Psa Lab Ex - 1

EXPERIMENT 1 COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES
1.1 AIM (i) To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements. (ii) To understand modelling and performance of short, medium and long lines. 1.2 OBJECTIVES i. To become familiar with different arrangements of conductors of a three phase single and double circuit transmission lines and to compute the GMD and GMR for different arrangements. ii. To compute the series inductance and shunt capacitance per phase, per km of a three phase single and double circuit overhead transmission lines with solid and bundled conductors. iii. To become familiar with per phase equivalent of a three phase short and medium lines and to evaluate the performances for different load conditions. 1.3 SOFTWARE REQUIRED The software required is Matlab 7.5 1.4. THEORETICAL BACK GROUND 1.4.1 Inductance The inductance is computed from flux linkage per ampere. In the case of the three phase lines, the inductance of each phase is not the same if conductors are not spaced equilaterally. A different inductance in each phase results in unbalanced circuit. Conductors are transposed in order to balance the inductance of the phases and the average inductance per phase is given by simple formulas, which depends on conductor configuration and conductor radius. General Formula The general formula for computing inductance per phase in mH per km of a transmission is given by 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI
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L = 0.2 lnDm/Ds (1.1)
10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI
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where Dm = Geometric Mean Distance (GMD) Ds = Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) The expression for GMR and GMD for different arrangement of conductors of the transmission lines are given in the following section. I. Single Phase - 2 Wire System
.
GMD = D (1.2) GMR = re-1/4 = r r = radius of conductor
.
(1.3)
II. Three Phase - Symmetrical Spacing:
GMD = D (1.4) GMR = re-1/4 = r (1.5) r = radius of conductor
III. Three Phase - Asymmetrical Transposed: Fig. 1.2. Conductor 1-2 A 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI
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DAB DCA B C DBC
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GMD = Geometric mean of the three distances of the asymmetrically placed conductors
=
(1.6) GMR = re-1/4 = r (1.7) r = radius of conductors Composite Conductor Lines Composite conductor is composed of two or more elements or strands electrically in parallel. The expression derived for the inductance of composite conductors can be used for the stranded and bundled conductors and also for finding GMD and GMR of parallel transmission lines. Fig 1.4 shows a single phase line with two composite conductors. b a c n a'
b m'
Conductor X-with n strands strands The inductance of composite conductor X is given by Lx = 0.2 ln GMD/GMRx where GMD = (1.9)
Conductor Y with m
(1.8)
GMRx = (1.10) 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI
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ra = rae-1/4 The distance between elements are represented by D with respective subscripts and ra , rb and rn have been replaced by Daa, Dbb and Dnn respectively for symmetry. Stranded Conductors: The GMR for the stranded conductors are generally calculated using equation (1.10). For the purpose of GMD calculation, the stranded conductors can be treated as solid conductor and the distance between any two conductors can be taken as equal to as center-to-center distance between the stranded conductors as shown in Fig 1.5, since the distance between the conductors is high compared to the distance between the elements in a stranded conductor. This method is sufficiently accurate.
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A DAB DAC C DBC B
Bundle Conductors: EHV lines are constructed with bundle conductors. Bundle conductors improves power transfer capacity and reduces corona loss, radio interference and surge impedance. d d d d Fig. Examples of bundles The GMR of a bundle conductor is normally calculated using (1.10). GMR for two sub conductor Dsb = (Ds * d)1/2 GMR for three sub conductor Dsb = (Ds * d2)1/3 GMR for four sub conductor Dsb = 1.09 (Ds * d3)1/4 Where Ds is the GMR of each sub conductor and d is the bundle spacing For the purpose of GMD calculation, the bundled conductor can be treated as a solid conductor and the distance between any two conductors can be taken as equal to center-to-center distance 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI Page 7 d d d d
between the bundled conductors as shown in Fig 1.7, since the distance between the conductors is high compared to bundle spacing. A DAB DAC B DBC C
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Three phase - Double circuit transposed: A three-phase double circuit line consists of two identical three-phase circuits. The phases a, b and c are operated with a1-a2, b1-b2 and c1-c2 in parallel respectively. The GMD and GMR are computed considering that identical phase forms a composite conductor, For example, phase a conductors a1 and a2 form a composite conductor and similarly for other phases. a1 H12 b1 H23 S33 c1 Relative phase position a1b1c1 c2b2a2. It can also be a1b1c1 a2b2c2. The inductance per phase in milli henries per km is L = 0.2 ln (GMD/GMRL) mH/km. (1.11) where GMRL is equivalent geometric mean radius and is given by GMRL = (DSA DSB DSC)1/3 (1.12) 1-5 a2 S22 b2 S11 c2
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where DSA DSB and DSC are GMR of each phase group and given (refer 1.10) by DSA = 4( Dsb Da1a2 )2 = [Dsb Da1a2]1/2 DSB = 4 (Dsb Db1b2 )2 = [Dsb Db1b2]1/2 DSC = 4 (Dsb Dc1c2 )2 = [Dsb Dc1c2]1/2 where Dsb = GMR of bundled conductor if conductor a1, a2 . are bundle conductor. Dsb= ra1 = rb1 = rc1 = ra2 = rb2 = rc2 if a1, a2 .. are not bundled conductor. GMD is the equivalent GMD per phase & is given by GMD = [DAB DBC DCA]1/3 (1.14) (1.13)
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where DAB, DBC, & DCA are GMD between each phase group A-B, B-C, C-A which are given by DAB = [Da1b1 Da1b2 Da2b1 Da2b2]1/4 DBC = [Db1c1 Db1c2 Db2c1 Db2c2]1/4 DCA = [Dc1a1 Dc2a1 Dc2a1 Dc2a2]1/4 (1.17) (1.15) (1.16)
1.4.2 Capacitance A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a transmission line is given by C = 0.0556/ln (GMD/GMR) F/km (1.18) where GMD is the Geometric Mean Distance which is the same as that defined for inductance under various cases. GMR is the Geometric Mean Radius and is defined case by case below: 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI
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(i) Single phase two wires system (for diagram see inductance):
GMD = D
GMR = r (as against r in the case of L)
(ii) Three phase - symmetrical spacing (for diagram see inductance):
GMD = D GMR = r in the case of solid conductor =Ds in the case of stranded conductor to be obtained from manufacturers data.
(iii) Three-phase Asymmetrical - transposed (for diagram see Inductance):
GMD = [DAB DBC DCA]1/3 GMR = r ; for solid conductor GMR = Ds for stranded conductor = rb for bundled conductor where rb = [r*d]1/2 for 2 conductor bundle rb = [r*d2]1/3 for 3 conductor bundle (1.20)
(1.19)
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rb = 1.09 [r*d3]1/4 for 4 conductor bundle where r = radius of each sub conductor d = bundle spacing (iv) Three phase - Double circuit - transposed (for diagrams see inductance): C = 0.0556 / ln (GMD/GMRc) F/km GMD is the same as for inductance as equation (1.14). GMRc is the equivalent GMR, which is given by GMRc = [rA rB rC ]1/3 (1.21) where rA, rB and rC are GMR of each phase group obtained as rA = [rb Da1a2]1/2 rB = [rb Db1b2]1/2
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rC = [rb Dc1c2]1/2 (1.22) where rb GMR of bundle conductor 1.4.3 Line Modeling and Performance Analysis The following nomenclature is adopted in modelling: z = series impedance per unit length per phase y = shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral. L = inductance per unit length per phase C = capacitance per unit length per phase r = resistance per unit length per phase l = length of the line Z = zl = total series impedance Y = yl = total shunt admittance per phase to neutral. Short line Model and Equations (Lines Less than 80km) The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line is shown in Fig.1.9 R X IR Is Vs Fig. Short Line Model VR IR ABCD Vs VR Constants Fig. Two port representation of a Line
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In this representation, the lumped resistance and inductance are used for modelling and the shunt admittance is neglected. A transmission line may be represented by a two port network as shown and current and voltage equations can be written in terms of generalised constants known as A B C D constants. For the circuit shown above the voltage and currents relationships are given by V s = V R + Z IR (1.23) Is = I R (1.24) In terms of A B C D constants VS IS where 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI Page 15 A C B D VR IR (1.25)
A = 1, B = Z, C = 0 D= 0. |VR (NL)| - |VR (FL) | Percentage regulation = (1.26)

--------------------------------------------
x 100
|VR( FL)| |VR (NL)| = |VS | / A Transmission efficiency of the line = Receiving end power in MW = Sending end power in MW Medium Line Model and equations (Lines above 80km):
PR (3) Ps (3)
(1.27)
The shunt admittance is included in this model. The total shunt admittance is divided into two equal parts and placed at the sending and receiving end as in Fig.1.11 Z=R+jX Is Vs Y/2 Y/2 VR IR
Fig.1.11 Nominal Model
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The voltage current relations are given by Vs = (1+ ZY ) VR + ZIR (1.28) 2 Is = Y(1+ZY) VR + (1+ZY) IR 4 2 In terms of ABCD constants Vs = Is where A = (1+ZY ), B=Z ; 2 C = Y(1+ ZY) , D=(1+ZY ) Page 17 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI C D IR A B VR (1.30)
(1.29)
4 2 The receiving end quantities can be expressed in terms of sending end quantities as VR = IR -C A Is Long line Model and Equations (lines above 250 km): In the short and Medium lines, lumped line parameters are used in the model. For accurate modelling, the effect of the distributed line parameter must be considered. The voltage and current at any specific point along the line in terms of the distance x from the receiving end is given by V(x) =( VR + ZcIR) ex+ ( VR - ZcIR ) e-x 2 2 I(x) = ((VR / Zc) + IR) ex - ((VR/ZC) - IR) e-x (1.33) 2 2 In term of Hyperbolic functions V(x) = VRcosh x + ZcIR sinh x (1.34) I(x) = (1/Zc) VRsinh x + IR cosh x where Zc = z/y is called characteristic impedance = zy is called propagation constant = + j = zy = ( + jL) (g + jc) (1.35) D -B Vs (1.31)
(1.32)
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is called attenuation constant is called phase constant The relation between sending and receiving end quantities is given by Vs = VR cosh l+ Zc IRsinh l IS = (VR/Zc) sinh l + IRcosh l The equivalent model of the long line is given in Fig. 1.12. Is Z = Z sinh l l Y/2 Vs 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI Y/2 = (1/Zc) tanh (l/2) IR (1.36)
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VR Fig. Equivalent model
1.5 RESULT: (i) The line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements were determined and verified using Mat lab. (ii) The performance of transmission line was carried out using Mat lab.
1.6 EXERCISES: 1.6.1 A single circuit three phase transposed transmission line is composed of four ACSR 1,272,000 cmil conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 14 m between phases a and b and between phases b and c. The bundle spacing is 45 cm. The conductor diameter is 3.416 cm. a) b) 1.6.2 Determine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line. Verify the results using available program.
A three - phase transposed line composed of one ACSR, 1,43,000 cmil, 47/7 Bobolink conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 11m between phases a and b and between phases b and c. The conductors have a diameter of 3.625 cm and a GMR of Page 20
1.439 cm. The line is to be replaced by a three conductor bundle of ACSR 477,000cmil, 26/7 Hawk conductors having the same cross sectional area of aluminum as the single-conductor line. The conductors have a diameter of 2.1793 cm and a GMR of 0.8839 cm. The new line will also have a flat horizontal configurations, but it is to be operated at a higher voltage and therefore the phase spacing is increased to 14m as measured from the centre of the bundles. The spacing between the conductors in the bundle is 45 cm. (a) Determine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the above two lines. (b) Verify the results using the available program. (c) Determine the percentage change in the inductance and capacitance in the bundle conductor system. Which system is better and why? 1.6.3 A 345 kV double circuit three phase transposed line is composed of two ACSR, 1,431,000 cmil, 45/7 bobolink conductors per phase with vertical conductor configuration as shown in Fig. 1.13. The conductors have a diameter of 1.427 in and the bundle spacing is 18 in. a) Find the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line. b) Verify the results using the available program. a 16m 10m b 9m c 17m a 24m c 18 b
1.6.4 .Determine the sending end voltage and current using nominal method. The transmission line is 100 km long and delivers 10 MW at 66 kV and 0.8 pf. lagging. Also find %regulation and efficiency. Given that r=0.1 /km , Inductive reactance= 0.2 /km ; Shunt susceptance = 4 x 10-4 siemens. 1.6.5 Determine the receiving end voltage and current of a 3 phase,100 km long,50 Hz line having sending end quantities such as 75 MW, 66 kV , 0.99 leading power factor. Also find %regulation and efficiency. 10133PT605 - POWER SYSTEM & HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY ANNA UNIVERSITY REGIONAL CENTRE MADURAI Page 21
Given that r=0.1 /km , Inductive reactance= 0.2 /km ; Shunt susceptance = 4 x 10-4 siemens.
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EXPERIMENT 1 COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES

L = 0.2 lnDm/Ds (1.1)

II. Three Phase - Symmetrical Spacing:

GMD = D (1.4) GMR = re-1/4 = r (1.5) r = radius of conductor

DAB DCA B C DBC

A DAB DAC C DBC B

A = 1, B = Z, C = 0 D= 0. |VR (NL)| - |VR (FL) | Percentage regulation = (1.26)

Fig.1.11 Nominal Model

VR Fig. Equivalent model

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