Introduction to Power System Engineering at Polytechnic University of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Introduction to Power System Engineering

JAYSON A. FRANCISCO, REE2010
jjaysonfrancisco@gmail.com
Course Objectives
To facilitate the Electrical Engineering students understanding on how the electric power system generation, transmission, and distribution is planned, developed, operated, and controlled.
Understanding the language of Power System Engineers
Power System Engineering

Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power as well as the electrical devices connected to such systems including generators, motors and transformers.
Source: Wikipedia
Areas of Power System Engineering

1. Fault Studies 2. Load Flow Studies 3. Power System Reliability 4. Power System Operations and Control 5. Economic Operations of Power System 6. Power System Protection 7. Surge Protection and Power Transient 8. Power System Planning 9. Power Quality 10. Power System Dynamics and Stability

Generation Transmission Subtransmission Distribution
Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE
Electric Power Industry Structure: MONOPOLY

IPPs NPC GenCo NPC GenCo IPPs
NPC
DU
EC
Direct
(Bulk-users)
DU/EC
Generation NPC, IPPs (IPPs - wholesale contract with NPC and some distribution companies) Transmission NPC Distribution and supply distribution utilities, electric cooperatives, directlyconnected customers
End-users
Generation
Electric Power Industry Structure: COMPETITIVE MARKET

IPP IPP IPP IPP
WESM (Market Operator)
Network Service Provider System Operator
DU Supplier/
Aggregator
Direct
(Bulkusers)
DU
End-users
Competitive generation Wholesale electricity spot market (WESM) Open access to high voltage wires Regulated transmission and distribution system Open access to distribution networks Retail competition
Electricity Supply Meets Demand Instantaneously

Generation
Transmission Subtransmission Distribution
Electric energy is generated in response to demands from consumers to keep balance between load and generation. The processes of generation, transmission, distribution and consumption are instantaneous: the moment load is switched on energy must be produce to meet demand. A delay of the generation response to demand will cause imbalance in the in the power system and will be reflected as an error in system frequency Any failure in the processes mentioned can also cause an imbalance in the power system and will be reflected as a system frequency deviation.
Demand (MW)
3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000
0:00:00 0:59:56 1:59:48 2:59:41 3:59:57 4:59:54 5:59:47 6:59:40 7:59:34 8:59:32 9:59:27 10:59:22 11:59:45 12:59:43 13:59:37 15:00:00 15:59:58 17:00:04 18:00:00 18:59:43 19:59:37 20:59:36 21:59:28 22:59:21
System Load Sample Date: August 18, 2006
Generation Schedule
System Load and Generation Balance
Time (hh:mm:ss)
System Load
Analogy of Load-Generation Balance in Relation to System Frequency

System Frequency Transmission
60
Generation Loads
Generation > = Load; System Frequency > < = 60 Hz <
Demand (MW)
3,000 59.40 59.60 59.80 60.00 60.20 60.40 60.60 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000
Frequency (Hz)
0:00:00 1:00:13 2:00:17 3:00:24 4:00:55 5:01:03 6:01:03 7:01:07 8:01:11 9:01:20 10:01:25 11:01:28 12:02:01 13:02:10 14:02:13 15:02:45 16:02:51 17:03:00 18:03:04 19:03:10 20:03:15 21:03:28 22:03:33 23:03:37
Tim e (hh:m m :ss)
Sample Date: August 28, 2006
System Frequency Indicates Balance
A closer look at system balance

60.60 60.40
Frequency (Hz)
60.20 60.00 59.80 59.60 59.40 4,400
Maximum positive intra-hour variation

4,300
Demand (MW)
4,200
Linear ramping
Maximum negative intra-hour variation
4,100
4,000
3,900
7:00:00
7:04:56
7:09:53
7:14:49
7:19:46
7:24:43
7:29:40
7:34:37
7:39:34
7:44:30
7:49:27
7:54:24
Tim e (hh:m m :ss)
Sample Date: August 28, 2006
Note: Blue line indicate zero load forecast error and zero dispatch tolerance.
7:59:21
Ensuring Load-Generation Balance

Load Forecasting hourly demand projection within tolerance limit Outage Scheduling accurate planning and implementation of outages Dispatch Scheduling adequate operating margin for reserve and energy
Dispatch Implementation linear ramping within dispatch tolerance limits

Reserve Response adequate reserve capacity allocation and response Compliance Monitoring real-time energy and reserve dispatch
Reserve Maintains Load-Generation Balance

60
Reserve used to compensate imbalance Reserve
Insufficient Reserve can Lead to Load Interruption

60
Load Dropping
Causes of Imbalances in the Grid

Intra-hour load variations
Hourly forecast errors
Dispatch target deviations

Loss of generating unit Depleted reserve capacity
Reserves as Ancillary Services are Categorized and Defined Based on Their Purpose:
Regulating Reserve- also called Frequency Regulation and Load
Following; a generating capacity from a Qualified Generating Unit allocated to cover intra-hour variations in demand, deviations from generation schedules and hourly forecasts errors.
Contingency Reserve - a generating capacity from a Qualified

Generating Unit allocated to cover loss of a synchronized generating unit or power imported from a single-circuit interconnection.
Dispatchable Reserve - generating capacity from a Qualified

Generating Unit allocated to replenish or free up Contingency Reserve allocations within a trading interval.
Basic Characteristics of Reserves

1. Adequacy sufficient capacity must be allocated to cover the imbalance within the specified period 2. Timing the speed of response should satisfy frequency control requirement 3. Accuracy the response should be correctly proportional to the imbalance
Power Generation Process

Hydro Geothermal Oil thermal Coal thermal Combined-cycle Gas turbine
Turbine Energy Source

Valve/Gate
Mechanical Energy
Generator
Electrical Energy
Increase/decrease generation
Primary Control
Frequency
Feed-forward Controls
Speed Governor Secondary Control
Grid
Manual Control Energy Management System/ Automatic Generation Control
Frequency Voltage Real Power Reactive Power Breaker Status RTD Target
Relative Time Frame of Reserve Responses

Over Generation Generator Tripping Generation Reduction Primary Regulating Reserve Primary Contingency Reserve Secondary Regulating Reserve
New Market Dispatch Schedule
Time
Secondary Contingency Reserve Manual Load Dropping
Automatic Load Dropping 60 sec Dispatch Interval 5 min Trading Interval = 1 hr
Dispatchable Reserves
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Electric Power System

Geothermal Plant (Embedded Generators) Coal Plant
End Users
Hydro Plant
End Users
Generation System
Transmission System
Distribution System
How is Electricity Transported and Distributed?
Transmission System
Transport electricity from the generating plants to the distribution facilities.
Operates at very high voltages Uses a loop configuration Interconnect one Electric Power System to another
Source:Unknown
Distribution System
The system of wires and associated facilities that are owned and operated by a franchised distribution utility.
Used to deliver electric energy to End-Users; Extends between Transmission System and End-User premises;
Power = Voltage x Current

Transporting bulk power (large amount of energy in short time) will require large current. This means bigger conductors. Transporting the same bulk power in higher voltage will result in lower current. This means smaller conductors.
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Power Transformer at High Voltage Substation (Power Plant and Transmission)

Power Transformer at Distribution Substation
PDUs: 69/13.8 kV ECs 67/13.2 kV

Transmission Lines
Source: IEEE-USA

LABRADOR BOTOLAN BPPC BAUANG
2X300MW
~
MCFTPP KADAMPAT 230KV 500KV
~
SCFTPP
2X650MW LA TRINIDAD
OLONGAPO
BINGA 230KV
SUBIC SAN MANUEL NEW 500KV
SAN MANUEL OLD
HERMOSA
500KV SAN JOSE LOAD CENTER 230KV MEXICO
Transmission System
Loop Configuration
Outdoor High Voltage Switchyard
Three Transmission Grids:
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao

Transmission Voltages
Luzon : 230 and 500 kV Visayas : 69, 138 and 230 kV Mindanao : 69 and 138 kV
Luzon and Visayas Grids are interconnected via a 350 kV HVDC submarine cable

Subtransmission Lines Primary Distribution Lines (Main Feeder)
Substation Transformer
Primary Distribution Lines (Laterals)

Misc Loads
Secondary Distribution Lines
Distribution System
Distribution Transformer
Service Drop
Residential
Commercial
Industrial

Distribution Lines Primary Voltage 13.2kV (Three Phase) 7.6kV (Single Phase) Secondary Voltage 240V
Pole-Mounted Transformer
Pad-Mounted Transformer
Distribution Transformers
How is Electricity Consumed?
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL

PEAK
100
Percent of Peak Load
80 60 40 20
OFFPEAK
Load Profile of Residential Customer

4 8 12 4 8 12
12
100
PEAK
80
60
40OFF20
PEAK
Load Profile of Commercial Customer

4 8 12 4 8 12
12
100
PEAK
80
60
OFFPEAK
40
20
0
12 4 8 12 4 8 12
Load Profile of Industrial Customer
Average Demand Load Factor Peak Demand

Energy Annual kWh Average Demand Time 8760 hrs
Annual kWh / 8760 Load Factor Peak Demand

COINCIDENT PEAK
NON-COINCIDENT PEAK
By Customer Class
By Delivery Point
True or False?
When electrical current is given multiple conductive paths on which to flow, current will only take the path of least resistance (impedance).
Grid Power Flow

Flow from generation point to purchase point uses every transmission path available Flow on each intermediate transmission facility is determined by its impedance
What happens a when line opens?

Line A from 1 to 3 is closed from region A. Color represents flow on Line A What happens when Line A ( from 1 to 3 ) open?
Line A
What happens a when line opens?

Line A from 1 to 3 trips. Power Flow must go elsewhere !!! Conditions change immediately all over the grid. This rerouting of power flow can create another abnormal situation and additional trip.
Line A
Power and Energy

When Electric Current Flows: Work is Done
(Light, heat, motion is produced)
Energy is the Work done (measured in watt-hours)

1 kilowatt-hour of electric energy = 1,000 watt-hours
Power is the rate at which Energy is generated, transported or consumed (measured in watts, kilowatt, Megawatts)
Power and Energy

Energy (kW-Hr) Power (kW) = Time (Hr)
Low Power
Fewer Electrons per hour
High Power
More Electrons per hour
Power of Electric Bulbs
Power and Energy

Rate of Consuming 100 kW-Hrs of Energy 5 Hrs vs. 2 Hrs 50 40
kW 20 10
kW 30
20
100 kW-Hrs
1 2 3 Hrs 4 5
10
1 2 Hrs
Which requires larger electrical equipment?
100 kW-Hrs
Power and Energy

Power in AC Circuits (Power System)
Active Power (kW)
Reactive Power (kVar)
Active Power Real Power Consumed (W, kW, MW) Reactive Power Power required by energy conversion equipment but not consumed (Var, kVar, Mvar) Apparent Power Vectorial Sum of Active and Reactive Power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power and Energy

Power Factor - measures the efficiency of utilization of power equipment
Active Power
Power Factor = Apparent Power
Apparent Power kVA Reactive Power kVar Definition of most engineers???
Active Power kW
PF = Cos
Power and Energy

POWER FACTOR
? kVA 80 kVar
100 kW
? kVA 40 kVar
100 kW
PF =
PF =
Power and Energy

POWER FACTOR
75 KVAR 133.33 KVAR
102 KVAR
48.43 KVAR
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
100 KW
100 KVA PF = 1.00
111.11 KVA PF = 0.90
125 KVA PF = 0.80
142.86 KVA PF = 0.70
166.67KVA PF = 0.60
Reactive and Apparent Power at different power factor for constant Active Power
Power and Energy

POWER FACTOR
43.59 KVAR
100 KW 60 KVAR 71.41 KVAR 80 KVAR
90 KW
80 KW
70 KW
60 KW
100 KVA PF =1.00
100 KVA PF = 0.90
100 KVA PF = 0.80
100 KVA PF= 0.70
100 KVA PF = 0.60
Active Power that can be supplied by the same equipment at different Power Factor
Power System Operation and Control
How is the Power System Operated?

Geothermal Plant (Embedded Generators)
Coal Plant
End Users
Hydro Plant
End Users
Generation System
Transmission System
Distribution System

System Demand
5 4 3 2 1
Operating Criteria
Frequency Regulation
Voltage Regulation
Outage Contingency Economic Operation
Spinning Reserves
MW
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Standby Reserves
HOUR
Economic Operation
(Generation Control)
The objective of economic operation is to ensure that the production cost of electricity is a minimum. The optimization is done in stages, usually an annual optimization (long range), followed by a monthly or biweekly optimization period (midterm), and finally a daily optimization period with hourly intervals (short term).
Annual Hydro-Thermal Coordination
Optimize the electric energy consumption from hydro-electric power plants
Unit Commitment
Bi-weekly or monthly schedule of available thermal generating plants
Economic Dispatch
Hourly schedule of committed generating plants over a twenty four hour period, the result in minimum production cost
Power System Engineering for Non-Engineers
Economic Operation
(Generation Control) Economic Operation
(Generation Control)
77
The annual optimization considers seasonal changes (La Nina, El Nino) The annual optimization considers seasonal changes The Optimization study must also take into account the rate of every (El Nino, La Nina). hydro plant and the effects of the hydro plants in cascade.
The optimization study must also take into account the rule curve of every hydro plant and the effect of hydro plants in cascade.
Hydro Plant Rule Curve
77
University of the Philippines National Engineering Center
Competency Training and Certification Program in Power System Engineering
MARKET TRADING MECHANISMS

Trading Participant (TP) Market Operator (MO)
Power Market
System Operator (SO)

Power System
Generator
DU/EC/Bulk-users
Market Network Model System Demand Forecast
Market Input Data: Energy offers and bids Reserve offers
Market Results: Prices and Schedules
Market Management System

Market Dispatch Optimization Model (MDOM) Pricing and Scheduling
System Condition: System Snapshot Outages/contingencies Transmission limits Reserve Requirements
Dispatch Instructions: Dispatch targets
Settlement and Billing Collections and Payments
Revenue Meters: Metered values
Economic Operation
Unit Commitment
Consider Interval i Form Unit Selection List
78
Economic Operation
Examine one combination of units
PERFORM DISPATCH
Yes
Satisfy Op. Constraints & Spinning Reserve?

No Yes
Compute Total Cost & Store Most Economical Strategy
Anymore Combinations?
No
No
Last interval
Yes
Output UC Schedule
Scheduling and Dispatch

(Dry Season)
6000
SYSTEM DEMAND PEAKING HYDRO
5000
OIL
BASED PLANT
4000
3000
COAL BASED PLANT
2000
MERALCO IPP'S (STA RITA,QPL,DURACOM)
1000
GEOTHERMAL BASE HYDRO HVDC - LEYTE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
H O U R
80
The Electricity Market under EPIRA

GenCo1
GenCo2
GenCoN Generators
Competitive
Regulated
TRANSMISSION COMPANY (NGCP)
SPOT MARKET
BILATERAL CONTRACTS
DU 1
DU 2
DU n
End Users
End Users
End Users
Competitive Retail Market

Suppliers
Dispatch Scheduling in WESM
Three generating companies 0

A with capacity of 3 0MW at price 0 of P 1500 B with capacity of 3 0MW at price 0 of P 1800 C with capacity of 5 0MW at price of P 2400
Demand: 550MWh at P 7500 - effectively fixed demand 150MWh at P 2100 - dispatchable load that will only be used if the price is below P2100 per MWh
Dispatch Schedule in WESM

Determining Schedules and System Marginal Price
Price (P/MWh) System Demand
Offers to Sell System Marginal Price
G2
G3 G3
G4
G1
Quantity Quantity (MW)
Frequency must be maintained at 60 Hz
Major Problem
Generation Load Imbalance If generation is less than load -> frequency drops If generation is greater than load -> frequency rises If frequency goes too far from 60 Hz the generators are taken off the line. Often happens if you isolate part of the power system.
Generation
Load
Generation vs Load Balance
How is the Power System Operated

PGC 3.2.2.2
The control of system frequency shall be the responsibility of the System Operator. The System Operator shall maintain the fundamental frequency within the limits of 59.4 and 60.6 during the normal conditions. However, the System Operator shall intervene within the frequency limits of 59.7 Hz and 60.3 Hz are breached.
84
How is the Power System How is the Power System Operated Operated?
Frequency Regulating Power Plant
Transmission System
Spinning Power Plant
Scheduled Power Plant
Back-up Power Plant
wer System Engineering for Non-Engineers
ANCILLARY SERVICES
Load- Following Reserve Spinning Reserve Backup Reserve Reactive Power Support Black Start
59.7HZ In Any Order of Priority MOT Contingency Reserve Dispatchable Reserve MRU Demand Control
60HZ
60.3HZ
MOT Plants
Regulating Reserve

65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 0 1 2 3
60.3 Hz PGC Limits 59.7 Hz
Frequency
Frequency Regulation
10
Time (sec)
In case the Power System Frequency momentarily rises to 62.4 Hz or falls to 57.6 Hz, all Generating Units shall remain in synchronism with the Grid for at least five (5) seconds to allow the System Operator to undertake measures to correct the situation.
Frequency and Voltage Control

Frequency Control. Can be achieved by the timely use of Frequency Regulating Reserve, Contingency Reserve and Demand Control. Voltage Control. Can be achieved by managing the reactive power supply in the Grid through the use of: Synchronous Condensers;

Static VAR Compensators; Shunt Capacitors and Reactors; and On-Load Tap Changing Transformers.
Competency Training and Certification
86
Operating Margin
Frequency Regulating Reserve. Refers to a generating unit that assists in frequency control by providing automatic primary and/or secondary frequency response. Also called load following reserve. Contingency Reserve. Generating capacity that is intended to take care of the loss of the largest synchronized generating unit or the power import from a single grid interconnection, whichever is larger. Contingency reserve includes Spinning Reserve and Back-up Reserve.
88
Demand Control
The reduction in demand for the control of the frequency when the Grid is in the Emergency State. This includes:

Automatic Load Dropping; Manual Load Dropping; Customer Demand Management; and Voluntary Load Curtailment
89
System Islanding
An island grid is created when a generating plant or a group of generating plants is isolated from the rest of the Grid but is capable of sustaining the supply of electricity to the customers within the island grid. Whenever an island grid exists, the System Operator shall undertake the resynchronization of the island grid with the rest of the Grid.
90
System Blackout
Partial System Blackout. The condition when a part of the Grid is isolated from the rest of the Grid and all generation in the isolated part of the Grid has shut down. Total System Blackout. The condition all generation in the Grid has ceased and the entire system has shut down.
BROWNOUT?
University of the Philippines
Black Start
The process of recovery from a total system blackout using a generating unit with the capability to start and synchronize with the system without an external power supply. The process includes: Creation of Island Grids;

Integration of Island Grids; and Restoration of the entire Grid.
Single Outage Contingency Criteria
Loss of one: * Lines * Transformers * Generators * Major Loads

Shall not result in power quality degradation and customer interruption
PGC 6.2.2.3
The Security and Reliability of the Grid shall be based on the Single Outage Contingency criterion. This criterion specifies that the Grid shall continue to operate in the NORMAL STATE following the loss of one Generating Unit, transmission line, or transformer.
PGC 6.2.1.1 The Grid shall be considered to be in the NORMAL State when:
The Operating margin is sufficient; The Grid frequency is within the limits of 59.4 and 60.6 Hz, as specified in Section 3.2.2; The voltages at all Connection Points are within the limits of 0.95 and 1.05 of the nominal value, as specified in Section 3.2.3;

PGC 6.2.1.1 The Grid shall be considered to be in the NORMAL State when:
The loading levels of all transmission lines and substation Equipment are below 100% of the maximum continuous ratings of the phase conductors and transformers as certified and submitted by the Grid Owners. Deviations may only be acceptable on contingency that depends on the condition of the facility subject to monitoring of the GMC; The Grid configuration is such that any potential fault current can be interrupted and faulted Equipment can be isolated from the Grid.
The Bulk Power Supply

Elaborate, complex, interconnection of power components which make up an interconnected power system
When we talk about reliability and security of power systems, we are interested in what we call BULK POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM. The part of the network which connects the power plants, the major substations, and the main EHV/HV lines. Interruptions in the bulk power supply are very serious
Many Users are affected by these interruptions are very serious They can be costly
Reliability
Reliability of a power system refers to the probability of its satisfactory operation over the long run. It denotes the ability to supply adequate electric service on a nearly continuous basis to supply adequate electric service on a nearly continuous basis, with few interruptions over an extended time period.
-IEEE Paper on Terms and Definitions 2004
Reliability
Reliability has two (2) components: 1. Security the ability of the electric power system to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements.
2. Adequacy the ability of the electric power system to supply the aggregate electric demand and energy requirements of their customers at all times, taking into account scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled outage of system elements.
Reliability
Any consequence of a credible disturbance that requires a limit.
Security
Overload Security
Voltage Security
Low Voltage
Unstable Voltage
Angle/Frequency Security Rotors angle instability
Transformer Overload
Line Overload
Frequency instability
Static Security
Dynamic Security
Requirements of a Reliable Electric Power System

1. Steady-state and transient voltages and frequency must be held within close tolerances. 2. Steady-state flows must be within circuit limits. 3. Synchronous generators must be kept running in parallel with adequate capacity to meet the load demand. 4. Maintain the integrity of the bulk power network (avoid cascading outages)
Requirements of a Reliable Electric Power System

ONE ASPECT OF SYSTEM SECURITY IS THE ABILITY OF THE SYSTEM TO STAY TOGETHER. THE KEY IS THAT THE GENERATORS CONTINUE TO OPERATE IN SYNCHRONISM OR NOT TO GO OUT OF STEP. THIS IS THE PROBLEM OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
Power System Planning
The Power System Planning Problem

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Lead Times
DISTRIBUTION
PLANNING HORIZONS
Perspectives > 15 Years Long Term 5 15 Years Medium Term
TRANSMISSION PEAKING CYCLING BASE FOSSIL HYDROELECTRIC NUCLEAR STRATEGIC PLANNING Source: Expansion Planning Guidebook, IAEA
2 5 Years
Short Term 1hr 2 Years
The Power System Planning Problem

Committed and Patching Period Committed Period: 1 to 5 years
Committed projects
Patching Period: beyond 5 years
Indicative Projects to determine future system

operations
101
Planning Horizon
Lead Times and Demand Forecasting
Planning Horizons
Perspective Long Term
Lead Times
> 15 years ahead 5 - 15 years
Demand Forecasting
Qualified guess based on suitable indicator Main Indicators & sector analysis Trends and Spatial Historical and Weather
Medium Term 2 - 5 years Operational 1 hour - 2 years
University of the Philippines
102
Planning Process
Electricity Fuel Prices Prices End-Use Demand Conservation Economics & Demographics
Generation Planning
MWh Demand
Transmission Planning
Load Shape
MW Demand
Distribution Planning LEAST COST SERVICE
Demand Forecasting
103
Planning Process
Load Demands Gen. Reliability & Maintenance Data LOLP
Demand Forecast
Reliability
Minimize: Investment Fuel O&M Losses
Production Cost
P/kWh
Generation Planning Transmission Planning
Investment Cost
$/MW
Distribution Planning
Generation Planning
LEAST COST SERVICE
104
Planning Process
Substation
Demand Forecast
Transmission Lines Short Circuit Reliability Stability
Generation Planning Transmission Planning Distribution Planning LEAST COST SERVICE
105
Planning Process
Substation
Demand Forecast Generation Planning
Feeder Power Quality Reliability System Loss
Transmission Planning Distribution Planning
LEAST COST SERVICE
106
Regulatory Framework of EPIRA and Planning Imperatives for DUs

Power Supply Planning
107
Planning Procedure
1 Data Gathering and Updating
Demand, Sales, customer, economic, demographic, plant, network & load data Demand, Sales and Customers Identify and quantify Capacity, Safety, Power Quality, Reliability, Stability and System Loss problems Generate Project Ideas (Solutions to Problems) Analyze technical feasibility
Forecasting
Performance Assessment of 3 Distribution System
4 Formulation of Alternatives
Technical Evaluation
Economic Evaluation
Least-Cost, NPV and B/C Analysis

7 Financing & Rate Impact Analysis
Development Plan
108
Evaluation, Prioritization & Approval
FOR APPROVAL
STANDARDS-DRIVEN LEAST COST PLANNING PROCESS, PRIORITIZATION & APPROVAL

109
Evaluation, Prioritization & Approval
BENEFIT/COST EVALUATION AND PRIORITIZATIO N FOR OPTIONAL PROJECTS

FOR APPROVAL
Planning Coordination
Generation Planning Wholesale Market Planning
12
Planning Coordination
Philippine Grid Code

Generation Plan
Prepared by DOE Committed and Indicative Power Plant Retirements and New Capacity Projects Input to NGCP Transmission Development Planning
Distribution Plan
DDP Prepared by Distribution Utilities (PDUs and Ecs) First 5 years Committed CAPEX Projects Beyond 5 years Indicative Projects Input to NGCP Transmission Development Planning
Transmission Plan
TDP Prepared by NGCP in consultation with DOE 5 years Committed CAPEX Projects submitted to ERC through PBR
References:
1. 2. Power System 101 Training Materials from UP-NEC Competition and Choice in Electricity by S. Hunt & G. Shuttleworh, J. Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1996 3. Energy Economics and Technology by P. G. LeBel, 1982 4. Electrical Engineering 101 by D. Ashby, Elsvier Inc., 2006 5. Electric Power System by S. A. Nasar, 1990 6. RA No. 9136 Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 7. Philippine Grid Code Amendment No. 1 April 2, 2007 8. Philippine Distribution Code 9. Electrical Power System by D. Das, New Age International Limited, Publishers, 2006 10. Electrical Distribution Engineering 3rd Ed., by Pansini A. J., The Fairmont Press, Inc. 2007 11. Market Operations in Electric Power System by M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin, Z. Li, Wiley & Sons, Inc,., 2002
BE HONEST Even if other are not Even if other will not Even if others can not
Proverbs 10:9
Thank you for NOT Sleeping!!!

Introduction to Power System Engineering at Polytechnic University of the Philippines

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Introduction to Power System Engineering at Polytechnic University of the Philippines

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES College of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering

Introduction to Power System Engineering

Understanding the language of Power System Engineers

Power System Engineering

Areas of Power System Engineering

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Power System Engineering

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Electric Power Industry Structure: MONOPOLY

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Prof. Jayson A. Francisco, REE

Electric Power Industry Structure: COMPETITIVE MARKET

WESM (Market Operator)

Network Service Provider System Operator

Electricity Supply Meets Demand Instantaneously

System Load Sample Date: August 18, 2006

System Load and Generation Balance

Analogy of Load-Generation Balance in Relation to System Frequency

Generation > = Load; System Frequency > < = 60 Hz <

Sample Date: August 28, 2006

System Frequency Indicates Balance

A closer look at system balance

60.20 60.00 59.80 59.60 59.40 4,400

Maximum positive intra-hour variation

Tim e (hh:m m :ss)

Sample Date: August 28, 2006

Ensuring Load-Generation Balance

Dispatch Implementation linear ramping within dispatch tolerance limits

Reserve Maintains Load-Generation Balance

Reserve used to compensate imbalance Reserve

Insufficient Reserve can Lead to Load Interruption

Causes of Imbalances in the Grid

Dispatch target deviations

Contingency Reserve - a generating capacity from a Qualified

Dispatchable Reserve - generating capacity from a Qualified

Basic Characteristics of Reserves

Power Generation Process

Turbine Energy Source

Speed Governor Secondary Control

Manual Control Energy Management System/ Automatic Generation Control

Relative Time Frame of Reserve Responses

Secondary Contingency Reserve Manual Load Dropping

Automatic Load Dropping 60 sec Dispatch Interval 5 min Trading Interval = 1 hr

Electric Power System

How is Electricity Transported and Distributed?

How is Electricity Transported and Distributed?

How is Electricity Transported and Distributed?

Power = Voltage x Current

How is Electricity Transported and Distributed?