4.

Work, Energy and Power

Animations of roller coasters, downhill skiers and pendula are used to illustrate the relationship between the concepts of work and energy.

4.1 Work and Energy

Work dW = F.ds W = dW W = F . ds WORK The work W done by an agent exerting a constant force, F and causing a displacement s equals the magnitude of the displacement, s, times the component of F along the direction of s.

If an object undergoes a displacement of s, the work done by the force F is (F cos )s

Notes : If s = 0 W = 0( no work is done when holding a heavy box, or pushing against wall). W = 0 if ( no work is done by carrying a bucket of water horizontally). Work is a scalar The SI units of work are Joules (J). ( 1 Joule = 1 Newton meter ) Energy A body which is capable of doing work is said to possess energy. The amount of energy that a body has is equal to the amount of work that it can do. Mechanical energy : Potential energy - position Kinetic energy - motion 4.2 Potential Energy

Potential Energy An object can store energy as the result of its position. This stored energy of position is referred to as potential energy. Potential energy is the stored energy of position possessed by an object.

Gravitational potential energy (PEgrav) - is the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical position.(i.e height) PEgrav = mass * g * height

Gravitational potential energy (PEgrav)

Elastic potential energy

Elastic potential energy Energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretching or compressing. The more stretch, the more stored energy. Springs are a special instance of device which can store elastic potential energy due to either compression or stretching.

Elastic potential energy (Spring) A force required to stretch a spring. For certain springs, the amount of force required is directly proportional to the amount of stretch or compression (x); the constant of proportionality, spring constant (k). Such spring are said to follow Hookes Law

Elastic potential energy (Spring) Work required to stretch a spring from its equilibrium position to some final arbitrary position, x is,

Elastic potential energy (Spring)

4.3 Kinetic Energy, K

The kinetic energy, K, of a particle of mass m moving with speed v is defined as K = mv2 Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity and has the same units as work (Joule). Kinetic energy is energy associated with the motion of a body. It is often convenient to write equation in the form : Wnet = Kf Ki = K work-energy theorem

The net work done by the force F is Wnet = Fs = (ma)s Relationships are valid when a particle undergoes constant acceleration : s = ( vi + vf )t ;
a= v f vi t

where vi is the speed at t = 0 and vf is the speed at time t. Substituting these expressions into equation gives

Work done on a particle equals the change in its kinetic energy.

Example 1:

6.0 kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal, frictionless surface by a constant, horizontal force of 12N as in figure 1.

Find the speed of the block after is has moved 3.0 m.

Solution 1: W = Fs = (12N)(3.0m) = 36 Nm = 36 J Using the work-energy theorem and noting that the initial kinetic energy is zero, we get

Example 2 : a) How much work is done to move a 1840 kg Jaguar XJ6 automobile from rest to 27.0 m s-1(60mi/h) on a level road? b) If this takes place over a distance of 117m, what is the average net force? Solution 2 : a) We can use the work-energy theorem to find the work ;

We set v1 equal to zero, v2 =27.0 ms-1 and

m = 1840kg. Then the work is

b) The average net force can be found from

4.4 Conservation of energy The total mechanical energy, E is defined as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies, we can write : E = K + U total mechanical energy

Therefore, we can apply conservation of energy in the form Ei = Ef,, or Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant The principle of conservation of mechanical energy for the system as Ei = Ef Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf

Example : Suppose your hand moves up 0.50 m while you are throwing the ball, which leaves your hand with an upward velocity of 20.0ms-1. Again ignore air resistance. a) Assuming that your hand exerts a constant upward force on the ball, find the magnitude of that force.

Find the speed of the ball at a point 15.0m above the point where it leaves your hand.

Solution : y1 = -0.50m ;

y2 = 0m ;K1 = 0,

U1 = mgy1 =(0.145)(9.80)(-0.50) -0.71 J K2 = 1/2mv22 = (0.145)(9.80)(0) = 0 U2 = mgy2 = (0.145)(9.80)(0) = 0 K1 + U1 + Wother = K2 + U2 Wother = (K2 K1) + (U2 U1) = (29.0 0) + (0 (-0.71) ) = 29.7 J a) Assuming that the upward force F that your hand applies is constant, we have

Since K 3 =

1 2 mv3 , the velocity at point 3 is 2

4.5

Power Power is defined as the time rate of energy transfer

The time rate of doing work The instantaneous power is the limiting value of the average power as t approaches zero

The instantaneous power can be written

The unit of power in SI system: J/s = kg m2s-3 =W

Example : 1.A 1000kg elevator carries a maximum load of 800 kg. A constant frictional force of 4000N retards its motion upward. What minimum power , in kilowatts, must the motor deliver to lift the fully loaded elevator at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s.

Solution : The motor must supply the force, F that pulls the elevator upward. From Newtons second law and from the fact a=0 because v is constant.

Where M is the total mass (elevator plus load) equal to 1800 kg. Therefore,

From P = Fv and the fact that T is in the same direction as v, we have

Example : 2. A 70 kg person runs up a staircase 3.0m high in 3.5 s. How much power does he develop in climbing the steps? Solution :

In this case, the work done is the change in gravitational potential energy, mgh, so the power is

Example : 3.An astronaut with space suit has mass of 110kg. Climbing up a hill 7.3m high in 7.2s requires the astronaut to expend a power of 200W. Is the astronaut on the earth? Solution : m=110kg h=7.3m t=7.2s P=200W From,

The astronaut not on the earth MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY

Definition How well a machine transfers the work put into work coming out of it is called the efficiency of the machine. Mathematical formula efficiency, ek=

work output work input

100%

The main factor affecting efficiency is friction. If friction could be eliminated, you would have a machines efficiency.

Example : 1. A steam requires 60 J of work to run it. It is capable of giving a work output of 30J. What is the machines efficiency? Solution :

Example : 2. A force of 545N is exerted on the use of a pulley system and, the rope is pulled 10m. Thus force causes an object with weight of 2520N to be raised 1.5m. What is the efficiency of the pully system? Solution :