Problem E1.

The magnetic permeability of water is essentially unperturbed; connecting the respective points on the graph, we obtain a line corresponding to a at water sur(10 points)
Part A. Qualitative shape of the water surface (1 points) Observing reections from the water surface (in particular, those of straight lines, such as the edge of a sheet of paper), it is easy to see that the prole has one minimum and has a relatively at bottom, ie. the correct answer is Option D (full marks are given also for Option B). This prole implies that water is pushed away from the magnet, which means < 1 (recall that ferromagnets with > 1 are pulled). Part B. Exact shape of the water surface (7 points) i. (1.6 pts) The height of the spot on the screen y is tabulated below as a function of the horizontal position x of the caliper. Note that the values of y in millimetres can be rounded to integers (this series of measurements aimed as high as possible precision). x (mm) 10 15 20 25 30 32 34 36 y (mm) 11.5 15.6 19.8 24.3 30.2 33.2 37.2 40.5 x (mm) 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 y (mm) 42.2 41.4 40.3 40.3 40.8 42 43.2 44.4 x (mm) 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 y (mm) 45.3 45.8 45.4 44.4 43.6 46.2 50 53.6 x (mm) 70 72 74 76 78 80 85 90 y (mm) 56.7 59.5 61.6 63.5 65.3 67 70.9 74.9 ii. (0.7 pts) face the red line. Using these two extreme data points we .911.5 can also easily calculate the angle 0 = arctan 7490 10 38 .

iv. (1.4 pts) For faster calculations, y y0 (x x0 ) tan 0 (appearing in the formula given) can be read from the previous graph as the distance between red and blue line; the red line is given by equation yr = y0 + (x x0 ) tan 0 . One can also 1 cos2 0 0.31. The calculations lead to the folprecalculate 2 lowing table (with z = tan 105 ; as mentioned above, during the competition, lesser precision with two signicant numbers is sucient).

On this graph, the data of to two dierent water levels are depicted; blue curve corresponds to a water depth of ca 2 mm (data given in the table above); the violet one to 1 mm. iii. (0.5 pts) If the water surface were at, the dependence of x on y would be linear, and the tangent of the angle 0 would be y given by tan 0 = x , where x is a horizontal displacement of the pointer, and y the respective displacement of the spot height. For the extreme positions of the pointer, the beam hits the water surface so far from the magnet that there, the surface

x (mm) 10 z 0 x (mm) 38 z 597 x (mm) 54 z -72 x (mm) 70 z -154

15 10 40 428 56 -145 72 -74

20 27 42 239 58 -278 74 -40

25 66 44 128 60 -449 76 -20

30 204 46 53 62 -606 78 -6

32 303 48 26 64 -536 80 2

34 473 50 0 66 -388 85 -2

36 591 52 -26 68 -254 90 0

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v. (1.6 pts) The water height can be obtained as the integral h = tan dx. Thus, we calculate the water height row-byrow, by adding to the height in the previous row the product of the horizontal displacement xi+1 xi with the average slope 1 2 (tan i+1 + tan i ). x (mm) 10 15 20 25 30 32 34 36 h (m) 0 0 1 4 10 15 23 34 x (mm) 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 h (m) 46 56 63 66 68 69 69 69 x (mm) 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 h (m) 68 66 61 54 44 32 23 17 x (mm) 70 72 74 76 78 80 85 90 h (m) 12 10 9 8 8 8 8 8 Note that the water level height at the end of the table should be also 0 (this corresponds also to an unperturbed region); the non-zero result is explained by the measurement uncertainties. One can improve the result by subtracting from h a linear trend 10 mm 8 m x 80 mm . If the water level above the magnet is 1 mm, the water level descends below its unperturbed level at the axis of the magnet by ca 120 m. vi. (1 pt)

Similarly to the previous gure, blue curve corresponds to a water depth of ca 2 mm, (data given in the table above), and the violet one to 1 mm. The position of the magnet can be found by measuring the caliper (nd the positions when the laser beam hits the edges of the magnet and determine the distance between these positions the result is ca 24 mm), and using the symmetry: magnet is placed symmetrically with respect to the surface elevation curve. Part C. Magnetic permeability (2 points) Water surface takes an equipotential shape; for a unit volume of water, the potential energy associated with the magnetic inter B2 1 action is 2 1) B 2 1 0 ( 20 ; the potential energy associated with the Earths gravity is gh. At the water surface, the sum of those two needs to be constant; for a point at unperturbed 1 surface, this expression equals to zero, so B 2 20 + gh = 0 and hence, 1 = 20 gh/B 2 . Here, h = 120 m stands for the depth of the water surface at the axis of the magnet; note that we have compensated the cumulative error as described at the end of the previous task and obtained h as the dierence between the depth at the magnets axis (121 m) and the halfdepth at the right-hand-side of the graph (1 m). Putting in the numbers, we obtain 1 = 1.2 105 .

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Problem E2. Nonlinear Black Box (10 points)

Part A. Circuit without inductance (7 points) It is possible to make all the measurements needed for this problem with a single circuit as shown in the gure. While the current source is switched on, we are charging the capacitor in the black box, until the current I (Vmax ) through the nonlinear element equals to the output current I0 of the current source. Vmax = 540 40 mVs varies from one experimental setup to another. When the current source is switched o or disconnected, the capacitor will discharge through the nonlinear element.

When the voltage on the black box is Vmax , the current through the nonlinear element is I0 . Switching the current source o, we will have the capacitor discharging with the same current. (V = Vmax ) C0 = I0 /V

We can also measure the capacitance for any intermediate voltage as in A-iv. iii. (2.2 pts) If we neglect the nonlinearity of the capacitor, there are (at least) two ways to obtain the currentvoltage characteristic of the nonlinear element in the black box. Applying Kirchhos I law to the charging capacitor,

Multimeter IN OUT

GND

Current source Switch +

O I

Black box
Switch

(V ). I (V ) = Ic C0 V An I (V ) characteristic obtained by charging the capacitor is shown on the following gure. Applying Kirchho I law to the discharging capacitor,

O I

i. (1 pt) During charging of the capacitor from V = 0 to V = Vmax we note that the output of the current source is constant (I0 = 6.0 mA) close to the precision of the multimeter. ii. (1.2 pts) Using the denition of dierential capacitance, we can calculate the current through the capacitor in the black box from the time derivative of the voltage on the black box. dQ dQ dV Ic = = = C (V )V dt dV dt There are several ways to determine the capacitance used in the black box based on chosen voltage. When the voltage on the black box is close to zero, the current through the nonlinear element is also close to zero, because I (V = 0) = 0. After switching the current source on, most of the input current I0 will at rst go through the capacitor. (V = 0) C0 = I0 /V
I (mA)

(V ). I (V ) = C0 V

6 Part A Part B 5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 This can be measured more precisely after rst reversing V (V) the polarity of the current source and charging the capacitor backwards, because the multimeter does not display iv. (2.6 pts) In order to obtain the dierential capacitance, derivatives when they change sharply (as in few moments we solve a system of linear equations by eliminating I (V ): after switching the current source on).

Example measurements taken this way follow. V (0) (mV/s) C0 (F) 3.51 1.71 3.32 1.81 3.55 1.69

C (V ) + I (V ) I0 = V I (V ) = V C (V );

= C (V ) =

I0 . V V

C0 = 1.74 F

Therefore we need to take measurements during both charging and discharging the capacitor in the black box at the same voltages. A graph of measurement results follows.
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2.1 2.05 2

1.95 C (F)

1.9 1.85

1.8

Part B. Circuit with inductance (3 points) Measuring and plotting the currentvoltage characteristic of the nonlinear element in the same way as in part A-iii, we obtain a graph that diers only in the negative dierential resistance (I (V ) < 0) region, in our case 70 mV < V < 330 mV. This is the region where, when we look at small-signal oscillations, the nonlinear element behaves as a negative-valued Ohmic resistance. After enabling the inductance we have a LC circuit whose oscillations are amplied (instead of being dampened) by the negative dierential resistance. Because the 1 resonant frequency = LC 30 MHz (with Cp being the p capacitance of the nonlinear element) is high, we actually measure the average current through the nonlinear element, while the real current oscillates all over the region of negative dierential resistance.

1.75 1.7

0.1

0.2

0.3 V (V)

0.4

0.5

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