Reviewer for History of Civilization (Western Civilization) PRELIMS

Civilization- perfection refinement of culture.

of

culture;

- Birth of language, songs, poetry. IRON- birth of Nations Origin of Man began in Africa Reasons why man migrate: 1. Conflict 2. Lack of Food 3. Weather/ Climate Cro-Magnon- lived 1M-500,000 years in Spain/ France. -The further the creatures migrate, the smaller they become. History- events Civilization- contributions Factors in the Development of Culture and Civilization Natural Factors: 1. GeographyDeltas, Coasts, Valleys 2. Climate- temperate, tropical 3. Human Interaction Exonym- name given by outsiders.

Culture- product or deliberate conscious activity; distinguishes one group from another. Pitecanthropus Erectus- Java man Sinanthropus Pekinensis-Peking man Fossils- imprints of formerly living creature. Remains- actual part of the formerly living creature. Different Primitive Ages 1. Paleolithic Age (Stone Age) 1,000-20,000 -flake tools -hunting and gathering -Family groups -caves -Lean to- (their houses) 2. Neolithic Age -Rubbed/ Grounded -Farming & Agriculture -Domestication of Plants & Animals -start of writing -Homes are made of available materials such as; Animal Hides, Woods, Animal Dung (Cow Feces) -Start of Government/ combination of many families Leader Warrior Religious Leader Provider -Satrified Nobles Freeman -invention of wheel. -Pottery/ rope making/ Jewelry(camelian, Jade, Bone) -Start of signs of religion -Aesthetics Delta- mouths of the river. 3. Metal Age -Higher Government -Higher form of Religion -organized Culture COPPER-Ethnocentrism;Kingdoms BRONZE- Cities were formed.

Tools of Studying Civilization 1. Anthropology- study of man. 2. Archeology- study of ancient relics left by man. 3. Paleontology- study of old things. 4. History- written records. Evolution of Man -Homo Erectus Neanderthal CroMagnon Homo Sapiens Cambrian Age- life emerges Permian Age Mediterranean- area of 3 continents; Europe, Asia & Africa. Eurasia- climate is temperate. Fertile Crescent- Israel to Iraq Turkey- formerly the province of Asia.

Reviewer for History of Civilization (Western Civilization) PRELIMS

Central Asia- cradle of Homo Sapiens. Neolithic Age- start of Agriculture. Copper- first metal used. Levant- Canaan. MIGRATION THEORIES Out of Taiwan theory- Peter Bellwood. Murex purple dye from seashell. -the making of books come from Phoenecians. Tyre- last to be conquered. Canaanites- Land Phoenecians. Urc- present day Iraq. Mosaic Law- law of Moses. Cyrus 1- Persian Emperor. Greece: Myceneans Aecheans Minoans- kingdom of Atlantis - Copper age civilization. Hellespont- bridge Bosporus- divides Asia and Europe. Istanbul- city in 2 continents. Dardanelles- lead to Bosporus. Amber- gold color preserved in pine trees.; electron. According to Lando Jocano, societies can be: 1. Germinal 2. Formative 3. Emergent Nile River- important for Egypt. - Has cataracts Menes- unified Kingdoms Pharoah- restores order. Turkey, Egypt- country in 2 continents -subdivided into four regions. Nile Valley- upper Egypt Nile Delta- lower Egypt Egypt was formerly divided into 2. OLD KINGDOMDjoser- first king who made the Steppe Pyramid. Mastaba-underground room.

Osiris-god of the underworld. Horus- son of Isis and Osiri Bastet- goddess of the home Semitic-Jews Hemitic-Arabs Amorites- Iran/ Persian NEW KINGDOM -18th Dynasty to 20th Dynasty Hatshepsut- first woman Pharoah Social Classes: 1. NOBLES- pharaoh 2. SOLDIERS 3. COMMONERS-farmers artisans. 4. SLAVES RELIGION: Anubis- god of the dead/underworld Amin-god of air and wind. GREEK CIVILIZATION Peloponnesus- Greek Peninsula Athens 1. Acropolis- high city; for defense. 2. Agora- marketplace Draco- drew up first written laws of Athens. Cleisthenes- head of political party; opposed to tyrants. Pericles- democracy reaches its height. - Golden age of Athens. Types of Govt: 1. Monarchy- by king Tyranny 2. Aristocracy-best people Oligarchy 3. Polity- people desires for the higher good. Democracy SPARTA Lakonia- all regions under Sparta -no great works of art came out of Sparta because they were focused on Military power. -oligarchical govt. -strong warrior. ATHENS *Nobles *Freemen *Slaves SPARTA *Homoioi (warrior class) *Periokoi (prep.wapons, farming) *Helots (conquered people)

and

Reviewer for History of Civilization (Western Civilization) PRELIMS

PERSIAN WAR Greeks were superior in the sea. Marathon- place in Greece. Athens vs. Persia. -Darius I was defeated at Marathon. Delian League- island of Delos - sleaded by the Athens GREECE CONTRIBUTIONS 1. Government- polis-city-to be civilized. 2. Democracy 3. Literature *Mythology: Tragedies/Comedian; Poetry; Orations. 4. Architecture -column designs -Amphitheater -Agora- Marketplace 5. Arts -ivory; gold; Zeus; Colossus Rhodes; Halicarnassus;Olympics; Science 6. Philosophy Draconian law- harsh law. Hoplites- armored soldier. Athenian-good in Navy Alcibiades- treacherous man; student of Socrates. After Pericles death, aggressive defensive, assigned demagogues to

Cleopatra- Macedonian. -second wife of Philip II. Plutarch- historian. Hepastion- lover of Alexander. Hellenic- pure Greek settlements.; ex: PERICLES. Hellenistic- combination of Western & Asian culture/ civilization. Ex: Alexander Alexandria- home of the biggest/ greatest library. Humanism- man is the measure of the universe. - Human- centeredness. - East and West are one. - Center of many beliefs & knowledge. ROMAN CIVILIZATION Alps- north 1. ETRUSCANS - North of ITALY. - Most powerful group. Magna Graecia- great Greece. - South of Greece. - Northern Italy is very fertile. : Bolonia, Florence, Milan, Venice, Verona.. - Southern Italy; Naples, Syracuse. ITALY- Viteliu - Middle of the Mediterranean Sea. - Located Southern Europe. Latiom- region where Rome is located. 2. Oscans- Southern Italy a. Seminites b. Aurunci c. Ausones ORIGIN OF ROME Aenid- written by Virgil. Aeneas- traveled from Troy to Tome. Venus- mother of Aeneas. Titus Liuvius- historian. Capitoline Wolf- Remus & Romulus.

Thucydides- great historian. Solon- law maker. Macedonia- barbarians; has rich deposit of gold.

PHILIP 2- united Macedonian tribes - wanted to unite the world in one kingdom. -assassinated by his formal lover. ALEXANDER III- son of Philip 2. -son ofOlympias.

Reviewer for History of Civilization (Western Civilization) PRELIMS

7 Kings 1. Numa Pompilius- Sabine in origin. - 12 months calendar - Kalend, Nones, Ides 2. Tulius Hostilius- responsible for the destruction ofAlba Longa. 3. AncusMArcius 4. Tranquinius Priscus. 5. Cloaca Maxima- sewage system. 6. Servius Tullius- divisionof the people into tribes & classes. a. Patricians- noble people b. Clients- supporters/ followers ofpatricians. c. Plebes- ordinary people. 7. Tarquinius Superbus - Last king - Dictator. *Rape of Lucretia- she was raped by Sextus Tarquinius in Collatia. *The result was led by Lucius Junius Brutus; first counselor of the Republic. STRUGGLE of ORDERS Patricians vs. Plebians. Military Tribune- officials. Gaul- modern day France. Militia- citizen army. Pontifex Maximus- bridge offices. - mediator. Censors- commelec. Triumviri Monetales- monetary section Veto- I forbid.

Punic War (264-164 B.C.) - Powers rise to become military power in Mediterranean. st 1 Punic War- Sicilian War - Carthage was forced to pay war fines. Gauls- enemy of Rome. 2nd Punic War- Rome vs. Carthage Rome city of 7 hills. After the Punic War, republic was turned to Principate/ EMPIRE. - Ruled by Princeps- leading citizen. st 1 Triumvirater- Julius Ceasar. 2nd Triumvirate -Octavian- Augustus- Pax Romana - Anthony -Lepidus Julio Claudian 1. Tiberius 2. Caligula- crazy emperor. 3. Tiberius Claudius 4. Nero. Domus Aurea- dreamhouseof Nero Actors- lowest form of man in society; in level w/ the prostitutes. 3rd Triumvirate Flavian DynastyTitus Flavius Vespasian Generals 1. Otho 2. Galba 3. Vitelleus 4. Vespasian Vespasian- Italian Gentry - Began construction of Colosseum: Amphitheater. Titus- son of Vespasian - Restored Nerosdestruction th 4 Triumvirate Nerva Antonine Dynastry 7 Roman Emperors - The first five are called good emperors. 1. Marcus Nerva 2. Trajan- optimus Princeps/ Best Enperor. 3. Hadrian- rebuilt the Pantheon. 4. Antoninus Pius

KINGDOM REPUBLIC

CONSUL

CONSUL

SENATE (patricians) PLEBIANS (normal freemen)

Imperator- Dictator - Govt doomed to fail. Spartacus- slaved that almost overthrew the Romans.

Reviewer for History of Civilization (Western Civilization) PRELIMS

5. Marcus Aurelius- Hedonist/ Stoic Philosopher. 6. Lucius Verus 7. Commodus 8. Septimus Severus 9. Caracalla Diocletian- divided Rome into two. 5th Triumvirate- Severan Dynastry.