Sampling Theory

Example 1:a) Find the sampling distribution of y for: A simple random sample of size 3 with replacement. To do this, all of the possible simple random samples need to be enumerated. Thus, with replacement, there will be 512 equally likely samples in a simple random sample (8 choices for the first, 8 choices for the second and 8 choices for the third is 8*8*8=512). To do create these 512 combinations in Minitab, go to Calc_Patterned Data_Arbitrary set of numbers. Store patterned data in C1, arbitrary set of numbers 1,2,4,4,7,7,7,8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 64 times. Store patterned data in C2, arbitrary set of numbers 1,2,4,4,7,7,7,8, list each value 8 times, list whole sequence 8 times. Store patterned data in C3, arbitrary set of numbers 1,2,4,4,7,7,7,8, list each value 64 times, list whole sequence 1 times. Next, get the average for each of the possible samples by Calc_Calculator Store results in C4, expression (C1+C2+C3)/3. To determine the frequency of each average, choose stat_tables_tally and choose column C4, check off counts and percents. I got the following distribution. C4 Count Percent 1.00000 1 0.20 1.33333 3 0.59 1.66667 3 0.59 2.00000 7 1.37 2.33333 12 2.34 2.66667 6 1.17 3.00000 21 4.10 3.33333 33 6.45 3.66667 15 2.93 4.00000 47 9.18 4.33333 48 9.38 4.66667 12 2.34 5.00000 63 12.30 5.33333 57 11.13 5.66667 21 4.10 6.00000 57 11.13 6.33333 36 7.03 6.66667 6 1.17 7.00000 27 5.27 7.33333 27 5.27 7.66667 9 1.76 8.00000 1 0.20 N= 512

A simple random sample of size 3 without replacement. For a simple random sample without replacement, there are a possible 336 equally likely samples (8*7*6=336) . The way I created them is a bit contorted, but I think it works. To create these samples, go to Calc_Make Patterned Data_Arbitrary Set of Numbers

Store data pattern in C6, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 2 4 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 42 times Store data pattern in C11, Arbitrary set of numbers 2 4 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 6 time, list whole sequence 1 times Store data pattern in C12, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 4 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 6 time, list whole sequence 1 times Store data pattern in C13, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 2 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 6 time, list whole sequence 2 times Store data pattern in C14, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 2 4 4 7 7 8, list each value 6 time, list whole sequence 3 times Store data pattern in C15, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 2 4 4 7 7 7, list each value 6 time, list whole sequence 1 times Manip_Stack_Stack Columns, Stack the following columns C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 in a column of the current worksheet C7. Store data pattern in C16, Arbitrary set of numbers 4 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 1 times Store data pattern in C17, Arbitrary set of numbers 2 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 2 times Store data pattern in C18, Arbitrary set of numbers 2 4 4 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 3 times Store data pattern in C19, Arbitrary set of numbers 2 4 4 7 7 7, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 1 times Store data pattern in C20, Arbitrary set of numbers 4 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 1 times Store data pattern in C21, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 2 times Store data pattern in C22, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 4 4 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 3 times Store data pattern in C23, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 4 4 7 7 7, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 1 times Store data pattern in C24, Arbitrary set of numbers 2 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 1 times Store data pattern in C25, Arbitrary set of numbers 1 4 7 7 7 8, list each value 1 time, list whole sequence 1 times and so on Then stack the appopriate columns for the appropriate number of times. Let Calc_Calculator store result n variable C9, expression (C6+C7+C8)/3. Get the counts and percentages as computed above.

C9 2.33333 3.00000 3.33333 3.66667 4.00000 4.33333 4.66667 5.00000

Count Percent 12 3.57 6 1.79 24 7.14 6 1.79 36 10.71 48 14.29 12 3.57 36 10.71

5.33333 42 5.66667 18 6.00000 36 6.33333 36 7.00000 6 7.33333 18 N= 336

12.50 5.36 10.71 10.71 1.79 5.36

b) Is y unbiased for each of the two sampling schemes? Explain by using the information from your sampling distribution. The quantity of interest is (1+2+4+4+7+7+7+8)/8 = 5. Note that the way the samples were created, they are all equally likely. Thus, the expected values of each of the sampling schemes is just the average of the columns (C4 or C9). To get the average of the columns, calc_column statistics. Statistic mean, input variable (the column number). Doing this, I see that both of the columns have an average of 5. Thus, both of the sampling schemes are unbiased. c) Draw histograms. Graph_histogram variables C4 and C9. For plan I)

140 120 100

Frequency

80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

C4

For plan ii)

90 80 70

Frequency

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

C9

d)