ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE FACTORS AFFECTING Q QUALITY OF RESIDENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN KAMPALA CITY PERI-URBAN AREAS A CASE STUDY OF MUTUNGO

AREAS:

Paper presented at the 17th National Technology Conference (NTC) of the Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers (UIPE) on the 14th and 15th June 2012 at Golf Course Hotel in Kampala

By Michael Pande JUNE, 2012

The theme of the conference is STRATEGIC STRATEGIC POSITIONING FOR POSITIVE TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY. The theme wording ie strategic, positioning, positive transformation and society, can never refer to anything hi else l in i life/nature lif / other h than h to people/humans! l /h ! Therefore, consideration of human behavior is very central, specifically in the deliberations of this 17th NTC, and/but also very imperative in any development related endeavors, generally. This paper is a presentation of a study into some of the Kampala City administrative/ management factors and certain corollary response factors of th residents the id t of fK Kampala l Cit City in i relation l ti to t enforcement f t and d compliance, li and how the interaction of these factors ultimately impact on the quality of infrastructure in the city.

Specifically, p y, the study y examined the enforcement and compliance p factors affecting quality of residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Kampala City using Mutungo Parish as a case study.

This was after establishing via literature review that Kampala City remains plagued with suboptimal residential infrastructure in its suburbs, , notwithstanding g the many y physical p y p plans in p place. The study y was undertaken between November 2010 and August 2011 with field data collection being undertaken over a period of three months from December 2010 to March 2011 2011.

Introduction

The purpose of the study was to examine enforcement and compliance factors affecting the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in peri-urban i b areas of fK Kampala l Cit City - Uganda, U d b by using i M Mutungo t P Parish i h as a case study.

Currently, only 25% of the city residents live in areas that have optimal Currently residential infrastructure (NDP, 2010) while the rest, 75%, wallow in suboptimal neighborhoods largely in the peri-urban residential areas (Cit C (City Council, il 2001) 2001).

The study was conducted, in Mutungo Parish of the City and among key stakeholders who are knowledgeable about urban residential i f infrastructure and d construction i i industry d i in U Uganda. d Th The M Mutungo perii urban area was selected because, it is among the latest of residential neighborhoods to sprout and, it borders two optimally developed neighborhoods of Mbuya and Bugolobi (Parkin, 1969).

The study background was structured under the four-perspective approach h of f hi historical, t i l th theoretical, ti l conceptual t l and d contextual t t l background(s) as recommended by Amin (2005).

 Background
Currently, only 25% of Kampala city residents live in areas that have optimal residential infrastructure (NDP, 2010) while the rest, 75%, wallow in suboptimal neighborhoods largely in the peri-urban residential areas (City Council, 2001).

Historical

World over, towns and cities are growing at a rate of more than 1.2 million people per week. week Presently more than 3.3 billion people live in towns and it is expected by 2030 the worlds urban population will have swollen to almost 5 billion (UNFPA, 2007) with most of the urban growth taking place in developing countries. In Africa, the urban p population p of the y year 2000 is expected p to double by y 2030, from 294 million to 742 million (UNFPA, 2007).

 Background contd
There has never been urban growth like this in history in terms of speed and scale yet surprisingly little is being done to maximize the potential benefits or to reduce its potentially negative consequences such as growth of suboptimal residential areas (UNFPA 2007 (UNFPA, 2007, Hall Hall, 2007) 2007). Globally, more than 1 billion people are living in suboptimal residential areas. In sub Saharan Africa the number is about 305 million accounting for 72% of the urban population l ti (UNFPA (UNFPA, 2007) 2007). In Kampala, 1.13 million people, are living in suboptimal neighborhoods (NDP, 2010). This, represents 75% of the Citys current total population. When it was started in 1890 by Sir Frederick Lugard, population was less than 2850 people and occupied less than 170 acres of land (IHC, 2009, Rakodi, 2007).

Today, the City occupies an area of 839km2 on more than 24 hills (KCC Profile, 2007, UN-Habitat, UN Habitat, 2007, IHC, 2009) as result of sprawl and population increase over the years (United Nations World Urbanization Prospect, 2009) and, annexation of adjacent townships (IHC, 2009).

 Background contd
Notwithstanding the changes in population size and physical extent, to this day Kampala principally and essentially relies on the infrastructure plan of 1951. Th The l lone Cit City Pl Plan th that t was actually t ll ever i implemented l t di is th that t of f 1951 1951, implemented in 1956. The City Plan at that time catered for only 100,000 people (City Council, 2001, IHC, 2009). Since 1956 a number of other city plans including: the 1968 Greater Kampala plan; the 1968 Kampala Transport Master Plan; the 1972 Kampala Master Plan; and recently the 1994 Structure Plan (KCC, 2001, IHC, 2009) have been drawn.

None of these however, has actually ever been implemented.

The City yg growth thus, , has p primarily y been organic g and not directed ( (UN-Habitat, , 2007) with the greatest contributor to the expansion being the ever sprouting residential areas/ houses (NDP, 2010).

 Background contd
It can be seen therefore that whereas physical plans have periodically been formulated they have not been enforced or actualized, formulated, actualized ultimately affecting the quality of residential infrastructure.

This study therefore was an attempt to examine factors affecting the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the context of enforcement and the corollary compliance. compliance

 Background contd
Theory

enforcement and compliance

Enforcement of regulations and laws is a complex activity (Gawande & Bohara, 2005) Is the set of actions that governments or others take to achieve compliance within the regulated community and to correct or halt situations that contravene the requirements q ( (U.S. Environment Protection Agency, g y, 1992). ) However, sometimes societal norms of compliance can be a powerful force compelling compliance with any form of legal requirement

.
Compliance on the other hand, is the full implementation of obligatory requirements (May 2004 (May, 2004, Hutter, Hutter 1997 1997, TBRt, TBRt 1989 1989, U U.S. S EPA EPA, 1992) and or expectations that are communicated in non-legal form (Etienne, 2010). Compliance occurs when requirements and expectations are met and or desired changes h are achieved. hi d

 Enforcement and the corollary (non)compliance therefore, are a blend of a complex activity ac y by the e enforcing e o c g agency age cy (Ga (Gawande a de & Bohara, o a a, 2005) 005) a and d co complex pe behaviors (Etienne, 2010) that are motivated, according to the Goal Framing Theory (GFT), by emotional, material and normative goals of the people within the community concerned. Thus, neither enforcement nor compliance can be examined independent of the other. It was conceived in this study that factors affecting the realization of optimal residential infrastructure are the factors that affect enforcement of, and compliance with, residential housing regulatory requirements and that, if physical plans and related statutory requirements are implemented, optimal residential infrastructure would be realized. Otherwise, given that Kampala city has a backlog of 50,000 new housing units with 25 000 units of the existing due for replacements (NHCC 25,000 (NHCC, 2000 2000, NSSF NSSF, 2004) and that, its population is growing at the annual rate of 5.4% (NDP, 2010, IHC, 2009), all the citys peri-urban areas such as Mutungo shall, soon and effortlessly, be transformed into slums, ie. heavily populated urban areas characterized by substandard housing and squalor squalor.

 Background contd
Theory GFT start

 Background contd Theory contd

Enforcement of regulations and laws is a complex activity (Gawande & Bohara, 2005) which may include: inspections to determine the compliance status of the regulated community and to detect violations; negotiations with property developers ( and owners) or individual tenants who are out of compliance to develop mutually agreeable schedules and approaches for achieving compliance; legal action, where necessary, to compel compliance and to impose some consequence for violating the law or posing a threat to public health or environmental quality; compliance promotion (educational programs, technical assistance, subsidies among others) to encourage voluntary compliance and; making financiers such as the banking and insurance industries to be indirectly involved in enforcement by requiring assurance of compliance with obligatory requirements before they issue a loan or insurance policy to a facility or an individual (U (U.S. S Environment Protection Agency Agency, 1992) 1992). Compliance on the other hand, is the full implementation of obligatory requirements (May, 2004, Hutter, 1997, The Business Roundtable, 1989, U.S. Environment Protection Agency, 1992) and or expectations that are communicated in non-legal form (Etienne, 2010). Compliance occurs when requirements and expectations are met and or desired changes are achieved. Enforcement and the corollary (non)compliance therefore, are a blend of a complex activity assumed by the enforcing agency (Gawande & Bohara, 2005) and complex behaviors (Etienne, 2010) that are motivated, according to the Goal Framing Theory (GFT), by emotional material and normative goals of the people within the community emotional, concerned.

 Background contd
Theory GFT start

The ability for humans to selectively engage and disengage their moral standards helps explain how people can be barbarically cruel at one moment and compassionate in the next (Zimbardo (Zimbardo, 2007) 2007). The mental architecture of human beings is modular meaning that humans have functionally specific subroutines such as face recognition, word recognition, learned modules and habits among others, that make individuals particularly sensitive to a narrow range of information from both inside and outside

 Background contd
Theory GFT contd Goals G l are the th most t important i t t creators t of f modules d l that th t contain t i both b th sensual and mental submodules. They determine what a person attends to, what information one is sensitive to, what information a person neglects, what chunks of knowledge and what concepts are being activated at a given moment, what one likes and dislikes, what criteria for goal achievement are being applied, and so on (Lindenberg & Steg, 2007). Submodules coalesce into large classes being governed by overarching goals goals. Three such overarching goals are identified as hedonic, gain, and normative goals. At every given moment one of them is focal (a goal-frame) g is the p process by y which humans balance the and self-regulation dominance of goal-frames. In turn, self-regulation, depends much on social circumstances (Lindenberg & Steg, 2007), and also on regulatory circumstances (Etienne, 2010). This is the basis for Goal Framing Theory (GFT). Goal-Framing (GFT) It is a successor to the Rational Choice Theory (RCT) which was the first theory of action that truly integrated aspects of the person (preferences) and of the situation (constraints).

 Background contd
Theory GFT contd cont d GFT is a theory of goal-oriented action wherein, actors anticipate and evaluate the consequences of the options ti available il bl t to achieve hi a goal, l and d choose h th the one that is likely to best satisfy their purpose. It assumes that ones g goals and the way y one defines the situation are interrelated: perception and motivation tend to harmonize in a to-and-fro process and therefore goals tend to be situation dependent rather than stable across situations, and preferences are constructed rather than revealed. It also accepts the idea that actors customarily t il assess options ti with ith reference f t to several, l heterogeneous goals hedonic, gain or normative (Etienne, 2010) ( ) before acting g or taking g action.

 Background contd
Theory y GFT contd A hedonic goal-frame activates one or more subgoals that promise to improve the way one feels in a particular situation while a gain goal-frame goal frame activates subgoals having to do with ones resources improvement or preservation. A normative goal-frame on the other hand activates subgoals associated with appropriateness such as behaving the right way, showing exemplary behavior and so forth (Lindenberg & Steg, Steg 2007) 2007). These goal-frames goal frames are vital in the realization of optimal residential infrastructure as they influence enforcement activities (Gawande & Bohara, 2005) and culture (ADB (ADB, 2001) of the enforcers (enforcement agent) and or the corollary (non)compliance behaviors of the regulated people (Etienne 2010) (Etienne, 2010), ultimately affecting the quality of residential infrastructure.

 Background contd
Theory GFT end

Statement of the problem

From literature (and possibly by observation), it is undeniable that Kampala City is plagued with suboptimal residential infrastructure (NDP, 2010, UN-Habitat 2009, UBOS, 2002, Rakodi, 2007) especially in the peri-urban areas. Consequently, various reasons including: deficiency in formal housing (NH&CC, 2000, NSSF, 2004, KCC, 2001, Rust, 2008); rapid urban population growth (UNFPA, 2007, KCC, 2001); land (tenure) (NDP, 2010, Rakodi, 2007, Land Act, 1998 UBOS, 1998, UBOS 2002); and lack of physical planning (3rd draft National land policy policy, 2007) have been advanced as the cause(s) of this situation.

However, physical plans intended to guide and control urban development have periodically been designed except that all, apart from one, have remained unimplemented (IHC, 2009, Rust, 2008, UN-Habitat, 2007, KCC, 2001). Similarly, the Land Act of 1998 intended to regulate the ownership and use of land and simplify ownership and occupancy systems has largely remained unimplemented (Rakodi, 2007, NDP, 2010).

 Development of, and in, residential areas therefore has principally been organic and not directed (UN-Habitat, (UN Habitat 2007) via enforcement of and compliance with the regulatory requirement, ultimately affecting the quality of residential infrastructure So far no empirical study intended to uniquely examine the role of enforcement of and the corollary compliance with the regulatory requirements had been done. To fill this knowledge gap this study was undertaken. The study examined enforcement and compliance related factors affecting the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Kampala City. This study was imperative because, since Kampala city has a backlog of 50,000 new housing h i units i with i h 25 25,000 000 units i of f the h existing i i due d for f replacements l (NHCC, (NHCC 2000, NSSF, 2004) and that, its population is growing at the annual rate of 5.4% (NDP, 2010, IHC, 2009), If the problem of non-enforcement and or noncompliance is not fixed, all the citys peri-urban areas such as Mutungo shall, soon and d effortlessly, ff tl l be b transformed t f d into i t slums, l i ie. h heavily il populated l t d urban b areas characterized by substandard housing and squalor.

Purpose of study
The purpose of the study was to examine the enforcement and compliance factors affecting the realization of optimal residential infrastructure for peri-urban areas of Kampala City by using the Mutungo residential neighborhood as a case study.

1.

Objectives
To examine the effect of enforcement administration by KCC on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City. To examine how the hedonic goals of the city residents affect the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City. To examine how the gain goals of the city residents affect the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City. To examine the effect of the normative goals of the city residents on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban peri urban areas of Kampala City.

2 2.

3.

4.

Research Questions

1.

What effect does enforcement administration by KCC have on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City?

2.

How do hedonic goals of the city residents affect the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City?

3.

How do gain goals of the city residents affect the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban peri urban areas of Kampala City?

4.

What effect do normative goals of the city residents have on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City?

Research Hypotheses

1.

If enforcement administration by KCC is improved, then optimal residential infrastructure will be realized.

2.

The more the behaviors of KCC residents are based on hedonic goals the less likely it i t is to realize li optimal ti l residential id ti l i infrastructure f t t i in th the peri-urban i b areas of f Kampala K l Cit City.

3.

The more the behaviors of KCC residents are based on gain goals the less likely it is to realize optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City.

4.

If the behaviors of KCC residents are based more on normative goals, then optimal residential infrastructure will be realized in the peri-urban peri urban areas of Kampala City.

The Modified Conceptual framework

IVs Enforcement and Compliance Factors DVs Quality of Residential Infrastructure

Enforcement management style of KCCA Compliance promotion by KCCA Hedonic goal 1 (Disdainful Indifference by residents) Hedonic goal 2 (Yen for Contentment by residents) Incapacity of KCCA enforcers Hedonic goal 3 (Inertial Optimism by residents) Hedonic goal 4 (quest for Freedom by residents) Hedonic goal 4 (Inequitable enforcement of rules) Gain goal (of city residents) Lack of appraisal by KCCA Normative goal (of residents) Client relations by KCCA

Quality of utilities/services

Durability of shelter

Adequacy of residential functional space Position of buildings/houses g

Unavailability of structure plan

Accessibility to adequate water

IVs = Independent variables; DVs = Dependent variables

Significance
By simultaneously examining enforcement and the corollary compliance and their resultant effect on the quality of residential infrastructure in peri peri-urban urban areas of Kampala City the study has made the following categorical contributions: Both, the conceptual framework which was developed through extensive literature review and, the modified framework that was generated by study findings after rigorous statistical analyses are original works of this reaserch. reaserch Therefore Therefore, all the contents of the research (modified) framework provide important areas for further research and practical considerations. The study has revealed certain peculiar hedonic subgoals of the city residents which are p cycle. y Notwithstanding g their critical factors in the effective enforcement and compliance apparent oddness, these (sometimes subliminal) factors present precise diagnosis upon which effective prescriptions pertaining to effective enforcement and compliance should be based. The study survey instrument statements are an original work of this research based on the extensive t i literature lit t review. i Th The researcher h strongly t l believes b li modified difi d survey i instrument, t t after ft factor and reliability analyses shall form a good template for adaptation for subsequent scholarly and practical studies particularly for those studies recommended in section 5.7. This study has made a contribution in making recommendations for subsequent scholarly research efforts aimed at enhancing the knowledge of enforcement and compliance and and, the quality of residential infrastructure in the urban areas of Uganda. Based on findings and the subsequent conclusions of this study, a number of recommendations that have policy, management, sociological and studious implications have been generated generated. The study thus, thus should: inform policy makers at both local and central governments of Uganda with respect to residential infrastructure development within and around urban centres and; add new knowledge to the existing body of knowledge in the urban and physical planning sector of Uganda.

 Scope
Geographically, the study covered Mutungo residential area located at the eastern periphery of Kampala City - in Nakawa Division. With an approximate land area of 2km by 2km. Content and epoch, the research was confined to the realization of optimal residential infrastructure including; houses, accesses, services, utilities and environment and covered the period between 1941 and 2011.

 LITERATURE REVIEW

METHODOLGY

The design of this research, research the population population, the sample size and sampling strategies; the area and location of study; methods and instruments of data collection; procedures of data collection and for ensuring validity and reliability; and measurement and analysis of variables, were as follows:

Research design
a correlational cross-sectional study design was adopted because: (1) the study was focused on determining relationships and predictions among variables, that is, to establish whether the independent variables predicted the dependent variables; (2) field data were collected within a period of two months only and; (3) of the cost, time and effort requirements for the data collection. Th The research h utilized tili d b both th quantitative tit ti and d qualitative lit ti approaches. h Th These approaches h were adopted so as to achieve more valid and reliable findings and to balance between logic and stories (Sekaran, 2000, Jaeger, 1997). This also increases confidence in research data, creates innovative ways of understanding phenomena, reveals unique findings and or challenges, integrates theories, and provides a clearer understanding of f the th problem bl (Ji (Jick, k 1979) 1979). The Th unit it of f analysis l i for f the th study t d was individuals i di id l (persons).

The unit of analysis was individuals (persons).

Study population

While the target population was all city residents, all the (hired and elected) public servants of Kampala City and all other public and private practitioners associated i t d with ith urban b residential id ti l i infrastructure f t t planning l i and dd development l ti in Kampala. The practitioners included are staff of utility establishments; National Environment Management Authority (NEMA); Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development; Civil and Electrical corporate members of the Uganda I tit ti of Institution f Professional P f i l Engineers E i (UIPE); (UIPE) registered i t d architects hit t i in U Uganda; d Corporate members of the Institute of Physical Planners of Uganda and; Certified Environmental Assessors and Auditors, the sampled population actually was all residents of Mutungo; all (appointed and elected) public servants of KCC and other th public bli and d private i t practitioners titi d described ib d above. b

Sample size and selection

(Target) Total population (Accessible) Sampled population (N) Sample size (s)

Category of people

R id t of Residents fM Mutungo t

10000

250

152

KCC (Works & physical p y p planning g units)staff, ) , Other practitioners (including MLHUD UEDCL, NWSC, NEMA, UIPE, IPPU, USA, EA)

687

140

103

Total

10687

390

255

Sampling technique and procedure

A probability b bilit sampling li d design i was adopted d t df for th the residents id t of fM Mutungo t f found di in Mutungo during the administration of questionnaires so as to increase on the representativeness of the sample and for generalizability purposes. This sampling was random.

On the other hand, a disproportionate stratified random sampling technique was used for the categories of people identified for the study but were not found in Mutungo during the administration of questionnaires. This was because some of strata identified for the study in this category were too small while others were too large (Sekaran, 2001).

With respect to qualitative approach, selection (of interviewees) was purposive to benefit from their central role and or their expert knowledge in the area of the study. The above technique was chosen because of: (i) viability reasons; (ii) the envisaged level of information to be sought; (iii) its efficiency and; (iv) the envisaged differentiated information to be obtained (Sekaran, 2000).

Methods of data collection

Questionnaires survey; In-depth face-to-face interviews which were conducted by the researcher on the identified key y people p p with expert p knowledge g on the study y area; telephone communication was used only for appointments; review of relevant documents throughout the study period ie before data collection, during data collection and during analysis.

Data collection instruments

Questionnaire schedule interview guides tape recorder (whenever allowed during interviews) document review checklist.

 Data analysis
Used SPSS S SS and MS S Excel Factor Analysis with descriptive statistics Reliability tests Correlation analysis of all retained (12 independent & 6 dependent) variables ANOVA Regression R i analysis l i Paired sample t-test analysis

 Study findings
Response rate was 82.7%
205 participated in the quantitative approach while 6 in the qualitative approach and the total response rate was 82.7%.

Demographic profile of the sample: Out of the total of 211 respondents who
included ordinary city residents and experts mentioned above: 65.4% were males while 34.6% females; 82.9% 82 9% were residents id t of fM Mutungo t while hil 17 17.1% 1% were not; t 43.6% stayed in own-houses and 56.4% stayed in rented houses; 39.4% were below 25 years of age, 43.1% between 25 and 50, and 17.5% above 50 y years; ; 10.9% O-level, 22.3% A-level, 18.0% ordinary Diploma level and 38.4% University degree level and 10.4% other. 14.7% were employed by government, 58.3% in private sector while 27.0% were under other (retirees, (retirees unemployed & students) students).

This mix of respondents helped to moderate extreme biases since the study was measuring perception and opinions.

Empirical findings for the study:

Presented according to both (i) the methods of research used and (ii) the variables studied studied.
Demographic characteristics did not have statistically significant relationship with the Dvs

Conclusions: Overall, the way KCCA presently manages enforcement with reference to planning for Overall for, and execution of, physical infrastructure within its geographical area of governance, has the greatest effect among the enforcement and compliance factors on the ultimate quality of residential infrastructure in the city suburbs. C Compliance li promotion ti was found, f d to t be b 2nd most t critical iti l f factor t in i d determining t i i th the ultimate lti t quality of residential infrastructure in the suburbs of Kampala City. Via the study however, it was revealed that KCCA has neither a mechanism in place nor carries out actions intended to harness benefits of voluntary (or even subtly compelled) compliance. The study established that the ultimate quality of residential infrastructure in the city suburbs is significantly affected by city residents being contemptuously indifferent to any intervention or regulatory mechanism by KCCA with respect infrastructural planning requirements. The city residents yen for contentment was established by the study as having a significant effect on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure. Incapacity of KCCA enforcers was established in this study as being another determinant factor in the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban peri urban areas of Kampala City.

Conclusions Contd: Inertial optimism optimism, one of the hedonic goals in which the respondents exhibited both both, comfort in the belief that their circumstances were not worse than those for their contemporaries elsewhere in the city and, the disinclination to rapid change, was established in this study as being significantly related to the ultimate quality of residential infrastructure in the city suburbs.

The quest for freedom by city residents was established by the study as having a significant effect on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure. The combination of; th wish the i hb by city it residents id t f for f freedom d f from b bother th and df fear and; d th the city it residents id t disinterest in bothering others were found to have a very significant effect on five of the six dimensions that measured residential infrastructure. Inequitable enforcement was a determinant factor in the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City. This factor was found to significantly affect five of the six dimensions that measured quality of residential infrastructure in city suburbs. The city y residents gain g g goals were established to have a significant g effect on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure. The goals to save money, to increase ones income, to deal with threats to ones financial security et cetera has a very significant effect on all dimensions that measured residential infrastructure

Conclusions Contd: KCCA s lack of appraisal mechanism was established to have a significant effect on the KCCAs realization of optimal residential infrastructure. The absence of a mechanism for assessment of KCCAs achievements and or failures and, the failure to hold accountable its personnel for the success of physical plans were found to have very significant effect on four of the six dimensions that measured residential infrastructure. infrastructure The study established that normative goals of city residents were among the enforcement and compliance factors that have a significant effect on the ultimate quality of residential infrastructure in the city suburbs. It was revealed in the study that as high as 20.3% of the respondents d t neither ith cared d about b t right i ht b behavior h i nor acted t di in a way th that td demonstrated t t d exemplariness. It was established that KCCA client relations was a significant determinant factor in the realization of optimal residential infrastructure. The failure by KCCA to explain to residents for adverse decisions, the rush with its enforcement decisions, the failure to consultatively engage the noncompliant and failure to establish contact and rapport through regular inspection, have a very significant effect on four of the six dimensions that measured residential infrastructure.

Recommendations: From the study revelations above regarding enforcement and compliance factors and their effects on the quality of residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Kampala city and, based on the available literature regarding rate of population increase in Kampala City, it is imperative that a comprehensive review should be made on the way physical planning law enforcement is managed managed. Since the study revealed that, the corollary response to enforcement via compliance or noncompliance highly depends on the goal frames of the people at whom enforcement is targeted, improvement in enforcement management style, improvement in KCCA client relations, capacitating of KCCA enforcers and the knowledge by the enforcers of the hedonic, gain and normative goals of the city residents are key to successful realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban residential zones of the city.

Recommendations contd: Enforcement management style; This study recommends that all KCCA staff involved in enforcement of planning regulations and laws should first, be made to know what they are required by law to do, secondly, they should know what the planning regulations and laws prescribe and thirdly, they should ensure that the requirements of the law are fulfilled. The study also recommends that KCCA deliberately reviews its coordination with other statutory bodies such as NEMA, MoWT, MoLHUD et cetera, whose activities and or responsibilities either overlap or are potentially contra to those of KCCA. Review in coordination should also be considered for service providing bodies such as NWSC, Umeme, Telecommunication companies et cetera. Lastly, KCCA should continually educate city residents about the planning regulations and clearly communicate to the residents whenever decisions with adverse implications are (to b ) made. be) d

Recommendations contd: Compliance promotion; Programmes and or activities tailored for compliance promotion should be undertaken. These should include and involve: provision of compliance educational programmes for property developers; provision of technical support to city residents to help them comply with planning regulations; collaboration with funding and insurance institutions to demand compliance with approved plans during execution (1) before loan facilities are granted and (2) so as to pay lower premiums respectively and; impartial, predictable and consistent application of legal action against violators of building regulations.

Disdainful indifference; From the revelation by the study that city residents are scornfully indifferent about KCCAs requirements, it is imperative that KCCA aggressively and protractedly engages city residents with respect to planning regulations, clearly underscoring expected benefits to th residents the id t and d thereafter th ft ensuring i that th t the th planning l i requirements i t are actually t ll put tt to ground. The actual implementation will demonstrate the will by KCCA while protracted engagement shall help shift the mindset of residents towards KCCA initiatives and endeavors.

Recommendations contd: Yen for contentment; For the City residents crave for emotional goals such as the desire to be in control of ones house of residence; the desire to have peace and to feel good; et cetera, the study recommends that KCCA should design and rollout a technical support programme to these residents who may actually be well intentioned but are focused on short-term benefits and ignorant about the midterm and longterm consequences of their approaches. The technical support should be augmented by the educational programmes on the benefits of adhering to the planning requirements. Inertial optimism; This study recommends that KCCA should design and rollout educational and technical support programmes to the peri-urban city residents who are emotionally comfortable with and d are di disinclined i li d t to accept t any change h i in th the status t t quo. Th The educational d ti l programme should be tailored to, educating residents about what is optimal in terms of residential infrastructure and, discouraging them from settling for what is merely better in comparison to other areas. The technical support on the other hand should be available and affordable to aid compliance b by the willing illing and well-intentioned. ell intentioned

Recommendations contd: Enforcers incapacity; On the basis of the study findings that the number of KCCA staff in charge of enforcement is incongruously insufficient and ludicrously under facilitated, the study recommends as follows: first, KCCA undertakes the enforcement needs assessment for and within its geographical area of governance; secondly, secondly based on the findings of the needs assessment, assessment design an appropriate enforcement approach clearly specifying expected stage benchmarks; thirdly, determine the level of resources (human, fiscal, time and logistical) requirements in terms of quantity and capability scales and; finally fi ll rollout ll t th the programme t to realize li th the set tb benchmarks. h k Th The stage t b benchmarks h k will provide a self monitoring and appraisal mechanism for achievement progress.

Recommendations contd:

Quest for freedom; Based on the revelation by the study that there is a pursuit for freedom by city residents from both KCCAs planning requirements and the bother from societal expectations, it is crucial that KCCA aggressively and protractedly engages city residents with respect to planning regulations, clearly underscoring ultimate benefits to the residents when they adhere to building requirements. This should be followed by ensuring that the planning requirements are actually put to ground. The actual implementation will provide examples of the expected benefits to the residents while protracted engagement shall help shift the mindset of residents towards regulations. Inequitable enforcement; First, KCCA should improve and increase on its education about the physical planning requirements to city residents; secondly, penalties for noncompliance, and incentive (if any) for compliance, should be unmistakably i t k bl spelt lt out t and d communicated i t dt to city it residents. id t Thirdly, any KCCA staff found to act unjustly in the enforcement of building requirements should be held liable.

Recommendations contd: Gain goal; KCCA should undertake to collaborate with banks/ financing institutions to demand that residents comply with planning rules before giving them house loans and, with insurers to lower insurance premiums for the compliant. Further incentives such as technical support should be put in place to induce compliance. Finally, KCCA should design an enforcement model that clearly shows benefits of compliance showing how a residents compliance, resident s resources either are improved by complying or reduced by noncompliance.

Lack of appraisal; First, KCCA should undertake the enforcement needs assessment for and within its geographical area of governance; secondly, based on the findings of the needs assessment, design an appropriate enforcement approach clearly specifying expected stage benchmarks; thirdly, determine the level of resources (human, fiscal, time and logistical) requirements in terms of quantity and capability scales and; finall rollout finally rollo t the programme to realize reali e the set benchmarks. benchmarks The stage benchmarks will ill provide a self monitoring and appraisal mechanism for achievement progress.

Recommendations contd: Normative goal; Deliberate and protracted education of city residents should be undertaken by KCCA to revive societal norms setting communal values with respect to physical infrastructure and teaching residents to espouse such community values. Area champions of societal norms should be recognized by say naming certain community accesses (paths and roads) after them and while also protecting them from maligners.

Client relations; KCCA should: always give residents reasons for adverse decisions made; ensure that decisions are not hurriedly taken but rather consultatively made; dialogue with developers who have violated the regulations on the way of how to eventually comply as first option before legal action; conduct regular general inspections aimed at projecting KCCA presence and maintaining rapport with residents. Care should be taken however not to trade firmness for clientclient relations a prudent balance must be struck.

Contributions of the study:

Contributions of the study contd: This study has made a contribution in making recommendations for subsequent scholarly research efforts aimed at enhancing the knowledge of enforcement and compliance and, the quality of residential infrastructure in the urban areas of Uganda. Based on findings and the subsequent conclusions of this study, a number of recommendations that have policy, management, sociological and studious implications have been generated. The study thus, should: inform policy makers at both local and central governments of Uganda with respect to residential infrastructure development within and around urban centres and; add new knowledge to the existing body of knowledge in the urban and physical planning sector of Uganda.

Summary
This paper is a presentation of a study into some of the Kampala City administrative/ management factors and certain corollary response factors of the residents of Kampala City in relation to enforcement and compliance and how the interaction of these factors ultimately impact on the quality of infrastructure in the city.

Specifically, the study examined the enforcement and compliance factors affecting quality of residential infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Kampala City using Mutungo Parish as a case study. This was after establishing via literature review that Kampala City remains plagued with suboptimal residential infrastructure in its suburbs, notwithstanding the many physical plans in place. The study was undertaken between November 2010 and August 2011 with field data collection being undertaken over a period of three months from December 2010 to March 2011. The study was guided by four questions; (1) what effect does enforcement administration by KCCA have on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City (2) how do hedonic goals (emotional goals) of the city residents affect the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City (3) how do gain goals (economic motives) of the city residents affect the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City and (4) what effect do normative goals (societal norms) of the city residents have on the realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the peri-urban areas of Kampala City?

Summary
The study Th d adopted d d a correlational l i l cross-sectional i l study d design d i and d used d both b h quantitative and qualitative approaches. A total of 211 respondents (a response rate of 82.7%) participated in the study. The responses to the quantitative approach was based on a 5 point Likert scale survey instrument while the qualitative lit ti was based b d on a detailed d t il d interviews i t i with ith experts t (in (i academia, d i private i t practice in the built environment, Ministry of Lands Housing & Urban Development, and KCCA) on Kampala City. Out of the total of 211 respondents who included ordinary city residents and experts mentioned above: 175 (82.9%) were residents id t of fM Mutungo t while hil 36 (17 (17.1%) 1%) were not; t 92 (43 (43.6%) 6%) stayed t di in ownhouses and 119 (56.4%) stayed in rented houses; 83 (39.4%) were below 25 years of age, 91 (43.1%) between 25 and 50, and 37 (17.5%) above 50 years; 31 were employed by government, 123 in private sector. The reliability coefficient for the overall ll survey instrument i t t was found f d to t be b = 0.892 0 892 and d this thi instrument i t t included i l d d 124 items that measured both the enforcement and compliance factors. The survey data were analyzed using factor analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation results, ANOVA, regression analysis and paired-sample T test analysis. l i

Summary

The study found that: enforcement management style of KCCA, compliance promotion by KCCA, incapacity of KCCA enforcers, lack of appraisal by KCCA, and client-relations by KCCA as an enforcing agency; and, the hedonic goals, gain goals, goals and normative goals of the city residents as the compliance agents; have very significant relation with quality of residential infrastructure in the City. The study concluded thus that, overhaul and improvement in KCCA enforcement management style, introduction and roll-out of compliance campaigns by KCCA, improvement in KCCA client relations, relations capacitating of KCCA enforcers enforcers, and the knowledge by the enforcers of the hedonic, gain and normative goals of the City residents are key to effective realization of optimal residential infrastructure in the suburbs of the City. The study recommends therefore that, overall, a holistic review of the current enforcement mechanism of KCCA must be undertaken and a totally new system, that takes cognizance of and responds to the contemporary hedonic, gain and normative goals of the city residents, set up.