PneumoniaCausative Agent:1.Infectious-bacteria (streptococcus pneumonia)virusfungi 2.

Non-infectious- inhalation of toxic gases, chemicals- aspiration of foreign s ubstances- secondary to other existing diseaseModeofTransmission:droplet,directcontac tIncubationPeriod:1 3daysPneumoniaSigns and Symptoms:fever with chills (rapidly rising) cough characterized by rusty sputumchest pain stabbing aggrevated by respiration & coughingsymptoms of respiratory distressDiagnostic Examinations:Sputum examin ationChest x-rayPneumoniaTreatment:Oxygen inhalationAntibiotics- Penicillin G Na for 7-10 days, Tetracycline (Cotrimoxazole) orErythromycin,Suction secretionExpe ctorants/MucolyticsCBRBronchodilatorsNutritionOral/IV fluidsPneumoniaNursing Care:C BRTurning coughing deep breathing exercisesMeasureto mobilizesecretionsMaintain or increase fluid intakeAdequate nutritionSuction secretionsPrevention:Avoid mode o f TransmissionBuild resistanceTurn to sidesControl of Acute Respiratory Infectio n (CARI)Control of Acute Respiratory Infection (CARI) *the no.1 cause of mortality among under five/ infants ?pneumoniaFirst- classify the child (young infant or child)Second- watch out far danger signsThird- make a diagnosisFourth- treat the childVery Severe Pneumonia*coughs and colds plus:St opped feeding wellNot able to drinkEx: throat abscess2. Convulsion (meningitis)3. Abnormally sleepy (meningitis, encephalitis)Decreasing LOC4. Stridor (noisy insp iration)PneumoniaFast breathing means plus cough and coldsYoung infants <2 month s: RR 60/min-2-11 months: RR 50/min-1-4 yrs: RR 40/min-ManagementVSD- hospitaliz ationP- hospital or home management as longas continuous antibiotics and follow u pP- Home care + antibioticsNP- home care-give health teachingsIncrease fluid inta keFeed the childWatch danger signsChildren aged 2 month 5 years old with Pneumon ia should:Take antibiotics for 5 days cotrimoxazole BID, amoxycillin TIDBring ba ck child after 2 days for reassessmentworse- refer to hospitalSame change antibi otic or referImproving finish 5 days3.AdvisedhomecareManagementtake note also ofWheez ing (for younger than 2 months)-bring the child to the hospitalEar problemsAcute ear infectionChronic ear infection(14 days or more)Mastoiditis-painful swelling behind the earSore throat

Pneumoniais an infection of the lungs that is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. It is characterized primarily byinflammationof the alveoli in the lungs or by alveoli that are filled with fluid (alveoli are microscopic sacs in the lungs that absorb oxygen). At times a very serious condition, pneumonia can make a person very sick or even cause death. Although the disease can occur in y oung and healthy people, it is most dangerous for older adults, babies, and peop le with other diseases or impaired immune systems. In the United States, more than 3 million people develop pneumonia each year, an d about 17% of these receive treatment in a hospital. Most people with pneumonia recover, but about 5% will succumb to the condition. What causes pneumonia? Bacteria and viruses are the primary causes of pneumonia. When a person breathes pneumonia-causing germs into his lungs and his body's immune system cannot othe rwise prevent entry, the organisms settle in small air sacs called alveoli and c ontinue multiplying. As the body sends white blood cells to attack the infection , the sacs become filed with fluid andpus- causing pneumonia. Pneumonia has bacterial, viral, fungal, and other primary causes. A summary is p rovided below. Bacterial Streptococcus pneumoniaeis the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. People w

ho suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) oralcoholismmost often get pneumonia fromKlebsiella pneumoniaeandHemophilus influenzae. Atypical pneumoni a, a type of pneumonia that typically occurs during the summer and fall months, is caused by the bacteriaMycoplasma pneumoniae. People who haveLegionnaire's disea secaused by the bacteriumLegionella pneumoniae(often found in contaminated water su pplies and air conditioners) may also develop pneumonia as part of the overall i nfection. Another type of bacteria responsible for pneumonia is calledChlamydia p neumoniae.Pneumocystis cariniipneumonia is a form of pneumonia that usually affec ts both lungs and is found in patients with weakened or compromised immune syste ms from such conditions ascancerand HIV/AIDS and those treated with TNF (tumornecro sis factor) forrheumatoid arthritis. Viral Viral pneumonias are pneumonias that do not typically respond toantibiotictreatmen t (in contrast to bacterial pneumonias). Adenoviruses, rhinovirus,influenzavirus ( flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza virus are all potenti al causes of viral pneumonia. Ads by Google Hot: Emerald Green Shoes- Collection of Designer-Style Shoes. Shop now at Zalora Philippines -www.Zalora.com.ph Properties For Sale- Find Houses, Apartment, Condominium At Sulit Real Estate Phi lippines -RealEstate.Sulit.com.ph Signs of Pneumonia- See Common Pneumonia Symptoms Here. Get Free Expert Info on T reatments. -SymptomFind.com/Pneumonia Fungal Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosi s are fungal infections that can lead to fungal pneumonia. These types of pneumo nias are relatively infrequent in the United States. Nosocomial and others Organisms that have been exposed to strong antibiotics and have developed resist ance are called nosocomial organisms. If they enter the lungs, a person may deve lop nosocomial pneumonia. Resistant bacteria are often found in nursing homes an d hospitals. An example isMRSA, or methicillin-resistantStaph aureus, which can c ause skin infections as well as pneumonia. Similarly, outbreaks of the H5N1 infl uenza (bird flu) virus andsevere acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) have resulted in serious pneumonia infections. Anthrax, plague, and tularemia also may cause pne umonia, but their occurrences are rare. Who gets pneumonia? Some people are more likely than others to develop pneumonia. Individuals at hig her risk include those who: Smoke. Abuse alcohol. Have other medical conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CO PD),emphysema,asthma, or HIV/AIDS. Are younger than 1 year of age or older than 65. Have a weakened or impaired immune system. Take medicines for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Have recently recovered from a cold or influenza infection. Are malnourished. Have been recently hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Have been exposed to certain chemicals or pollutants. Are Native Alaskan or certain Native American ethnicity. Have any increased risk of breathing mucus or saliva from the nose or mouth, liq uids, or food from the stomach into the lungs. What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Symptoms of pneumonia caused by bacteria usually come on more quickly than pneum onia caused by virus. Elderly persons and small children may actually have fewer or more mild symptoms than expected for such high risk groups. Most people with pneumonia begin with cold and flu symptoms and then develop a highfever, chills, and cough with sputum. Although symptoms may vary greatly depending on other underlying conditions, com mon symptoms include: Cough Rusty or green mucus (sputum) coughed up from lungs Fever Fast breathing and shortness of breath Shaking chills Chest pain that usually worsens when taking a deep breath (pleuritic pain) Fast heartbeat Fatigueand feeling very weak Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Sweating Headache Muscle pain Confusion or delirium Dusky or purplish skin color (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood How is pneumonia diagnosed? A pneumonia diagnosis usually begins with a physical exam and a discussion about your symptoms and medical history. A doctor may suspect pneumonia if they hear coarse breathing, wheezing, crackling sounds, or rumblings when listening to the chest through a stethoscope. Chest x-rays and blood tests may be ordered to confirm a pneumonia diagnosis. A chest x-ray can confirm pneumonia and determine its location and extent in the l ungs. Blood tests measure white blood cell count to determine the severity of pn eumonia and can be used to determine whether the infection is bacterial, viral, fungal, etc. An analysis of sputum also can be used to determine the organism th at is causing the pneumonia. A more invasive diagnostic tool is the bronchoscopy - a procedure whereby the pa tient is under anesthesia and a thin, flexible, and lighted tube is inserted int o the nose or mouth to directly examine the infected parts of the lung. How is pneumonia treated? Pneumonia treatments depend on the type of pneumonia and the severity of symptom s. Bacterial pneumonias are usually treated with antibiotics, whereas viral pneu monias are treated with rest and plenty of fluids. Fungal pneumonias are usually treated with antifungal medications. Over-the-counter medications are also commonly prescribed to better manage pneum onia symptoms. These include treatments for reducing fever, reducing aches and p ains, and suppressing coughs. In addition, it is important to get plenty of rest and sleep and drink lots of fluids. Hospitalization for pneumonia may be required if symptoms are especially bad or a patient has a weakened immune system or other serious illness. At the hospital , patients generally are treated with intravenous antibiotics and possibly put o n oxygen. How can pneumonia be prevented? There are several ways to prevent pneumonia. There are two vaccines that are ava ilable to preventpneumococcal disease(the bacterial infection that is the most com mon cause of pneumonia): pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar) and pneumococc al polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax). Prevnar is generally administered as part of the normal infant immunization procedure and is recommended for children les

s than 2 years of age or between two and four years with certain medical conditi ons. Pneumovax is provided for adults who are at increased risk of developing pn eumococcal pneumonia, such as the elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen. The pn eumonia vaccine may not completely prevent older adults from getting pneumonia, but it can reduce the severity of a future pneumonia. In addition to vaccinations, physicians recommend that people wash hands, refrai n from smoking, eat healthfully, exercise, and stay away from sputum or cough pa rticles from others with pneumonia. Written by Peter Crosta M.A. Pneumoniais a lower respiratory tract infection that mainly affects the lungs. Th e lungs are made up of small sacs calledalveoli, which are filled with air when a healthy person breathes in. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits the amount o f oxygen they can take into the body. Pneumonia is caused by a number of infecti ous agents, mainly by certain bacteria and viruses (Box 35.2). In children or ad ults whose immunity is weak, other organisms such as fungican cause a rare form o f pneumonia, which may be responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants. Box 35.2Major bacterial or viral causes of pneumonia Bacterial causes(the major causes of death from pneumonia) Streptococcus pneumoniae the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) the second most common cause of bacterial pneu monia. Viral causes Respiratory syncytial virus the most common viral cause of pneumonia. Pneumonia is the number one cause of death among children in Ethiopia and worldw ide: globally, it causes an estimated 1.6 million child deaths every year. It is also among the top five causes of illness and death in adults in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS, 2005) estimated that 13% of childr en had pneumonia during the survey year, and infants (children up to one year ol d) were more likely to have pneumonia than older children under the age of five. Viral infections often come on gradually and may worsen over time. The common sy mptoms include cough, fever, chills, headaches, loss of appetite and wheezing. Which of the bacterial causes of pneumonia can be prevented by immunization? Reveal answer As we mentioned earlier, immunization against measles also helps to protect chil dren from complications, which include pneumonia and AOM. 35.4.2Pneumonia transmission and risk factors The infectious agents causing pneumonia may reach the person s lungs through diffe rent routes. The most common modes of transmission are: Airborne droplets spread when the sick person coughs or sneezes, and inhaled int o the lungs (breathed in) by a susceptible person; Direct oral contact with someone who has pneumonia (e.g. through kissing). During or shortly after birth, babies are also at higher risk of developing pneu monia from coming into contact with infectious agents in the birth canal, or fro m contaminated articles used during the delivery. These modes of transmission help to explain why certain risk factors increase th e probability that children or adults will develop pneumonia. Box 35.3 summarise s the common risk factors, some of which also increase the patient s susceptibilit y to fatal complications if pneumonia occurs. Box 35.3Common risk factors for pneumonia Under-nutrition/malnutrition, which weakens the immune system and reduces resist ance to infection Inadequate breastfeeding or formula feeding of infants under six months old, whi ch predisposes them to malnutrition and infection

 Lack of immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases that affect the respir atory system Infection with HIV and/or tuberculosis Living in overcrowded homes, where airborne infection is easily transmitted Exposure to indoor air pollution, especially smoke from cooking fires burning ve getable and animal waste (e.g. dried cow dung), which irritates the lungs and ma kes it easier for bacteria and viruses to gain a hold. Pneumonia - Cause Viruses, bacteria, or (in rare cases) parasites or other organisms can causepneum onia. In most cases, the specific organism (such as bacteria or virus) cannot be ident ified even with testing.1When an organism is identified, it is usually the bacter iaStreptococcuspneumoniae.2 Many types of bacteria may causepneumonia. Pneumonia caused byMycoplasma pneumoni aeis sometimes mild and called "walking pneumonia." Viruses, such asinfluenzaA (thefluvirus) andrespiratory syncytial virus (RSV)can e pneumonia. In people withimpaired immune systems, pneumonia may be caused by other organisms , including some forms of fungi, such asPneumocystis jiroveci(formally calledPneumo cystis carinii). This fungus frequently causespneumonia in people who have AIDS. Some doctors may suggest anHIVtest if they think thatPneumocystis jiroveciis causin g the pneumonia. How do you get pneumonia? You may get pneumonia: After you breathe infected air particles into yourlungs. After you breathe certain bacteria from your nose and throat into your lungs. Th is generally occurs duringsleep. During or after a viralupper respiratory infection, such as a cold orinfluenza(flu . As a complication of a viral illness, such asmeaslesorchickenpox. If you breathe large amounts of food, gastric juices from thestomach, or vomit in to the lungs (aspiration pneumonia). This can happen when you have had a medical condition that affects your ability to swallow, such as aseizureor astroke. A healthy person's nose and throat often contain bacteria or viruses that cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can develop when these organisms spread to your lungs while your lungs are more likely to be infected. Examples of times when this can happ en are during or soon after a cold or if you have a long-term (chronic) illness, such aschronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). You can get pneumonia in your daily life, such as at school or work (community-a ssociated pneumonia) or when you are in a hospital or nursing home (healthcare-a ssociated pneumonia). Treatment may differ in healthcare-associated pneumonia, b ecause bacteria causing the infection in hospitals may be different from those c ausing it in the community. This topic focuses on community-associated pneumonia . Streptococcus, Group B Important It is possible that the main title of the report Streptococcus, Group B is not t he name you expected. Please check thesynonymslisting to find the alternate name(s ) anddisorder subdivision(s)covered by this report. Synonyms GBS Group B Streptococcal Septicemia of the Newborn Lancefield Group B Streptococcus Sepsis of the Newborn Streptococcus Agalactiae Disorder Subdivisions InfantEarly-Onset Streptococcus, Group B Infant Late-Onset Streptococcus, Group B Adult Onset Streptococcus, Group B General Discussion

Group B streptococcus (group Bstrep) is a type of bacteria that causes infection among newborns,pregnantwomen or women afterchildbirth, females after gynecologic su rgery, and older male and female patients with other serious diseases. Group B strep remains the most common cause among newborns (neonates) of infecti on of theblood(septicemia) and of thebrain(meningitis). The responsible bacterium, u sually S. agalactiae, may be found most often in thevaginaand rectum of females an d may be transmitted sexually, as well as to a fetus as the infant passes throug h the birth canal. Group B strep infection of newborns may be prevented by giving pregnant women wh o are carriers antibiotics through the vein (intravenously) during labor. The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that any pregnant woman who has had a baby with group B strep disease in the past, who has abladde r(urinary tract) infection caused by group B strep, or who tests positive for gro up B strep during pregnancy should receive antibiotics during labor. Prevention and prompt treatment are important because group B strep infections m ay become life-threatening among newborns. GBS disease is said to be early onset if it is obvious within the first week of life. It is said to be late onset if the disease is evident after the first week of life and before the end of the first three months. Those at greatest risk of GBS disease are newborn children of infected mothers, women after childbirth, f emales after gynecologic surgery and older male and female patients with other s erious diseases. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus that causes an in fection with symptoms similar to those of a moderate to severe cold. RSV infecti on usually resolves on its own and does not cause major health concerns, but it can become a problem when it is severe or leads to pneumonia, bronchiolitis, or other complications. Babies (especially those born prematurely or with heart or lung problems), peopl e with immune system problems, and adults age 65 and older have an increased ris k of developing complications from RSV infection. Although reinfection with RSV is common throughout life, the first infection usu ally causes the most severe symptoms. Almost all children become infected with R SV by the age of 2 years. Pneumococcal Disease (<em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em>) J. Pekka Nuorti INFECTIOUS AGENT Pneumococcal disease is caused by the bacteriumStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococc us), which has more than 91 known serotypes. The major clinical syndromes includ e life-threatening infections such as meningitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia. Pne umococcus is the most commonly identified cause of community-acquired pneumonia. It is also a major cause of milder but more common illnesses, such as sinusitis and otitis media. MODE OF TRANSMISSION S. pneumoniaeis transmitted directly from person to person through close contact via respiratory droplets. The organism frequently colonizes the nasopharynx of h ealthy people, particularly young children, without causing illness. Transmissio n is thought to be common, but clinical illness occurs infrequently among casual contacts.