MPLS Terms: (Label Stacking) POP Tag: Removes the top label in the MPLS label stack and

propagates the remaining payload as either labeled packet or as an unlabeled packet. SWAP Tag: Replaces the top label in the MPLS label stack with another value. PUSH Tag: Replaces the top label in the MPLS label stack with a set of labels. AGGREGATE: Removes the top label in the MPLS label stack and does a layer 3 lookup on an underlying IP packet. The removed label is the bottom label in the MPLS label stack. Otherwise datagram discarded. UNTAG: Removes the top label in the MPLS label stack and forward IP packet to the specified IP next-hop. What 1. 2. 3. are advantages of MPLS? Traffic Engineering and QoS Reservation of bandwidth. Label swapping.

Why MPLS is fast? 1) MPLS label swapping is faster because 4. It is exact match unlike IP longest prefix match. 5. LFIB is much smaller as compare long original IP look up table. LDP establisted process? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. router that have highest ip address initiate tcp session with the others. hello packet sent by mpls enable interface on multicast ip address 224.0.0.2 other router mpls enable interface established tcp session. then the source ip address send initialization message to others. others also send initialization message to highest ip address router. lowest one also send Keepalive message to highest ip address router. After received first Keepalive, session is ready to exchange labels.

What is difference between Frame-relay and MPLS? 1. What are the company's WAN objectives? o Does company simply need to connect remote offices to a central location for server resource access? o Are there any critical applications such as voice that must run across the WAN? 2. Is cost a primary decision factor? 3. How much bandwidth do I really need? Frame Relay: 1. You require a private network but do not want to pay for dedicated private links to each location, you may consider Frame Relay. 2. Frame Relay is a cost effective technology when cost is a factor, you can pay for a lower rate of bandwidth than with a dedicated point to point link. 3. Frame Relay has no quality of service (QoS). MPLS: 1. If you have Quality of Service (QoS) sensitive applications running across your WAN then you should consider MPLS. 2. The primary difference with MPLS is that you can purchase quality of service for applications across your WAN. 3. During the provisioning process the carrier will order to determine which applications are important to your business, they will then build a QoS template to service these applications on your WAN. These applications will be given priority over all other traffic in times of peak load.

How packets travel in MPLS between two CE routers?

1. When packet arrive from customer end router at ingress point of the MPLS domain, a. FIB table on edge LSR router A contains the entry for the destination network X that is mapped to the IP next hop address. b. At this time next hop label not available, so all packets are forwarded in traditional IP fashion. Routing Table of Edge LSR RA Network Next-Hop X B 2. LSR Router-B generates a locally unique label 25 and assigned to network X. a. When a label is assigned to an IP prefix it is stored in two tables. i. LIB: Used to maintain mapping between IP prefix (network X) and local label (25), and the next hop label (Not yet available). ii. LFIB: Modified to contain the local label mapped to the POP action. POP is used until the next hop label is received from the down stream router (router C). Routing Table of LSR RB Network Next-Hop X C LIB on LSR Router B Network LSR Label X Local 25 LFIB on LSR Router B Label Action Next Hop 25 POP C b. LSR Router (B) propagates this label 25 to all adjacent neighbors, where this label can be used as a next hop. LIB on Router A & C Network LSR Label X B 25 c. Label 25 found in the FIB table of edge LSR Router A is used to label packets. FIB On Router A Network Next Hop Label X B 25 d. LSR Router B must remove the label because LSR B not yet received any next-hop label (the action is POP).

3.

4. 5. 6. LIB:

e. LSR Router B performs label switching in which Label is removed and normal IP packet is sent out of LSR Router B. Edge Router C advertise label 47for the network X and it sent to all adjacent routers, including LSR Router B. LIB on Edge Router C Network LSR Label X B 25 Local 47 LFIB on Edge Router C Label Action Next Hop 47 POP D LIB on LSR Router B Network LSR Label X Local 25 C 47 FIB on LSR Router B Network Next Hop Label X C 47 LFIB on LSR Router B Label Action Next Hop 25 47 C Edge LSR Router C still no next hop label. Label 47 is therefore still mapped to the POP action. Edge LSR Router C removes the label on the egress MPLS domain and forwards the packet to router D (Using LFIB table). Network X is directly connected on Customer end Router. IP to label FIB CE to PE CEF Switching Ingress Routers. Packet to Packet LFIB PE to PE Label Switching (By using LFIB Table). Label to IP LFIB PE to CE Egress Routers.

LDP & TDP in the control plane exchange labels & store them into the LIB. This information is then used in data plane to provide MPLS function. LFIB: FIB: Used to forward receive IP packet to IP packet and labeled IP packets. Used to forward packets based on the labels.

DSCP: Differentiated Service Code Point

Traffic classes are identified by the value of the DSCP value. VSNL Backbone QoS Policy Policing Bandwidth Configured 75000 6750 119250 60750 38250 300000 Total POS BW Queuing B/w in % Priority 3 53 27 17 100 Total POS BW in % Class Class Real Time Control Multimedia Business default Marking Precedence 5 6 4 3 2 1 0 Dropping Queue Limit Min Max

5000 4167 4167 3333 2500

7500 6667 6667 5833 5000

RD: Route Distingutier: RD is used to transform nonunique 32-bit customer ip address IPv4 addresses into unique 96-bit VPNv4 addresses. RT: Route target: RTs are attributes that are attached to VPNv4 BGP route to indicate its VPN membership. The extended BGP community of a routing is used to carry RT of that update, thus identifying which VPN the update belongs to. MPBGP: VPNv4 addresses are exchanged between PEs routers only. BGP between PE routers must support IPv4 and VPNv4. A BGP session PE routers is called MPBGP session.

OSPF Super Backbone: The MPLS VPN architecture extends the OSPF by introducing another backbone called Super backbone. The OSPF super backbone is implemented with

MPBGP between PE routers, its completely transparent to the OSPF routers. The Super backbone allows disjoint OSPF backbone areas (area 0) at MPLS VPN customer sites. 1. Super backbone shall not use standard OSPF-BGP redistribution. 2. Internal OSPF routes must remain internal OSPF routes. 3. External OSPF routes must remain external OSPF routes. 4. OSPF metrics and metric types (external 1 or external 2) have to be preserved. 5. PE routers set down bit when redistributing routes from MPBGP to OSPF. Business VPN Classifications: 1. Intra-organization (intranet) 2. Communication with other organization (extranet) 3. VPDN Types of VPN network topologies: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Hub-and-spoke Partial-or-Full mesh Hybrid Simple extranet Central service VPDN Network Managed Network

OSPF PE CE Config / redistribute BGP router ospf 250 vrf V798:DHL-VPN log-adjacency-changes

redistribute bgp 4755 subnets network 10.70.3.132 0.0.0.3 area 0.0.0.1 network 10.70.3.136 0.0.0.3 area 0.0.0.1 network 10.70.3.156 0.0.0.3 area 0.0.0.1 address-family ipv4 vrf V798:DHL-VPN redistribute connected redistribute static redistribute ospf 250 vrf V798:DHL-VPN metric 1 match internal external 1 external 2 no auto-summary no synchronization exit-address-family BGP PE CE Config Config. address-family ipv4 vrf V3099:DHL-TCS-EXT-etc redistribute connected neighbor 10.70.3.26 remote-as 65500 neighbor 10.70.3.26 activate neighbor 10.70.3.26 send-community neighbor 10.70.3.26 as-override neighbor 10.70.3.26 route-map setLP in no auto-summary no synchronization exit-address-family ip vrf V3099:DHL-TCS-EXT-etc rd 4755:13062 export map grey_mgmt_vpn_TATA_VSNL_BROADBAND_V3099:DHL-TCS-EXT-etc route-target export 4755:10153 route-target export 4755:10475 route-target import 4755:10011 route-target import 4755:10153 route-target import 4755:10475 ! ip vrf V634:DHL-VPN rd 4755:10614 export map grey_mgmt_vpn_TATA_VSNL_BROADBAND_V634:DHL-VPN route-target export 4755:10153 route-target import 4755:10011 route-target import 4755:10153 !

Label Distribution Parameters 1. Label Space options:

a. b. 2. Label a. b. 3. Label a. b. 4. Label a. b.

Per interface label space where labels must be unique for the interface. Per platform label space where label must unique for entire platform. generation and distribution Unsolicited downstream distribution labels is used in frame-mode MPLS where all routers are generate local label and propagate those label to all adjacent routers. (Ex. Frame-mode) Down steam on demand distribution of labels is used cell mode MPLS where ATM LSR have to request a label for destination found in the IP routing table. allocations: Frame mode MPLS uses independent control mode where all routers can start propagating labels independently to others. Cell mode MPLS requires LSR to ready have the next hop label if they want to propagate the label to others and this is called ordered control mode. distribution Frame mode MPLS may receive multiple labels but only one is used. Others are kept in LIB. This is called Liberal label retention mode. Cell mode only keeps label that are requested. This is called conservative label retention mode.