••• New Words

~-----------------

I uxfng

56
ix..~ \:1 i%:it. A
~16 Proper Names

Luoy6ng (name of a city)

 Texts

*~~:~A, ~~«*ff*~» T~?

m }j: ~T, ~:Ii..1~)£)t.~-*t-i-II})~JLo[lJ1t-~*tTI1~?

*~~:~~~~~~~£~o~~~-~~t~o
m }j: m ~ JA rf1 VA >'1', .:It ~ JA rf1~ )t. -i- :Ii. [2J
Pf ~ ~ T -i-:Ii. JL -t- 0

*~~:~m~~k~~~~~~~, ~~~~~:Ii.k~ffi~~~, ~
. )t.~:Ii.~ 0 iJL ~ 1-1;, ~ xt1~~ ~1tlif 7t~ 0 [3J
m }j: ~~pil T, 1,7-~--i--f.ffi ~ ~" l1t:tt ~ 0 iT! 1,7--i-"JJ~ JL, ~~-i-
II})~ JL 0 [4J 11§J 1i1fJ - ~ -i- 0

ffi ~: 1t-Pf VA Qt.rJ-j -t-~ ~, ;t. -i- ,~ Fa~ ~ k M, it J61t -i- ~ ffi 0

~ :it: *t J.. ~! ~ iff f!9G Pf VA ,:it 2t ~ JJi -t-:0E, ;Z Pf VA ~~ l1; ~ ~ ffi [5J 0

ffi ~: i~ Fa" k M -i- - -t-;r!G iT T, 1,7- tr J1:. -i- "JJ~JL~ ?

~ :it: ~ it Jt.i~ Fa T 0 ~ T Pf VA ,:it 2tJ£ n ;6 $ VA >'1', j£ Pf VA -i- ~Y~f..4- 0

58
i5l~o~it.A
'1!
/~
-i; /Xl~ Ji
~.::k. ~ €r-J ~;j~ 't ;tr ~, ·rfiJ Jl ~Eti~-fEl J;t, :k. ~ ~ ;Jt, ,'7, J;t

~lli. 0

lS ji;: ~ xt
1~i5L €r-J xt r, 1~JXJtl ;;f i5L ~ :k-;}i~ fEl, 7!J1t ~ ?
*
0

jt ~: 1~-;}r, 1~YJG~ it r 0 [7J 'f:k: -k -tIL~ ,,~, ~ r 1~, ~ 1~A ~ -tit

~r 0

7!Jr~w#±€r-J#~±~~~~~~~, #k~~~k~-;}~~
*~,-~;tr~+~~: ~~*$ffi, k~~~~o~£M~~~~
~+~#~£r-~«~~#~», ~k~~~~~~~~~~~*o
:$~;{±.it it- -;}~~J L~ i#-
1£ JL:k ~ # 11'1 xl: §J fA ~ fG€r-J
~.-;}$ J!f.; 0 -* -* xl:
*~€r-J~-;}k~;-*~~~~~€r-J~-k~~o~~~~€r-JA~~~~
~~~;tr *~, ~ g;il.-;}l!JJ~JL M- 0

___ N_o_t_e_s _

"1JJ" is a complement of result used to indicate that an action has reached perfec-
tion, e. g. ,
CD ,j, ~J:., 4- *-l1m 1~-i-l!JJ~JLfftJL? 1~ ~:kt T I1lb?
*-
® 1~ ffJ Jlltaj] *-;f ~~1i1:kt 0

® ii f; ~ 1ft] ~~1i}:ktl1lb?
@) k ~ ~:kt, JJi!.{f. J:. ijft T 0
 The prepositional phrase "~7······ (!J!rr)" can be used in two ways:
(1) "~7 A (!J!rr), B ($'~) X", 51lUfiiJ B $'~:ff X l¥J'~R, PI ~ A ~i~H*l¥J, ~
:ff X '~R 0 :ff B15sUfiiJ A ~ Pi -l¥J, j§- :itl ffl " 1st:ff" 0 ¥tl:tlO:
"~7 A (!J!rr), B ~ X" is used to emphasize that B is in the situation of X, but
A isn't. Sometimes this structure is used to emphasize A is the only one and "¥Jt:ff" is
used in the main clause, e. g. ,
CD ~ T 11t# m 11"" -$- 4; YA.1'r, ~1f1 ~ ±/~*A, -$- 4; 0

(2) ~ T ~ ~;~ - ,~, JL YA .1'1', ~ JL {f.J q.1r~AR-::f4tf 0

® ~ T 2t Jt YA .1'1', )t.;1f A 4; J± JJ~ 1'- ~ ~ 0

(2) "~7 A (!J!rr), ~ltf1B", 7&1K:ffA'~R, rmJ3.:ffB'tgR, A~A1fJB~

iliEB, t~~-~l¥JJ~R, B ~-~A/G~ilil¥J, t~~i~7*l¥J~1+ Jtl¥JJ~R 0 ¥tl:tlO:
"~7 A (!J!rr), ~/m B" means besides the sit1.).ationA there is also situation
B. A refers to something everybody knows or something quite common, whereas B
usually refers to something people don't know or something quite special, e. g. ,
@) ~1f1~JL~T t-=Z.:f;YA.1'r, 1£;1f.1'r-=z.:f;o
® IJdl}J ~ T 2t vt JtJ, -tt 2t vt Mt *- 0

®~ T :lilt YA .1'1', 1£;1f iff] 1'- ~ "if -tt jJL 4tf T 0

~ml¥J"~~~"~MA*,7&1K~~AU~l¥JAtt.~~l¥J~~l¥J,~m~
EB J::=j
0 "iJl.~ ~" • 5( 5fIJ ffl1! tEl [PJ B~:if:ff "iJl.~ l¥J" ~ 0 ¥tHo:
Here; "iJl.~~" is a parenthesis expressing the idea that the speaker wants to convince
the listener that what he said is true and important. "iJl.~l¥J" has the same meaning, e. g. ,
CD~~{f.J,#~~$~:IIlt,~~~~#~~~~o
(2) jJL ~ 1-'-&-, ~)i~ ~ ~ ~ 1t-, ~ J.!t -tf. .

ffij- 1D :$(; m *7&1K j§- - I J\'15J }} 11,

E1l(; 9i!'JJg.EB m ~Io ~ - -t-1D -T m EB " OO~
) L " fik
=
IJ\

1£ tlj EB, ~ -1- " OO~

) L" m tlj x1~.Il.iH~ - -1- mJ 5E 0 w;j -1- "iW~) L " tlj B~~ [PJ - -1- x1~ 0

~~l¥J~~~~m~!J~~fflo~~:
The first clause or phrase indicates the condition or scope of the second clause or phrase.
In this sentence, the first "iW~)L" refers to any place, whereas the place referred to by the
second one is determined by the first. The two "OO~)L" refer to the same place. All the other

60
i5t i.g. 0 i.g. :it. A
 CD lIJ1~JL:!tt~, 111iVG*lIJ1~ JL
11m
*~
0

(2) -t- ~ A; €r.J

p~~ 5l:!tt 5l1f- 11:, -t- ~ A; €r.J A y;t j;
p~~ 0

® ttt ~- ,-t ~ ;}j, iVG,-t ~ ;}j" JJ... *- /F. l1Jf ~ 111{r!; 0

@ i'ft~~4-iii*o
® 1t-~ 1t ~, ~ 111iVG l1t1t ~ 0

® 1t-1t ~ at1~;ff'£ JL, ~;f;t1t ~ at1~*- 0

" ~ ••.••. 51.. ••••.• " ~ 7.KIPJ I3t J!.;ff Wi 1'- :1J 00 8<J'1'1 J1lJ: ~ 'If {)[., rillj§- 8<J~ if1;J 1't ;f§ IPJ 0

-Wtl~l:l :
"~ ••.••. 51.. •••••. " means that two characteristics or two situations exist at the same
time and the former clause and the latter clause are often the same in structure, e. g. ,
CD ttt I!JG/F. 'tt :1k:"*, 5l /F. It! ~5l"*, !J.
~ 1il;t±.· - ~ ~.t * i~ 11:; 0
(2) "1. Jt I!JGIf.'bajJ 5l tt- }], Jt -t-:!tt~ .1.. 0

®~ .ltr. 7](. *- M.1f-1L5l:!tt l1t, 1t-or l-'A j; ~ ,~,JL0

"~)£ -tJ1"""";f!l "~)£······X······" ~/F$, *~Lm:;ff "~)£"""X"""" 51iL
"tfL" E~7.K 8<JjjkJtt-t£;*~ JtiJt~o
"~ -tJ1 " is similar to "~)£"""X"""" except that the tone of "~······tfL
...... " isn't as strong as that of "~······X······" and the content after "tfL" gives a
further explanation.
"~ X/tfL··· " -I::J "X··· X··· " 8<JtttBt:
Comparison of "~ X/ tfL " and "51.. X······" :
@ Hft ~ J:. *- ~ 5l iJL 5l3t 0 (PI 12tffi • if 117#J i'PJ )
® * Hft~J:.*-~l\?JGiJL51/~3to
® 1t-1t a!.; 5l xt 5l /F. xt (PI ~ 0 m iE iZ.% :I:\::)
(j) * 1t-1t {r!; I!JGxt 5l / 1k. /F. xt 0

~**H-g-jjkiJt~79JfF~*8<J, ~1fJ~rill8<Ji*XB~~T (?J&~1gi*%): -, ~

XfT /=, "*~
T /12!l, 1lt/F:tlttfLfIj/F:tlt/li, *itT ~T J!@, fI}:tW: 0

The complement of result explains the result of an action, e. g., "~xfT" (Les-
son 1), ""*~T" (Lesson 2), "1lt/f>:tlttfLfIj/F:tlt" (Lesson 4) and "*itT" (Les-
son 5). Besides, we also have the following examples:
CD ~~.tI1Jf 't:f 1t- iJL €II.] ."f> 0

(2) 1tt iJfAtf T - 6] ."f> 0

® ~ #. ~;f: *-
~E'.ji1f. -T J: 0

"~" EJt1:tUl*~~-1'-z;biPjm:i:g:.w/P]r, "~¥IJ ~J~'~ ff9atf,*" ~ "~!U

.••... lV, E", E Jt1ff91:i]
r .m1lt:ff " Ji)t", " N " ~'fjj)L f9u:tUl:
If "~" is followed by a verbal phrase or a sentence, it means "~!U"""ff9atf,*"
or "~¥I}·····~E". In the second clause "Wi;" or "N" is often used, e. g. ,
CD"* 1tt i3L Jt. T 1t-1t- iJL 0

"* ~ Jt.1t :fJG-1;;-

(2) jt ~ 0

® "* 1,t-*- *- T :fJG E1 7,71t ~ T

1l}J 0

~ff9B;E%AJ;]: "N~"""'" "::F~"""" 0 f9U311l:

Its negative form is "N~"""" or "::F~"""'" e. g. ,
@ ~.t/;f:"*~ 1n ± *, -'t- FJ-.:fJG*- T - 1'- J.¥-o
(5) ~.t/;f:"*ttJj~t-*-, 1£l~A.:fJGk To