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English Test 80

Directions for Questions from 1 to 4:

With the prospect of dwindling state funds, the leaders of Oxford and Cambridge face a question that many people living beneath this city's
dreaming spires may consider beneath their dignity: How do you market an 800-year-old university? American universities have whole departments
devoted to fund-raising and marketing, but these have remained foreign to schools here. Both Oxford and Cambridge, however, have new fund-
raising efforts under way.

"Fund-raising is a topic we have to approach very carefully because it is not ingrained in the culture of these universities like it is in the United
States," said Frances Cairncross, rector of Exeter College in Oxford. "There is a shift taking place, but it will take time."

Oxford has hired a fund-raiser from a North American university who will start work in October, and later this year the University of Cambridge will
hold a public kickoff of its largest capital campaign ever, pegged to its 800th anniversary in 2009. For all their prestige and fame, cashing in on their
brand names will take more than a simple campaign, according to John Birnsteel, a director of the London consulting firm Enterprise IG.

"While they are both among the most prestigious educational establishments in the world, their amateur communications efforts give totally mixed
messages to alumni," said Mr. Birnsteel, a graduate of Queen's College, Cambridge. "As it stands, I can never understand who is asking for money
or for what."

To eliminate confusion, both universities should establish a "master brand," Mr. Birnsteel said.
"The key brand weakness is that there is very little identifying the universities as a single entity," he said. "Sports unite universities in the US, but
the only events that unite Oxford and Cambridge as a whole are a rugby game and a rowing race."

The result, Mr. Birnsteel says, is that he receives requests for money from his college, the university and from individual faculties. "There is no
streamlined message or economy of scale in this setup. Strong brands stand out from the clutter, but this does the opposite."

Officials from both universities agree that fund-raising efforts must somehow overcome the decentralized manner in which the universities have
always been run. Individual colleges - where students spend much of their time, and to which they hold strong allegiances — seem to compete in
fund-raising against the university itself. The university raises money for services, like the faculty of English or the department of Chemistry. "Alumni
confusion about whether to give to their college or the university is something we are actively addressing now," said Aniela Shuckburgh, fund-
raising campaign manager of the University of Cambridge.

"Our message is that giving to your college or the university as a whole is great, and both count towards our capital campaign." "The university is
working closely with the colleges to simplify our message," Ms. Shuckburgh said. "This is unprecedented, and we hope it will bring unprecedented
results."

Traditionally, colleges will raise money for buildings, scholarships and perhaps the restoration of a chapel, and the university will raise money for
such things as a new law department building, a new chair of chemistryand scholarships.

"Now we have narrowed it all down to four objectives," Ms. Shuckburgh said. "We want money for investing in students, investing in staff, investing
in discovering creativity and investing in our great collections."

Over at Oxford, fund-raising has also become a higher priority. Formerly undertaken by the director of
development, who answered to the college registrar, fund-raising has been raised to the level of a pro vice chancellor answering directly to the
university's top executive, the vice chancellor.

1. A suitable title for the passage is

j Approaching Fund-raising
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j Marketing Oxford
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j Marketing an 800 year old university
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j Emulating American Universities
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j Breaking mind sets
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i Skip this question
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2. The reason why the confusion among alumni about whether to give to the college or the university is
considered a problem is

j most alumni pay for their colleges since they have strong affiliations and the universities suffer as a result
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j most alumni cannot decide and end up not paying for any of the two
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j most alumni pay for the university
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j most alumni decide this randomly
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j None of the above
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 i Skip this question
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3. It can be inferred that Birnsteel's comment about the problems plaguing the branding efforts made by
the mentioned colleges is based on

j his dialogues with many ex-students and the university officials

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j his experience as an alumnus
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j his agency's involvement in a similar fund-raising drive in the past
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j Both (1) and (2)
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j None of the above
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i Skip this question
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4. It can be inferred that the reason why many people in the city will feel the new drive towards fundraising
as being beneath their dignity is

j they feel money is not important

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j they feel that this money can be better utilized in other areas
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j they feel that such esteemed universities do not need to seek material gains
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j they feel that dependence on foreign aid will rob the universities of their independence
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j they feel that these fund raising tactics are equivalent to extortion
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i Skip this question
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Directions for Questions from 5 to 6:

Each of the following questions has a paragraph with one italicized word that does not make sense. Choose the most appropriate replacement for
that word from the options given below the paragraph.

5. Lenin was the initiator of the central drama - the tragedy - of our era, the rise of totalitarian states.
A hhixcd man with a scholar’s habits and a general’s tactical instincts, Lenin introduced to the 20th
century the practice of taking an all-embracing ideology and imposing it on an entire society rapidly
and mercilessly.

j hawkish
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j boorish
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j rakish
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j bookish
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j fiendish
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i Skip this question
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6. Most countries rely upon the police to enforce the law. Police officers most often must be professionally
trained in law enforcement before they are permitted to act under the ‘migith of law’, to issue legal
warnings and citations, execute search or other legal warrants and to make arrests.

j label
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j flush
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j colour
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j grade
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j tenet
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i Skip this question
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Directions for Questions from 7 to 10:

There is a blank in each of the following sentences. From the choices
given, choose the one that fills the blank most appropriately.

7. The few people left will be living in a ___________state - like Somalia or Sudan - and living conditions
will be intolerable. One way to combat global warming, Turner said, is to stabilize the population.

j civilized
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 j cheerful
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j failed
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j secure
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j stable
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i Skip this question
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8. An Indian rocket successfully launched 10 satellites into orbit at one go on Monday, reaching a
__________ in space technology and boosting India's image as a major player in the multi-billiondollar
satellite launching business.

j nadir
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j retrograde
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j orbit
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j milestone
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j completion
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i Skip this question
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9. The activists are now using their campaign against IP on medicines as a ___________ to continue their
assault on IP; and global warming has become the new battleground.

j prologue
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j tendency
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j preference
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j precedent
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j policy
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i Skip this question
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10. “The ____________ of tobacco use and smoking amongst school children, especially girls, has been
found to be alarmingly high in West Bengal compared to other states,” said Saddichha Sahoo, a senior
WHO consultant.

j prevailing
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j extravagance
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j prevalence
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j expenditure
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j inclination
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i Skip this question
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