Potentiometers are used in circuits, when it is necessary to alter the resistance.

Dark/light and temperature sensors usually have these components, as the potentiometer / variable resistor allows the circuit to be made more or less sensitive (they can be turned up or down - reducing or increasing resistance). The long handle on the potentiometer / variable resistor can be turned clockwise or anticlockwise, altering the value of the resistance. The range of resistance varies, for example: 0 to 100 ohms 0 to 1M ohms This can be seen when using circuit simulation software such as Circuit Wizard. The resistance value of a potentiometer / variable resistor can be altered. The animations starts with a 4.67% resistance level and reaches a resistance level of 28.33%. It can go all the way up to 100% resistance, preventing current flow, in a circuit. The resistance is altered by using the computers mouse, to turn the potentiometers dial. The circuit below is a temperature sensor. When the temperature drops below 3 degrees centigrade, an LED illuminates. Increasing the resistance value of the potentiometer / variable resistor, by turning its handle, makes the circuit less sensitive. For instance, the temperature sensor would require a higher temperature (e.g. 8 degrees centigrade) before the LED illuminates. Circuit explanation in detail: When the thermistor is warmed up by an hair drier its resistance drops, this will take a few seconds. As its resistance drops current begins to flow from positive 9volts to negative 0 volts. Current flows into the base of the transistors allowing the LED to light. The handle of the potentiometer / variable resistor can be turned up or down, to increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can make the circuit more or less sensitive.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Rheostat use Wiring a potentiometer as a rheostat Simple motor speed control Use of voltmeter over ammeter to verify a continuous circuit

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

ILLUSTRATION

INSTRUCTIONS Potentiometers find their most sophisticated application as voltage dividers, where shaft position determines a specific voltage division ratio. However, there are applications where we don't necessarily need a variable voltage divider, but merely a variable resistor: a two-terminal device.

Technically, a variable resistor is known as a rheostat, but potentiometers can be made to function as rheostats quite easily. In its simplest configuration, a potentiometer may be used as a rheostat by simply using the wiper terminal and one of the other terminals, the third terminal left unconnected and unused:

Moving the potentiometer control in the direction that brings the wiper closest to the other used terminal results in a lower resistance. The direction of motion required to increase or decrease resistance may be changed by using a different set of terminals:

Be careful, though, that you don't use the two outer terminals, as this will result in no change in resistance as the potentiometer shaft is turned. In other words, it will no longer function as a variable resistance:

Build the circuit as shown in the schematic and illustration, using just two terminals on the potentiometer, and see how motor speed may be controlled by adjusting shaft position. Experiment with different terminal connections on the potentiometer, noting the changes in motor speed control. If yourpotentiometer has a high resistance (as measured between the two outer terminals), the motor might not move at all until the wiper is brought very close to the connected outer terminal. As you can see, motor speed may be made variable using a series-connected rheostat to change total circuit resistance and limit total current. This simple method of motor speed control, however, is inefficient, as it results in substantial amounts of power being dissipated (wasted) by the rheostat. A much more efficient means of motor control relies on fast "pulsing" of power to the motor, using a high-speed switching device such as a transistor. A similar method of power control is used in household light "dimmer" switches. Unfortunately, these techniques are much too sophisticated to explore at this point in the experiments. When a potentiometer is used as a rheostat, the "unused" terminal is often connected to the wiper terminal, like this:

At first, this seems rather pointless, as it has no impact on resistance control. You may verify this fact for yourself by inserting another wire in your circuit and comparing motor behavior before and after the change:

If the potentiometer is in good working order, this additional wire makes no difference whatsoever. However, if the wiper ever loses contact with the resistive strip inside the potentiometer, this connection ensures the circuit does not completely open: that there will still be a resistive path for current through the motor. In some applications, this may be an important. Old potentiometers tend to suffer from intermittent losses of contact between the wiper and the resistive strip, and if a circuit cannot tolerate the complete loss of continuity (infinite resistance) created by this condition, that "extra" wireprovides a measure of protection by maintaining circuit continuity. You may simulate such a wiper contact "failure" by disconnecting the potentiometer's middle terminal from the terminal strip, measuring voltage across the motor to ensure there is still power getting to it, however small:

It would have been valid to measure circuit current instead of motor voltage to verify a completed circuit, but this is a safer method because it does not involve breaking the circuit to insert an ammeter in series. Whenever an ammeter is used, there is risk of causing a short circuit by connecting it across a substantial voltage source, possibly resulting in instrument damage or personal injury. Voltmeters lack this inherent safety risk, and so whenever a voltage measurement may be made instead of a current measurement to verify the same thing, it is the wiser choice.