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OBJECTIVE: Paper II deals with a practical approach to the principles of semi micro
techniques. The students get acquainted with various oxidation and reductions reactions.
The student is well versed with organic basics, reaction mechanisms. The organic
chemistry enlightens with structural and spatial chemistry. The student also deals with
important applications of phase rule, Electro chemistry where power has got huge
demands nowadays.
SYLLABUS
I. d – block elements
Chemistry of elements of first transition series – electronic configuration, metallic
nature, atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential – oxidation state – relative stability of
various oxidation states, ionic and covalent character, acidic and basic nature, oxidizing
and reducing nature of various oxidation states, redox potential –Frost and Latimer
diagrams- stability, disproportionation and comproportionation of different oxidation
staes.colour –d-d transition, colour and spectral behaviour of transition metal ions with
respect to d1-d9 configuration. Magnetic behaviour- determination of magnetic moment,
Gouy’s balance, paramagnetism, diamagnetism.complexation behaviour, stability of
complexes-oxidation states, I complexes.class-a, class-b and class a/b acceptors. Catalytic
properties-important examples.
Chemistry of elements of second and third transition series – comparative treatment with
their 3d analogues with respect to oxidation state, magnetic behaviour, spectral
properties. Study of Ti, Cr and Cu triads – Titanium triad – electronic configuration,
reactivity of +III and +IV states – oxides, halides. Chromium triad – reactivity of +III and
+VI states. Copper triad – reactivity of +I,+II and +III states.
I. Halogen compounds
IV.Carbonyl compounds
I. Phase rule
Statement and meaning of the terms – phase, component and degrees of freedom,
Gibb’s phase rule, phase equilibria of one component system – water system. Phase
equilibria of two-component system – solid-liquid equilibria, simple eutectic –Pb-Ag
system, desilverization of lead. Solid solutions – compound with congruent melting
point –(Mg-Zn) system and incongruent melting point –(NaCl-H2O) system. Freezing
mixtures.
II. Solutions
Liquid –liquid mixtures-ideal liquid mixtures, Raoult’s and Henry’s law. Non-ideal
systems. Azeotropes – HCl-H2O, ethanol-water systems. Fractional distillation.
Partially miscible liquids –phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water
systems, Lower and upper consolute temperature. Effect of impurity on consolute
temperature. Immiscible liquids and steam distillation.
III. Electrochemistry
I. Molecular Symmetry 3h
Enantiomers: Optical activity: wave nature of light; plane polarized light, interaction
with molecules, optical rotation and specific rotation. Chiral molecules: Definition
and criteria – absence of plane, center and Sn axis of symmetry – asymmetric and
dissymmetric molecules. Examples of asymmetric molecules (Glyceraldehyde, Lactic
acid, Alanine) and dissymmetric molecules (trans – 1,2- dichlorocyclopropane).
Chiral centers: definition- molecules with similar chiral carbons (Tartaric acid) –
definition of mesomers. Molecules with dissimilar chiral carbons (2,3-
dibromopentane). Number of enantiomers and mesomers – calculation. D, L & R, S
configuration for asymmetric and dissymmetric molecules. Cohn- Ingold- Prelog
rules. Racemic mixture, Racemisation and resolution techniques.
I. Semi – micro qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two cations and two
anions.
II. Preparations:
o Ammonium chloride
o Potash alum
o Copper – ammonia complex
o Nickel – DMG complex