Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review:”El Cartel de Juárez” June 3, 2009 page 1/5
women are routinely murdered, butchered and tossed aside— and home to one of
the most powerful drug cartels known in the Americas.
I picked up a Franciso Cruz’s Spanish language book “El Cartel de Juárez” hoping to
learn about the origins and structure of tha infamous drug trafficking organization
established by Amado Carrillo Fuentes — El Señor de los Cielos (Lord of the Skies).
The book’s title seemed to promise an analysis of the Juárez cartel that came into
prominence after the demise of the 3 infamous capos heading the Guadalajara cartel
— Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, Rafael Caro Quintero and Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo.
Furthermore, the author, Francisco Cruz is a reputable journalist who contributed to
the most respected news sources in Mexico — including Reforma, El Universal and
Diario Monitor. During his formative years, he had also worked for the weekly Ahora
de Ciudad Juárez and had continued to monitor events in that city for many years
afterwards.
The title created expectations that it would include a detailed
analysis of the Mexican cartel in the middle of a current bloody
wave of unspeakable violence that plagues Juárez and
Chihuahua— 1730 executions in 2008. The book jacket cover
promised this both by its title and a grayscale image of Amado
Carrillo Fuentes staring from behind a silhouette of a marijuana
plant and crossed outlines of cuernos de chivo (AK‐47’s). And to
emphasize the drug trafficking connection, the Señor de los
Cielos is in front of a mirrored dual image of Jesús Malverde, the
folk saint of narcotraffickers whose chapel is in the Carrillo
Fuentes home state of Sinaloa.
It won’t take reader long to realize that Cruz’s book won’t be a simple historical
account of the notorious drug organization. In fact, a full description of the Carrillo
Fuentes family doesn’t appear until page 265 of the 318 page book. What precedes
those 31 pages describing the drug trafficking organization near the end of the
book? Cruz tells what is to come on the dedication page found just before chapter 1.
‘This is not the history of a city, it’s merely the story of some of its personalities. It’s not
the history of everyone, but only some— those that made Juarez what it is’.
The back jacket also informs us that ‘this is an exercise sitting somewhere between
sensationalist journalism, factual reporting, fiction and a monograph by telling stories
from a roster of personalities whose notoriety is no longer remembered, or have not
been recently told’.
When Cruz finally gets around to telling the story of El Cartel de Juarez, he does
provide details about the Amado Carrillo Fuentes apprenticeship with his uncle
Pablo Acosta Villareal, his rise to power, and ultimately his coldblooded betrayal of
his mentor “El Zorro de desierto de Ojinaga”. The report provided by Cruz is concise,
informative and interesting, and elaborated with several narratives that add
substantive detail to the personalities involved.
But overall, the description of the Juarez cartel is merely the culmination of many
narratives and vignettes about a city and region offered by Cruz. His book describes
Review:”El Cartel de Juárez” June 3, 2009 page 2/5
a remote outpost on the Mexican frontier whose identity was shaped both by a
powerful neighbour to the north and the deliberate neglect of its own federal
government. Cruz writes that the stories he will tell represent the “unpaid debts left
from the Revolution” —meaning that almost all of the unresolved tensions of modern
Mexico will inevitably surface in Juarez and dominate its existence: the ambiguities
of a neo‐colonial relationship driven more by US entrepreneurial goals, a seething
endpoint for migrants who have walked in the footsteps of hundreds of thousands
who went before, the wild frontier neglected and relegated to unimportance by a
distant central government, a native population of neo‐liberal elites who would
rather invest with US con men than take a chance on doing the same in their own
country, a lawless frontier where the drug and corruption plaza was controlled and
organized by men who had bribed their way into administrative positions, and a
cultural climate where everyone knows what is happening but is more afraid of the
danger of pointing it out.
The book can be frustrating at times, because the vignettes are not connected by a
strong central theme. And the one selected to move the tale will make little sense to
readers who know little about Chihuahua. And to complicate things, Cruz’s
narratives frequently jump back and forth from past to present and back to another
event. One of the most complicated links is the central story of former Miss
Chihuahua, Maria Dolores Camarena Gonzalez. Cruz is determined to tell about her
experiences in the 1980 Miss Mexico competition, her trial in El Paso on 58 counts
of money laundering (http://cases.justia.com/us‐court‐of‐
appeals/F2/973/427/386351/), a vague connection to another beauty queen with a
tragic story, Sacnité Rebecca Maldonado, and many descriptions of her genteel and
wealthy life in Juarez.
It appears to me that Dolores’s story is one that he must have covered as young
reporter, and which he is using as a literary tool and a metaphor for routine events
with Juárez culture, including a) deeply interconnected links between narcotraffic
and normal routines of every day life in Juárez b) ways in which dirty money from
Mexico was laundered in the twin sister city on the American side c) how the nasty
business of drugs and crime is a source of profit for the wealth elite (specifically 12
families in a new Chihuahua oligarchy) d) a critique of the “war against
narcotrafficking” focus for its attacks on minor and low‐level and sympathetic
players, and e) the diminished status of women who are presented with few
opportunities for success beyond a cult of beauty . He writes
“Vista de cerca, Dolores era como la frontera en la que nació, creció y vivió.: extraña,
ideal, fría, humilde, agobiante, hermética, caprichosa, práctica, liberal, arrogante,
incomprehensible, engañoso y utópica, pero real. Una ciudad llena de agravios donde
la elite politica se entrelaza para mantener sus privilegios o, de ser possible,
acrecenterlos” (18)
But the fact is, many interesting stories and details will emerge in this book. Cruz
describes how opium came to El Paso del Norte after the San Francisco earthquake
resulted in an influx of Chinese immigrants. The first known drug lord was Sam
Hing who knew that it was necessary to bribe and involve local authorities, and he
Review:”El Cartel de Juárez” June 3, 2009 page 3/5
was successful at this even during the chaos of revolutionary uprisings in the north.
Cruz put it this way:
“En la confusion de las campañas norteñas y gracias a la mano firme, la initiativa y la
astuscia de Hing, los asiáticos crearon en la frontera una nueva secta, una sociedad
secreta, una liga mexicana clandestine y lucrative que pagó puntualmente sus tributos
de corrupción y cuyo dominio se prolongó por una década para explotar el ávido y rico
Mercado que florecía cruzando el rio.” (89)
A wave of anti‐Chinese xenophobia made impossible for the Chinese secret societies
to continue in business, and they were ultimately driven out of Juárez by one of the
most amazing figures to emerge on the Chihuahua frontier. A young women named
Ignacia Jasso, la Doña Nacha— orchestrated the south west equivalent of Al
Capone’s St. Valentine’s day massacre when she ordered her hitmen to execute 11
Chinese opium dealers. She, and her lugarteniente‐husband Pablote built a network
of drug shipments with direct routes to Culiacán, Sinaloa. After her husband died in
a bar fight, she bequeathed a fully functional organization to her children Manuel,
Natividad, Ignacia and Pabla, and it was eventually inherited by Pabla’s son Héctor
Ruiz.
Through a steady symbiotic relationship with the social forces inherent in this
outpost on the frontier, the organization initially created by Sam Hing and later
unified by La Doña Nacha resulted in a modernized drug trafficking organization
controlled by “El zorro del desierto de Ojinaga” — Pablo Acosta Villareal. Chains of
luxurious restaurants and hotels laundered his drug money. The burgeoning cartel
also established contacts with Colombians who wanted to move cocaine into the
United States using the same routes Acosta Villareal used to ship marijuana and
opiates. Pablo Acosta Villareal became the “go‐to‐guy” and central cog in a what’s
often recognized as the first generation of modern narcotrafficers that included
Ernesto ‘Don Neto’ Fonseca Carrillo, Rafael Caro Quintero, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo,
Raul Miguel “las Greñas” Muñoz Talavera, Guillermo González Calderoni, Rubén
Jaramillo, and the brothers Gilberto, César and José Ontiveros Lucero.
Amado Carrillo Fuentes inherited Acosta Villareal’s organization, mostly by plotting
and Machiavellian maneuvres carried out with the cooperation of Gonzalez
Calderoni. Many of these events are described in Cruz’s book in a circuitous manner,
unfortunately in a style that may lead the reader to scratch their head and try to sort
out the exact sequence of events.
The book presents other interesting tales and raises issues and connections rarely
considered in other analyses of drug cartel operations. For instance, a mysterious
figure with many names and ambiguous citizenship was actually a master
counterfeiter who printed millions of fake dollars virtually indistinguishable from
the real. When captured, and he was using the name Newton Peter van Drunen, and
was living a rather daily existence in one of the exclusive enclaves of Ciudad Juárez.
His counterfeit bills provided another source of income that financed drug
operations, but also led to complex schemes for money laundering. And the book
also describes how massive corruption in government, especially in the
Review:”El Cartel de Juárez” June 3, 2009 page 4/5
Procuraduria de Justicia and within the national oil monopoly PEMEX was directly
responsible for emerge of powerful drug organizations in Juarez.
To conclude, in spite of its title, this book does not offer a fast and easy summary of
the Juárez drug cartel. It does describe the migration of the Carrillo Fuentes family
from Sinaloa to Chihuahua, but only in general terms. The book does offer a complex
and thorough overview of the culture of Ciudad Juárez, and leaves the reader with a
deeper appreciation of the forces in this city that have led to one of the bloodiest
waves of violence imaginable. It’s not a book that beginners will find easy to read,
but is a treasure that will be appreciated by long time followers of the narcotics
trade in Mexico. It might have been more honest to name this book “The City where
the Carrillo Fuentes found a home” — but then, this wouldn’t do much to help sales.
Review:”El Cartel de Juárez” June 3, 2009 page 5/5