Name: Joie Vincent R.

Dagohoy Student Number: 2009-33281

Date Performed: 06-24-13 Date Submitted: 07-1-13

Exercise Number 1 Observation and Description

I. Objectives: A. For Choice Chamber and Garden Snail Experiment a. to define observation and description b. explain the characteristics of a good and valid scientific observation and description c. list down observations on some animal behavior d. organize observations into a unified and coherent description e. recognize the manifestations and characteristics of life B. For Physical Properties Experiment f. define the three types of mixtures and distinguish one from the other based on their physical properties g. list down observations on physical phenomena h. organize observations into a unified and coherent description i. relate the properties of the cell to the physical properties of the mixtures studied

II. Materials A. For Choice Chamber and Garden Snail Experiment a. Animals - ants - snail b. Substances - sugar crystals - orange juice - laundry detergent - salt crystals - flour

c. Apparatus - choice chamber - magnifying lens/glass B. For Physical Properties Experiment a. Substances - salt - flour - oil b. Apparatus - test tubes - alcohol lamp - test tube holder - penlight - beaker (with the ice) - gelatin - distilled water - detergent - 0.1% baking soda (NAHCO3) - ice cold water

III. Procedure: A. For Choice Chamber Experiment 1. Obtain 10 ants. Viewing them with a magnifying lens/glass, draw a sketch of an ant. Then take note of their general appearance, movement, and interaction with each other. 2. In the choice chamber, add sugar crystals in Chamber A and add a substance of your choice on Chamber B (in our case, we used orange juice powder). Place 10 ants in Chamber C and observe what happens every 1 minute for 20 minutes. 3. Tabulate the data and make a graph of the number of ants in each chamber over time. B. For Garden Snail Experiment 1. Obtain a garden snail and draw a sketch of it, labeling its foot and shell. Take note of its general appearance, movement, its reaction when poked, and how it feels when it crawls in your hands. 2. Obtain the following substances: flour, laundry detergent and orange juice. Observe the reaction of the snail when offered with them and tabulate the data. C. For Physical Properties Experiment a. Salt and Water 1. Place 10 ml distilled water in a test tube and add table salt little by little then shake. Describe and identify the resulting mixture. 2. Continue adding salt to the test tube until salt no longer dissolves. Identify the resulting mixture.

b. Flour and Water 1. Place 10 ml distilled water in a test tube and add one-fourth teaspoon of flour and shake. Describe and identify the resulting mixture. c. Oil and Water 1. Obtain two test tubes and place 10 ml of distilled water and 5 drops of oil in each of them. Shake and set aside for 2 minutes. Describe and identify the resulting mixtures. 2. To the first tube, add 1 ml of 0.1% baking soda (NAHCO3) and to the second, add 1 ml detergent. Shake them well. Describe and identify the resulting mixture in each of the test tubes and compare the results. d. Gelatin and Water 1. Place 10 ml distilled water in a test tube and add one-third teaspoon granulated gelatin. Shake and let stand for 2 to 5 minutes. Describe and identify the resulting mixture. 2. Warm the mixture using an alcohol lamp until the gelatin is dissolved. Describe what state the mixture is in. Using a penlight, allow light to pass through the mixture. 3. Place the test tube in a beaker containing ice cold water for 5 minutes. Describe the state and identify the resulting mixture.

IV. Results A. For Choice Chamber Experiment Table 1.1a: Description of the ants used Criteria General appearance Movement Interaction with each other Figure 1.1a: Sketch of an ant Description Red soldier ants/small in size fast They are in groups

Table 1.2a: Substances in each chamber Chamber A B C Substance/Material Sugar Orange juice Ants

Table 1.3a: Number of ants present in each chamber through time Time (mins) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Chamber A 8 9 9 10 9 10 10 10 7 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Chamber B 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chamber C 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Graph 1.1a: Number of ants present in different chambers through time

Ants present in different chambers through time

12 Number of ants 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (mins) Chamber A (sugar) Chamber B (orange) Chamber C

B. For Garden Snail Experiment Table 1.1b: Description of the snail used Criteria General appearance Movement Reaction when poked Snail crawling in hands Figure 1.1b: Sketch of the snail with labels Description Brown, slimy Slow, crawling Retreats to its shell Cold, slimy

Table 1.2b: Reaction of the snail on different substances Substance Flour Laundry detergent Orange juice powder C. For Physical Properties Experiment Table 1.1c: Description of the mixture of salt and water Mixture Distilled water + salt Distilled water + a lot of salt Description Salt was dissolved, clear (solution) Some salt crystals were not dissolved, cloudy (suspension) Snails Reaction Interacts with it Doesnt interact with it Doesnt interact with it

Table 1.2c: Description of the mixture of flour and water Mixture Distilled water + flour Description Not fully dissolved, sediments settled at the bottom (suspension)

Table 1.3c: Description of the mixture of oil and water and when mixed with NAHCO3 and detergent Mixture Distilled water + oil Distilled water + oil + NAHCO3 Distilled water + oil + detergent Description Didnt mix, oil on top (suspension) Marble-like bubbles were formed, no sediments (suspension) Small bubbles were suspended, foam of bubbles was formed (suspension)

Table 1.4c: Description of the mixture of gelatin and water and when exposed to different temperatures Mixture Distilled water + gelatin Distilled water + gelatin under heat Distilled water + gelatin under cold Description Gelatin settled at the bottom (suspension) Light didnt scatter, gelatin was fully dissolved (solution) (liquid state) Gelatin and water were fully mixed, light scattered (colloid)(solid state)

V. Discussions A. Choice Chamber 1. Based on your data, did the ants show a preference from one substance over another? If yes, how were they able to determine that the substance present in one chamber is more preferable choice than the other? If no, explain why. As Graph 1.1a showed, the ants are much more attracted to stay in Chamber A, which contains sugar. At some point in time, some ants decided to go to Chamber B (which contains orange juice) but in the last 10 minutes, all ants preferred to stay in Chamber A. However, the ants didnt touch or even stayed near where the sugar in Chamber A is located. They are not interested in the sugar at all; instead they just stayed in a group at a spot away from the sugar, where they do not move at all. 2. Ants are social insects and thus, they survive by working together as a colony. Communication is a crucial component for such feat to work. How do ants communicate? Ants communicate through their antennae. Ants touch antennae with each other in order to smell each other, detecting chemicals on each others body. Each ant is coated with a layer of grease, made of chemicals called hydrocarbons and their antennae are their organ of chemical perception. Each task group of ants (gatherers, soldiers, patrollers, etc) has a unique mixture of hydrocarbon. However, the task of a group of ants is not determined by what hydrocarbon they secrete, rather their hydrocarbon composition change on what task they are doing. It means that ants do not secrete a certain combination of hydrocarbon as they do their task, rather doing a task changes their chemical smell. Just as a carpenter gets calluses from holding tools, an ant comes to smell different from the work it does. It is when ants are exposed to high temperature (direct sunlight) and lower humidity (the relative humidity in the outside atmosphere, unlike their colonies underground which has relatively higher humidity), the ants smell into gatherers thus their work is of a gatherer ant. This explains why the ants in the experiment are not particularly interested in the sugar or powdered orange juice, since they are

not exposed into gatherer conditions and their body structure are that of soldier ants, so they are not into patrolling or gathering food and they are not a part of any colony which makes them wonder about their function or use. So they just instead stayed in a group and do nothing (regardless of what chamber they are in), since they do not know what to do. B. Garden Snail 3. What was the reaction of the snail when presented with each substance? Why did the snail exhibit such behavior? Consider what it is about each substance that is causing the snails response. As shown in Table 1.2b, the only substance which the snail interacted is the flour, and it is repelled when drawn close to orange juice and detergent. However, it is not particularly interested in eating or walking over the flour. It is just that it didnt react violently when flour touched its foot. On the other hand, when the snail was drawn near the orange juice and detergent, it wont let any part of its foot or mouth touch even a granule of them, avoiding those substances no matter what. Orange juice and detergent have something in common their pH is not neutral. Orange juice is acidic, while detergent is basic. Therefore, the snail tried to avoid them since they would cause damage to its foot or its digestive tract when eaten. C. Physical Properties 4. In the salt and water portion of the experiment, why is it that the salt crystals no longer dissolve when added excessively to the water? Salt (NaCl) reacts with water (H2O) when they are mixed. Negatively charged oxygen (O2-)of water is attracted to the sodium cations (Na+), while the positively charged hydrogen (H+) is attracted to the chloride anions (Cl-). The balanced chemical equation is: 2NaCl (s) + H2O (l) Na2O(aq) + 2HCl (aq) In this chemical equation, 2 moles of salt (solid) can react to 1 mole of water (liquid), and Na2O and HCL are both in aqueous state, meaning they are homogenously mixed with water (therefore the resulting mixture is a solution). Since in the experiment, water is limited, adding excessive salt will result to oversupply of NaCl that wont have any H2O molecule to react with. Thats why the excess salt (solute) no longer dissolved in the water (solvent) because it wont have any water molecules to react with. 5. In the oil and water portion of the experiment, what are the effects of sodium bicarbonate and detergent on the mixture? Which is the emulsifier? Why? An emulsifier is a substance that helps mix two different substances into just one substance. In the experiment, the emulsifier is the detergent, since it has made the oil and the water dissolve and mix with each other efficiently. There is a rule called like dissolves like. In this case, polar substances will dissolve only other polar substances, and non-polar substances will dissolve only other non-polar substances. A polar substance is a neutral substance but with a different charge at each ends of their molecules, while nonpolar substances are neutral substances and has no charge at the end of their molecules. Water is an example of a polar substance, while oil is an example of a nonpolar substance. Detergent, however, is considered amphoteric, which means it can dissolve in polar and nonpolar substances, since they have two halves the hydrophilic (loves water) and hydrophobic (hates water) parts. The hydrophilic part is polar, which means it can dissolve water, while the hydrophobic part is nonpolar, which means it can dissolve oil. Since the oil and the water are fully dissolved, they can be called a solution

mixture. However, in our data, we recorded it as a suspension solution due to the presence of bubbles, which is on a different state (bubbles are gas while the solution is liquid). Sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3) or baking soda has another effect on the mixture of oil and water. Based on what have been observed (Table 1.3c), it made the oil unattached to surface of the test tube and formed small marble-like bubbles which made cleaning the test tube from oil grease easier. VI. Conclusion Based on the data gathered, it is therefore concluded that observation is what is perceived by the five senses while description is the written or spoken account on what is observed. Scientific observation leads to scientific description, which must be clear, objective/factual, precise, and repeatable. It must be clear so that it wont be c onfusing when analyzed; factual so that it wont be subject to bias; precise so that it can be easily compared to other data, and; repeatable so that it can be tested, supported, or falsified. On the two parts of the experiment involving animals, it can be observed that even though they are both under Kingdom Animalia, they differ a lot in their characteristics, especially at their general appearance and movement. Ants, even small, are a lot faster compared to snails. Snails have shells where they can hide when their stimulus is triggered, while ants rely on their small size and agility to overcome an enemy bigger than them. On the third part of the experiment, three types of mixtures are identified and shown. Solution is a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances, suspension is a mixture of substances resulting to two or more phases, or just one phase but the substances are highly distinguishable from each other, while colloid is a mixture of a liquid and particles that remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid, and when struck with light, light will scatter in the mixture, presenting a Tyndall effect. In the oil and water experiment, oil is a nonpolar substance while water is a polar substance, and the detergent, being amphoteric, is the emulsifier for their mixture. There are also detergent-like molecules in our cells. They create the cell walls that separate water inside the cell from the water outside the cell. They do this by forming a bi-layer. The non-polar ends of the detergent-like molecules face one another (hydrophobic to hydrophobic), leaving the outer surfaces polar (hydrophilic to hydrophilic). One of their functions is that they help to suspend greasy molecules in the blood stream so they don't form globs and clog our veins and arteries. VII. References 1. Campbell, Reece (2008). Biology: 8th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc: San Francisco, California. pp 28-29, 50-51. 2. An article on Properties of Water. Retrieved June 30, 2013 from http://www.haverford.edu/educ/knight-booklet/propofwater.htm 3. An article on Polar and Nonpolar Substances. Retrieved June 30, 2013 from http://www.mrowen.com/chem11/solutions/solutions40.pdf