (2.53) v (2.54). La
chn gia ngng ny v ngng universal bng cch s dng (2.55). Cc biu
15
thc
2
d
s v
d
trong (2.56), cho = 1 phi sa i ph hp theo phng sai nhiu v
phng sai ca h s trong cc subband.
2.2.4.3 Phng php BayesShrink (BS)
a. Ngng thch nghi cho BayesShrink
Trong BayesShrink xc nh ngng gi s cho mi subband mt phn
phi Gaussian tng qut (GGD). GGD c cho bi
GG
X
,(x) = C(
X
, )exp{[(
X
, )|x|]

} (2.57)
< x < ,
X
> 0, > 0, vi

1/2
1
X X
(3/ )
( , )
(1/ )

( I |
o o | = o
(
I |

(2.58)
v

X
X
. ( , )
C( , )
2 (1/ )
|o o |
o | =
I |
(2.59)
V
u t 1
0
(t) e u du

I =
}
l hm gamma
Gi tr d kin ca sai s bnh phng trung bnh MSE (mean square error).

2

(T) E(X X) t = =
2
X Y|X

E E (X X) (2.60)
Vi

X =
2
T
(Y),Y |X N(x, ) q o v X GG
X,
. Ngng ti u T

c cho bi

*
X
T
T ( , ) argmin (T) o | = t (2.61)
Gi tr ngng T
BS
(
X
) =
2
V
X
o
o
(2.62)
c tnh ngng T
B
=
2
/
X
khng ch gn ti u m cn c trc quan hp
dn. Khi /
X
<<1, tn hiu mnh hn nhiu nhiu, T
b
/ c chn nh duy tr
hu ht cc tn hiu v loi b mt s nhiu; khi /
X
>>1, nhiu chim u th v
ngng chun c chn ln loi b nhiu trn ngp tn hiu. Nh vy, s la
chn ngng ny iu chnh c nhng c im tn hiu v nhiu nh c phn
nh trong cc tham s v
X
.
b. c lng tham s xc nh ngng
Cc m hnh quan st c th hin nh sau:
Y=X+V (2.63)
16
y Y l bin i wavelet ca hnh nh xung cp, X l bin i wavelet
ca hnh nh ban u, cn V l bin i wavelet ca nhng thnh phn nhiu theo
cc phn phi Gaussian
2
V
N(0, ) o .

2 2 2
Y X V
o = o +o (2.64)
- Phng php hin ti xut pht t nhiu:
N c ch ra rng o hm ca nhiu chun
2
V
o c th c c tnh chnh xc
t mc phn tch u tin HH1 ca subband cho bng c tnh trung v

1
v
Median(|HH |)
0.6745
o = (2.65)
- S nh gi phng sai ca hnh nh xung cp Y: Cc phng sai ca hnh
nh xung cp c th c c tnh nh

M
2 2
Y m
m 1
1
A
M
=
o =

(2.66)
Vi A
m
l cc bc ca wavelet trong mi t l, M l tng cc h s ca
wavelet.
- Tnh gi tr ngng T:

X
2
V
BS

T
o
=
o
(2.67)

Vi

( ) X
2 2
y y max o = o o (2.68)
Trong trng hp
2
V
o
2
y
o ,

X
o c gi bng khng, ngha l T
BS
, trong
thc t, c th la chn T
BS
=max (| A
m
|), v tt c cc h s c thit lp ti
zero.
Tm li, k thut bayes shrink thresholding thc hin t ngng mm mm
vi thch nghi, d liu hng, subband v mc ph thuc gn ngng ti u
c cho bi:

( )
X
2
2 2 V
V Y
BS
m

, if
T
max |A | , otherwise
o
o < o

= o

(2.69)
c. Qu trnh thc hin
Qu trnh thc hin kh nhiu hnh nh bi ngng wavelet thch nghi gm
cc bc sau:
17
Bc 1. Thc hin phn tch a t l hnh nh b hng bi nhiu Gauss s dng
bin i wavelet.
Bc 2. c lng phng sai nhiu (
2
V
o ) v tnh ton tham s t l tng
ng
Bc 3. Vi cc chi tit ca tng cc subband
- u tin tnh lch chun
y
o ,

X
o
- Sau tnh ngng T
BS
,
- Cui cng p dng ngng mm cho cc h s nhiu.
Bc 4. Nghch o phn tch a phn gii ti to nh kh nhiu

Tm tt
Chng 2 ca Lun vn trnh by v php bin i wavelet nh bin i
wavelet lin tc, bin i wavelet ri rc. ng thi lun vn cng a ra c ng
dng ca php bin i wavet trong gim nhiu nng cao cht lng nh, phn ny
trnh by ng dng ca bin i wavelet ri rc vo x l nh 2D, phng php
s dng l phng php chn ngng, phn ny cng a ra mt s phng php
c p dng, sau a ra phng php ti u.
18
CHNG 3. KT QU M PHNG
3.2. Chng trnh m phng
3.2.1 Lu thut ton

Hnh 3.2.1.1 Lu thut ton chng trnh
19
a nh vo
Chn h Wavelet
bin i DWT
v i tng mc
M-1
M<N
Chn ngng
Loi b chi tit b
hn ngng
Thc hin bin i
ngc cc h s
wavelet
END
No
Yes

Hnh 3.2 M hnh x l nhiu bng phng php t ngng
3.2.2 Hot ng ca chng trnh
Hot ng ca chng trnh rt dn gin, ch cn a cc thng s yu cu c
hin th khi chy chng trnh ta c th thu c kt qu hnh nh mong mun
3.2.3 Kt qu thc nghim
20
3.2.3.1 nh hng ca nhiu ti phng php t ngng
Qu trnh thc nghim vi Image: thieunu1.jpg, ti mc phn tch level 3
Kt qu thu c nh bng Bng 3.1

Nhiu Ngng
Ngng mm Ngng cng Ngng Bayes
SNR MSE SNR MSE SNR MSE
Salt & pepper (0.2) 28.7654 0.0841 27.1294 0.1657 26.16 0.2420
Gaussian (0.02) 32.9276 0.0494 33.5072 0.0475 35.851 0.0422
Poisson (0.05) 36.1277 0.0370 38.4941 0.0321 42.7435 0.0249
Speckle (0.02) 34.0440 0.0446 35.2236 0.0413 37.2898 0.0411

Bng 3.1 nh hng ca nhiu ti phng php t ngng
3.2.3.2 nh hng ca cc h Wavelet ti kt qu u ra
Thc nghim c tin hnh vi Image: thieunu1.jpg, noise: gausse (0.02); mc
phn tch level 3 so snh kt qu cho 3 h wavelet Haar, Syn4, Db4. Kt qu
nh bng 3.2.

Wavelet Ngng
Ngng mm Ngng cng Ngng Bayes
SNR MSE SNR MSE SNR MSE
Wavelet Haar 32.9233 0.0494 33.5338 0.0475 35.0485 0.0422
Wavelet Syn4 33.4994 0.0453 33.961 0.0435 35.377 0.0384
Wavelet Db4 33.48 0.0454 33.9268 0.0437 35,3427 0.0386
Bng 3.2 So snh kt qu thu c vi cc h wavelet

3.2.3.3 Mc phn tch ca phng php Bayes Shrink
Thc nghim cho image: thieunu3.jpg, noise: poisson, vi ngng mm Bayes. Ln
lt thay i cc mc phn tch t lavel 1 ti lavel 5 ta thu c kt qu nh bng
3.3

21
Lavel Lavel 1 Lavel 2 Lavel 3 Lavel 4 Lavel 5
SNR 41.5719 42.1155 42.5207 42.5591 42.5428
MSE 0.0302 0.0268 0.0264 0.0265 0.0304

Bng 3.3 Mc phn tch ca phng php Bayes Shrink

3.2.3.4 nh hng ca phn gii nh ti kt qu u ra
Thc nghim c tin hnh vi phng php Bayes Shrink, nhiu Gauss
(0.03), wavelet Db4, mc phn tch lavel 3 trn cc nh c phn gi khc nhau:
1024x1024 pixel, 512x512 pixel, 256x256 pixel.
T kt qu thu c ta thy phng php Bayes Shrink c th ng dng thch hp
vi nhiu nh c phn gii khc nhau.

KT LUN

Lun vn a ra c cc l thuyt tng quan v x l nh, cc php bin i
wavelet ri rc, lin tc v cc ng dng ca bin i wavelet trong gim nhiu
nng cao cht lng nh. Lun vn cung a ra chng trnh m phng phng
php chn ngng ti u l phng php Bayes Shrink. Chng trnh c s so
snh gia phng php chn ngng cng, ngng mm v ngng Bayes, ngoi
ra chng trnh cng cho php kim tra s tc ng ca mt s h wavelet cng vi
tc ng ca cc loi nhiu ti kt qu u ra. Kt qu cho thy kh nng rt mnh
ca bin i wavelet trong x l nh ni ring, trong x l tn hiu ni chung. Kt
qu nghin cu c th ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh i vi nh lu tr,
truyn nh trong lnh vc an ninh
- Hng pht trin nghin cu
+C th pht trin kt qu nghin cu cho cc lnh vc x l nh vin thm,
nh y sinh
+ nng cao hn hiu qu kh nhiu c th kt hp phng php t
ngng ti u vi nn nh.
+Kt qu trong ti ch p dng cho nh 2D tc l nh en trng, v th c
th nghin cu pht trin ln nh 3D (nh mu).