Λιάκος Βασίλης - Παθολογία των μελισσών

made by Absens
made by Absens
made by Absens
made by Absens
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made by Absens
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85
86
Varroa anderwoodi. .................................................................................99

Euvarroa sinhai ......................................................................................100
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made by Absens
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made by Absens
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222
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.. . . . . . ....... . . . . . ....... . . .... . ........ . . . .......
. 222
. . . . .. . . . . ........... . . . . .... . . .......... ......
. . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
222
. . ....... . . . . . . .
..
222
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . .. ..
223
. ... . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ....... ... . .. . ... . . .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...... . . . ....... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
.;
. . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . .......
......
. ........ . . .
. .. . . . . . .
..... . .
..
. ....... . . ... . . . . . . . .. . .
. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ..
. . . . . . . . .. . . .
. . . . . . . . ... . . ...
........ . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
..
223
..... . . . .
223
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . ..... . . . ..
. . . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
224
. . . . . . . . . . .. .
made by Absens
. . . ....... . . . . .. . . .
....... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .
..... . . . . . . . .. . . .
... .... . .
. . . . . . . . . ......
. . . .. . . . . . . ..... . . . .
. .
. .
225
. ....
226
. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .
226
. . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . .. . . .. . . . . ....... . . . . . . . .
9
...
...
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
.......
. .. . . .. . .
.... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
..........
. . .. . . ....
. . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . .
. .
......
..
. ...
.
. . . . . . .. . . . . . .
.......................
230
. . . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .
..
...
.
. . . . . .. . . ..
232
.. . . . . . . . . . . .
232
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .
232
. .. .. . . ... . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . ......... . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .................. . .. . . .. ......... . . . . . . ........ . . . . .
.. . .. . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . .. ... . . .. . . . ..
........ . .
..
..... . . ..
. . . . . . . . .. . . . .
233
........ . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .
1
.

Ericaceae:
Fagaceae:
. . . ... . . . .
. .
. .
. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .
. . . . . .. . .... . . . . . . .
..
.. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .
Hippocastanaceae: .
.
Labiateae:
. ... . . .. . . . . . . . .
Legouminosae:
Liliaceae:
......
: .
... . . ..
....
. ..
......
....
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .
: .
..........
... ..
.
Papaillonaceae:
.....
238
238
.... . . . . .
. . . . ...... . .
..
.
. . ..
. . . . . ...
.. . . . .
239
. . . . .... . . ... . . .
. . . ..
.....
.. . . . . .. . . . . . . .
...
.
. . ...... ....
.... ..
...
....
...
. ...
239
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
....
.. .
239
. .... . . . . .
..... ..
. ..
..
. .. . . . . .
. . .. . . .
. .. .239
.
..
.
...
239
. . ..
.....
. . ...
..
240
.240
240
. . . . .
................................................................240
.. . . . . . . . .
. . . .. . .. .....
... .
. . ...... . .
. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .
........
.... . . .
. . .. . . . . .. . ..... . . . . . . . .
. .. . . .. ..... . . . ........
. . . . . . .
..... . . . . .
........
. . .. . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . .. . . . . .
.. .
. .. .
237
..... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .......
.... . .. . .
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .
..........
.. .
...... . . . ..
Scrophulariaceae:
. ...
..
..
...... .
. . . .. . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
241
. ...... ...
. .... .. .. ..241
. .......... . . . . . . .. . . . . ............
... . . . ........ . . . . . . ...... . . . . .
. . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . .
..
. .........
. . . .. ...... . . .. . . . ..
......
......
241
.. . .
242
......... . . . . .
Taxaceae:
.. . . ......... ....... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .
Tiliaceae:
2.
. . . . . .... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
RanuncouIaceae: ...
....
..
.... . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .
......
Solanaceae:
... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
. ... . . .
. ....... . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ . . . . . . . . .....
.. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
.........
. . .. . . .
.. . . . .
. ..
. . .. . ...
..
...
. . 242
.
..
243
. . . . . .... . .. . .. . .
. .
..
. 243
. . . .. . . ... .. .. . . . ..
. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .. . ... . .
.. ..
.
. . . . . . .. . . . . .
...
... 243
. .
..... . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 244
.
. 245
.
. .
. . .. . . . .. . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . . . .
... . . . . . . .
..
....
. . . ...
.... . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . ..
. . . . ..
. . . .. . . . . . . .....
... . . . . . .. . . . . . .
...... . . . .. . .. . . . .
. .. . . . .... . .
. . . . .. . . . . . . .
.. . .. . . .. . .
. . . .. . . .
.... . . .
..
. . . . . .. . . .
made by Absens
. . . .. .
..
.. . . .
....245
.. ..
.
. . .
. . .
...
.246
. . .
250
252
. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
252
253
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
255
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
259
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
10
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
271
273
273
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
275
276
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
276
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
277
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
made by Absens
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
281
283
284
284
285
286
286
293
311
11
,

, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,

,
. ,
,
,
,
. ,
,
.
.
, .
:
, , .
,
.
.

,
,
.
.

,
, ,
, .
made by Absens
made by Absens
13
made by Absens
,
.
,
,
. '

,
.
, .
,
.
, ,
.
'

'
,
, , , . .
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, , .,
,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
,

.

. -
14
made by Absens
,
.

.
,
,
.
"
, ,

, ,
.

, ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
Q ,
,
.
made by Absens
made by Absens
17

Apis

. , ,
, : 1)

(). 2)

. 3)
(Wilson,
1976). .
,
,

.
.
made by Absens
, ,
. 100.000
15 . '
Apoidea 9 . '
Apidae Apis. Apis
7 . 4
Apis me//ifica, . f/orea, . dorsata cerana
, 1980 , 3 . andreniformis,
. /aboriosa . koschevnikovi (Dietz, 1992).
.
Apis mellifica . mellifera:
.
,

18
made by Absens
.
, .

,
.
,
.

. '
:
Apis mellifica mellifica .
, .
Apis mellifica ligustica .
. '
.
Apis mellifica carnica . ,
.

.
Apis mellifica caucasica .
.
.
,
,
. , '
,

. Apis mellifica cecropia
, . mellifica macedonica
, . mellifica adami . mellifica cypriaca
. . mellifica
carnica (Ruttner, 1988),
.
Apis florea: Apis.
, ,
. ,
, 60-800/0

Apis dorsata: , ,
19
. '
.
80.000 .
,

.
Apis cerana: Apis mellifica
.
. ,
5-8 .
.
Apis andreniformis: .
A.florea.
Apis laborosa: ' .
. dorsata, .
, 1300-4100
,
1 -5C.
Apis koschevnikovi:
, . cerana
.
.

Apis mellifica.
made by Absens
. 1 . Apis , Apis me/lifera

cerana, . dorsata, . florea (. In stitute Fr Bienenkun de, Oberusel)
20
__
__
. 2.

made by Absens
. 3.
(. . Winston 1 987)
. 3 .
21

-

, .
,
, .
made by Absens

.

, (. 2).
: , .
,
, ,
.
, 12 .
,
.
,
(. 3). ,
,
. ,
,
.
22
: , ,
made by Absens
,
.
, ,
, .
.
, u'K
, ,
.

. ,
, -
:
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
, .
, .
, ,
.
, ,
. "
", .
,
" ".
. ,
,
,
" ".
.
" ".

, " ".
,
,
, (. 4).
23
: 7 ,
. ()
().
,
, .

.
.
, .
,
, .
4 ,
,
.
500 , Nassanov.
,
, .

, .
made by Absens
. 4 . ,
24
made by Absens
(. 5) ,
, ,
.
4,7 cm , 3,9 3,5
.
, ,
, . ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
40 ,
.
.
,
. ,
, (. 6).

.

,
,
. ,
,

.
, , ,
6-12 mm 2,3 mm.
25
7 ,
21 (. 5).
.
, , ,
,
.
, , , "
, ,
, ( . 7).

, .
,
, .
------.
lilr-
'------- . .
---"i=----;--->"-f';-;'tl1-

----w-----'
made by Absens
. 5. , .
( . . Sn odgrass 1 956)
26
. 6. (. . Crane 1 990)
made by Absens
. 7. . .
(R . E . Sn odgrass 1 956)
27
l
, ,
. '
'
. ,
.
.
.

.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
. 8 . . a.
. .
made by Absens
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, . -
28

. 6 ,

.
,
, . ,

(. 8).
made by Absens
,
, . ,
' .
.
l : ,
, .
.
,
. 6-14
, .
, .
,
,
, .

, .
, , ,
.
l :
,
.
. ,
10-- . l,J ,
2- .
, .
,
.
: ,
.
29
, .
.
. .
.
made by Absens

, .
(. 9),
,

. " " (. 63)
, " "
.
. ,
.
.
.
, '', .
,
. .
,
, .

Malpighi.

,

,

,

.
. 9 .
30
, .
.
, ''
.

Malpighi
(. 4). ,
. ,

. .
, ''
''
. ''
'', .
48-95 % ,
. Malpighi ,
. ,
, ,
,
.

made by Absens

. ,
. ,

, .
.
(. 1 )
. ,
.
, .
,
.

. 1
, '
31
. ,
,
' .
. 1 0. ,
. ( R . E . Sn odgrass 1 956)
,
, .
, ' ,

.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
made by Absens
, ,
.
, -
32
.
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
,
. 85 /
. , , ,
, , ,
, , .
(. 11) ,
.
20914 , '
30 11174 3286 - r
(Kosteski 1964).

.,
,
, .
Van Steenkeste ( 1988)
,
, , ,
.
,

.
, . 1 1
.

,
'
. ,
.
,
.
made by Absens
33

(. 12),
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
, .
,
.
. 12. . (R.E. Snodgrass 1956).
made by Absens
,
, ,
, , -
34
.
.
, '
, .
, ',
.
' ,
, .
,
, ',
.
,
.
, . '
, ,
,
.
made by Absens
, ,
,
(. 13).
,
,
,

,
. ,
,
.

, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
35
. 13 . . (R ..
Snodgrass 1956).
,
.
. .
, . ,
q ,
,
. . .
,
.
. .
.
,

.
.

made by Absens
,
,
' .
corpora allata, corpora cardiaca -
36
. ,
,
.
,
.

: .
. 4-5
, .
,
,
". '
,
.
, , ,
, ,
, .

,
300 650 nm.
, ,
. , ,
.
, , ,
" .

.
, ,
, .
.

.

.
made by Absens
:
. '
37
, .
, ,
, .
.
.
'
.
:
, ,
. ,
, .
' . 31
9 .
. 9
,
' . , ,

. '
. ,
.
:
. ,
.
: ,
, ,
.
.
14.
made by Absens
:

.
J
-
38
(. ) .
.
,
.

(. 14).
I

,
.
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
(. 15), .
, , .
,
, .
,
Dufour.
,
made by Absens
. 15. . . .
. . ( R . E . Sn odgrass 1 956)
39
.
.

. ,
,
.
,
, _ [
.

.
,
.
.
.
, ,
,
.
:

0,7-1,6 %
0,2- 1,0
0, 1-0,7
12
3
. . .
700/0 "

.
0.5 % .
.
1 %

4-8

made by Absens
. -
40

.

.
, ,
.
,
.

. 40.000
' .
,
.
Rbsch ( 1930)
.

:
) .
) :
- : , , .
- .
- , .
- .
- .
- , .
- .

, .
.
, .
made by Absens
41
,
, , '
.
made by Absens
,
,
,
. ,
,

.
:
(), 5-13 .
,

1000 .
, .
Lindauer ( 1953) ,
143 ,
400 ' , 2
.
1
2800 .
,
.

.
:
, ,
,
.
:
- , ,
,
.
- ( ) ,
.
42
made by Absens
-
, .
-
.
, .
-

.
:
12-18 , ' ,
.
, ,
, .
, .
,
.
'
. ,
,
, .
:
,

.
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
,

.
,
" (. 16).
,
Nassanov
. ' ,

. -
43
. 1 6. .
.
.
made by Absens
44
.
: ,
(. 16). '
, , ,
.
' .
:
,
, .
,
,
, .
,
,
(. 16).
, , ,
.

.
, ,
.
:
,
, , ,

. .
,
3-5 , ,
.

. ,
.
,
.
, 6-13 .

.
made by Absens
:
. , ,
45
made by Absens
.
.
.
,
. ,

, .
, .
,

,
.
,
.
,
,
, .
.
200-500
1100. ,
3000 .
, ,
.
,
, '
.
1,6 mg 500 m, 2,20 mg 1000 m 4,13 mg
1500 m.
,
,
.

. ,
,
, , . ,
.
.

, , .
, .
46

,
,
.

(.58).
. 1 7 . , , ,
.
made by Absens
, ,

. .
9 , ,
.
(. 17).
, 6000-7000
.
, ,
. ,
47
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
, (.
18). .
,
. 250-300 ,
' .

, .
.
.
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30 g .
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made by Absens
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made by Absens
2-3 (Woyke , 1 984b ) .

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(W oyke 1 985a) .
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.
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1 06

(Sach s , 1 952) .
.
, ,
.

.

(. 35) .
,

(Giordan i , 1 963) . ,
1 00
/
90
80
70
60
50
4 0
30
20
1 0
made by Absens
. 35.
.
1 07
made by Absens

,
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,
.
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.
,
.
. ' ,

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,
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.
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,
.
,
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, ,
.
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.
: ,
. woodi .
, B a i l ey ( 1 985 , 1 99 1 ) G a ry Page
( 1 989) , .
,
.
, .

(M orison , 1 928)
(Ko meili and Am brose , 1 99 1 ) . , .
. -
1 08
made by Absens
( S c h n e i
der , 1 960 ) .
,
,
(Fecl , 1 956 : Bailey, 1 963 , 1 99 1 ) .

, ,
(K i l l i k , 1 923).
,
( M orgenth aler, 1 944) .
(SKrobal , 1 965) .
(Liu ,
1 989b) ,
. woodi .
,
. ,
3 4
. . woodi
.

.
, 1 00 ,

. Gary Page ( 1 989)
,
.
,
20 40% ( B ai l ey a n d L e e , 1 959 :
Giordan i , 1 965: Maki , 1 986) .
,
, .
, Bail ey ( 1 958 , 1 985)
,
, .
,
,
.
. Bro .
Ada m as ( 1 968, 1 987)
' , -
1 09
made by Absens
. .
,
.
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, ,

( Bailey, 1 985) . ,
,
.
300;0,
50 0/0 , 61 1 00% 700/0 .

,
. , . . .
, (Gruska a n d
Peer : 1 986. F u rg a l a , 1 989: K o m ei l i a n d A m brose , 1 990 :
Scott-D u pre a n d Ottis 1 990) .
,
(Eishen , 1 987 :
Eishen 1 989 : , 1 989) .

.
,

( W i l s o n , 1 990 ) ,
(Eishcen , 1 987 : , 1 988 , 1 989) .
.
:
, ,
,
.

(. 36) .
. Giordani ( 1 963)
, . BQrch ert
( 1 970) ,

1 1
. 36.
Acarapis woodi.
made by Absens
.
,

(Ko m ei l i a n d A m brose, 1 99 1 ) .
,
.
. ,
,
(Liu
, 1 989a : C o meili a n d A m brose , 1 99 1 ) .

.
, .

, (Liu
1 989b ) . ,
,
' .
111
made by Absens
:
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. woodi ,
Fyg ( 1 963) ,
.
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: .

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.
. ( 50 . 280).
: .
,
.

. woodi. '
.
. -
1 12

.
made by Absens
F row. ,
.
, (Bailey an d
Carlisl e , 1 956. Svoboda, 1 960) ( Breth eri k , 1 98 1 ) .
,
G u z m a n - N ovoa Zozaya - R u bio ( 1 984) .
Mito 2. 98 0/0 2%.
1 00 ml 1 5 m m .
,
.
5 m m .
.
, 8 .
. 1 00 m l ,
,
, 4
8 .
.
l . ,
3020, 1 5 cm 22 9 65%
, ,
24 . 7 .
9 1 0;0
( Bracey an d Ficher, 1 989 : H oppe , 1 989) .
.
.
(Vecchi a n d Jordan i , 1 968 : H erbert
, 1 988, Cox , 1 989 : Wilson , 1 988,
1 990) . ,
.
,
.
,
,
.
2 1 C , -
1 13
. 2 1 -27C ,

(COX , 1 989) . 28C
,

.
,
. ,
1 9C 27C ,
, ,
27 33C , .
.
: 50 g ,

50 . 45
.
.
, , .
.
Fol bex VA : 370 mg bro m o
propyl ate . 7 .
30 .
.
TOKTIC : 1 2 , 5 m g m tra .
(
, 1 988) . Fol bex.
.
ApitoI : .
made by Absens
.

. Apis
m ellifica ma cedonica (, 1 987) .
,
,
. . . .
, .
1 14

A carapis, . woodi
. ) . externus

, ) . dorsa/is
) . vagans
.
,
.
made by Absens
,
.
,
.
.
Tyrog/yphus farinae, G/ysiphagus
domesticus Carpog/yphus s.p.p . .
115
2.
:
1 ) Sporozoa , Nosema apis
Gregarinia . 2) Sarcodin a
Ma/pighamoeba me/lifica e 3) M astig oph ora
Leptomonas apis, Crithidia me/lificae
.
,
Nosema apis Ma/pigha moeba mel/ificae,
' .
,
,
,
.
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.
,
.
, .

,
.
made by Absens

.

.
: .
: Nosema apis (Zander 1 902)
,
. -
1 16
,
.
,
(. 37) . 4 ,6-6,4X2 ,S-3 m .
,
1 00-400 m ,
, ,
(. 38) .
.
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iiio
...:..-.
..-;
..;.
. 37 . Nosema apis
. 3 8 .
Nosema apis.
.
. .
made by Absens

.
' .

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, '
.
,

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117
made by Absens
,

. ,

.
. 30C 5 (Stech e, 1 976) .
,
.
,
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.

,
75- 1 20
. 2-4 .
1 5-32 ,
4 0/0 1 1 0- 1 5
% .
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.
.
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118
1 00
/
90
80
70
60
50
4
30
20
1 0
. 39. ,
Nosema apis
made by Absens
' ,
( . 39) . ,

.
. ,
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.
,
.

.
.
,
. Bailey ( 1 976)
1 19
made by Absens

,
.
'
.
: ,
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, W h ite ( 1 9 1 9) Bailey
( 1 963 ) ,
. ,
.
.
Nozema apis
. ,

, R N A (H artwig an d
Przelecka, 1 97 1 ) . ,

. ,

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.
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' .
6 mg 1 4-23 mg
( L ot m a r , 1 939). '
,
,
.

. Nosema apis
,
, .
.
1 5%
, '
1 % (H assanein , 1 95 1 ) .
-
1 20
.
(Va n g a n d M oe l l er , 1 970) .
,
400/0 50%,
(Bail ey , 1 958 : Furgala a n d Boch , 1 970) .
. apis ,
, .
.
.
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( . 40) . H erti n g
( 1 923) ,
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made by Absens
. 40. Nosema apis.

(, , w . Stech e, 1 976)
1 21
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M a l p i g h i .
.
, 4 1 %
(Wan g and M oel l er, 1 969 , 1 97 1 ) .
made by Absens

. apis .
'
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.

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,
1 22
made by Absens
,
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made by Absens
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made by Absens
. 4 1 .

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made by Absens
) .

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. :
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500 ml 80%.
,
. 8
48 .
Oi . .

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( . 233 ) .
. -
1 26
,
49C 24 . ,
.
,

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.
.
,
fu magillin
. ,
0 , 5-3 mg / 1 00 ml . fu m agil l in
,
.
, ' .
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.
, ,
4C (Furgala and Goch nauer, 1 969) 30
' 30C (Fu rgal a and Su gden , 1 985) .
.
)
, , 6
, 1 50 mg fu magil l in .
,
,
.
,
,
. F u rgala
Gochnauer ( 1 969) F u m agillin
,
. ,
( S z a bo a n d H eikel ,
1 987) , ( W y b r o m a n d
M cCutch on , 1 987) (Moeller, 1 978) .

made by Absens
. , fu midil
fu magillin , 25 9 500 mg .
1 27
Fu magillin , ,
. 20-25 m g Fu m a g i l l i n
500 m l , .
)
. ,
500 m g fu magilin , 1 0
20-40 , .
50 ml ,
. 4-8 7
,
. ,
.
,
.
50- 1 00 ml
.
,
. ' ,
,
.
l6
made by Absens
.
. ' , '
.
l :
M aassen 1 9 1 6.
, . . . , , .
.
: Ma/pigha m oeba
me//ificae, Malpighi .
,
. Sh u l z Lan g n er ( 1 962) ,
.
1 5 .

.
Malpi g h i . -
1 28
,
(. 42) . ' ,
,
. ,

. 1 8-28 ,
,
7-8 m .
,
.
Malpigh i ,
.
: 0-
. 4 2 . . Malpigha m oeba m ellifica e. .

Nosema apis . melifica e. .
. mellificae
made by Absens
' .
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.
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.

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,
, .
,
, .
1 29
: . mellificae
,

(Stein h a u s , 1 963) .
.
,
.
. mellificae
.
. ,
.
. apis ( B a i l ey ,
1 968) , Sch u l z-Langner ( 1 957)
. mellificae .
: Malpighi
( . 43) ,
. '
.
: .
.43. , . , Ma/pigha
moeba me//ificae, . ( V . Schutz)
made by Absens
,
,
.
, .

, .
,
1 30
.
: .
M aIpighi
. ,
'
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:
.
. me//ificae. BaiIey ( 1 963)
,
,
q.
made by Absens
.

.
:
, , , . . . ,
, . .
:
, ,
Leydian a , Mon oica , Apigregari n a Acuta.

35 1 50 m .
.
,
. '
,
( . 44) .
:
.
, ,
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(StejkaI , 1 965, 1 967) .
:
131
. 44 .

,
,
S ,
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(. . Stejscal ,
1 967)
8 ,
. '
,
.

,
.

,
. Stejkal ( 1 965)
1 000 3000 ,
, '
.
: Stejkal ( 1 967)
.
.
.
, ,
.
,
' .
: .
: Fu m idil 0 ,040/0 .
made by Absens
1 32
made by Absens
.
, ,
.
.
.

.

.
.
,

.
: .
1 33
3. I
, ,
,
, .

. 1 9 1 3 W h ite
.
1 960,
L. Bailey.
1 6 .
. ,
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.
.

.

.
,
.

,
,
.
made by Absens
,
(Bailey
1 963) . ,
,
, , ,
, ' , -
1 34
made by Absens
(Vecchi et Zam bon el l i , 1 96 1 : Vag o ,

1 964 , 1 966 : Bailey, 1 965 : Giauffret , 1 966 : K a m bou rov et
Kan chev 1 970) .

.
:
, . , ,
, . . . , ,
.
:
20 70 n m . .
.
: ) :
.
K u l i n cevic R oth enbu h l er ( 1 975)
. ) :
Nosema apis
. ) :
.
,
.
:
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.
, ,
, .
. ,
,
(Bailey and Bal l , 1 99 1 ) .
:
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,
,
. '

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(Bailey 1 983a) .
, '
1 35
made by Absens
(Rin derer an d R oth enbu h l er, 1 975) .

, ,
,
.
,
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,
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, "" ' .
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(Bailey and Bal l , 1 99 1 ) .
: .
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, ( .45) . '
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1 36
,
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.45. . , .
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.
made by Absens

. ,
.

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, ,

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.

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l :
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Mal pi g h i ,
. .
'
1 37
.
, ,
(Vecchi et
Za m bo n el l i , 1 96 1 : Giauffret , 1 967) .
: ,
.
,
, .

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E . L . I . S .A . .
,
,
.
: .

,
.
500 mg ,
. ,
200 mg 50 mg ,
"
. ,
,
.
,
.
made by Absens
,
.
:
28 n m ' .
.
,
( B a i l e y ,
1 963) . ,
3-4 .
1 38
1 .
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,
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: , .

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made by Absens

.
,
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Streptococus p/uton,
. , ' ,

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,
.
,
, (8all a n d Allen , 1 988) .
1 39
made by Absens

,
.
: .
:
. 1 875 Lan gstroth
, 1 906
, 1 9 1 3 W h ite
.
:
28 n m .

.
, , 1 60C .
, .
: ,
. ""

.
, ,
(Prepu pa) .
:
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.
, ,
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, ' .
Bailey Fern an do ( 1 972)

.
.
,

.
.
,
.
. Bailey ( 1 963) -
1 40
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( , 1 984) .
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. 46 . , . , .
made by Absens
. .
1 41

( . 46) .
.
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(. 46) .
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,
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,
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.

.
,
.
made by Absens
cerana
1 976
Apis cerana .
Thai sacbrood virus (T S B V ) ,
,
Apis mellifica (Bailey , 1 982) T S B V
. m e//ifica,
. cerana. 95 0/0
l , ' , ,
( R an a
, 1 986) .
'
, .
1 42

.
.
. '
, (Verma
, 1 990) .
made by Absens
.
Filamentus virus FV
Filamentus viru s 450 1 50 nm
.
3000 n m , 45 n m
.
, .
(Wi l l e , 1 964) ,
.
1 977 C l ark
( . 47) .
,
Nosema apis.
Cl ark ( 1 977a)
. ,
,
.
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,

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.
: .

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,
, .
1 43
,

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Nosema
apis .
: ,
,
.
. 47 . . .
:

.
. .

. (. .
G i e m s a )
. ,
, .
.
. .
.
. , . '
(
1 987) .
made by Absens

Black Queen Cell Virus BQCV
BQCV , 30 nm
. ,
.
, .
, '
, .

, " "
.
(Bail ey
and Ball , 1 99 1 ) .
,
Nosema apis
(Bailey and Ball , 1 99 1 ) .
1 44

.
V
V Bee Virus
35 n m .
, (
"" ) , ' .

Nosema apis.
Bai I ey ( 1 98 1 ) F V , BQCV
, " "
, . Apis.

. . apis,
,
.

Bee Virus
.

. ,
Nosema apis.
.
,
Ma/pigha moeba me//ifica e,
. '
N.apis. ""
.
. me//ificae,
,
(BaiIey 1 983b . )
made by Absens

CIoudi Wing Virus CWV
CWV 1 7 n m .
,
. .
. -
1 45
.

Deformed Wing Vius DWV
,
, Varroa
ja cobsoni. ,
.
. ,
,
.

. (K ash mir Bee Virus) :
Apis cerana l
Apis m e l l ifica .
. (Apis Irididescent Virus) :
. "
" , Apis cerana
l .
made by Absens
. ( S l ow Paralysis Virus) :
1 2
.
. (Arkan sas Bee Virus) :
. . .
.
. (Egypt Bee Virus) :
.
. (Chronic Bee paralysis Virus Associate).
1 46
4.

. ,
' ' .

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.
,
.

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. ,
.
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1 . .
made by Absens
,
.
.
,
.
: ,
,
. 1 907
W h ite , Ba ci//us
/arvae ' .
: . Larva e Gram+ ,
2-5 , 7 -0,8 m .
.
1 47
1 , 1 - 1 ,9,6-0 ,7 m ,
(. 48) .
.

.
35
. '
, '
,
. , ,
1 4 ' 30 ' .
) Javel
3 0 ' . ) 20% 3 0 ' .
1 5-24 2 4 '
.
. 48. Baci//us /arvae. . , .

.
made by Absens
. ,
.
,
(L1 0yd , 1 986) brain h ard
bru ccela agar ( 1 989) .
, 24 48.
34-370C .
: ,
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. ,
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1 48
made by Absens
, 1 0-
( Bl u m , 1 959) .
24 , 1
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.
.
,
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,
,
.
, (Bamrik, 1 964) .

.
,
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2500 ,
.
, .
larva e ( H o l st ,
1 945) .
,
,
.

,
. ,

.
,
,

.
.
1 49
made by Absens

Ga//eria me//one//a.
,
,
, .
,
, .
.
,
.
,

( Bailey, 1 963) .

. .

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,
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( . 49) .
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1 50
. 49. .
made by Absens
,
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:
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.
,
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.

.
, 2-3
.
,
( . 50) .
, ,
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1 51
. 50. . .
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made by Absens
.
. .

.
1 52
,

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(. 50)
.
:
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:
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made by Absens
1 . .
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,
.
2. .
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2-3
2-3
,
,

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, .
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,
.
1 53
3. .
made by Absens
,
( Oxytetra cycl i n h ydroch l o r i d e ) ( S o d i u m
su lfath iazo l ) . ,
,
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,
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,
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1 . . 1 00 9
5 , 5 9 oxytetracyclin h ydroch l oride,
660 9 . 2530 9 1 3 9 .
.
,
.
2 . .
1 00 9 1 () 1 /1 (
1 54
made by Absens
) . 1 /2 ,
1 0 50 ml
. oxytetracyclin ,
'
,
.
,
.
,
( )
, .
3. .
300 g , 1 50 g ( ) 1 2 ,5 g
.
, 4-6 .
,
(Wilson
, 1 970, 1 973a ) .
.
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,
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.
,
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,
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. /arvae ,
.
1 55

,
.
4. .

,
. . . , .
,
.
.
. ' :

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,
.
.
made by Absens
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
: Sh i rach 1 77 1 ,

. 1 949 Alexandrova
Ba ci//us p/uton. 1 956 Bail ey .
p/uton Streptococcus p/uton, 1 982
C o l i n s
streptocoCCUS.
, Me/issocOCCUS,
' Me/issocOCCUS
p/uton (White) .
1 56
: ,
. Bail ey
( 1 963) S. pluton
,

.
Ba cillus alvei, StreptococCUS apis A chromoba cter euridica e (.
51 ) .
. 5 1 . ' . a . Me/issocOCCUS
p/uton, b . Me/issocOCCUS p/uton Ba cterium euridice ( ) , c .
Me/issocOCCCUS p/uton ( ), d . StreptocoCCUS fa eca/is (
), e f Bacterium euridice ( ), g .
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Wyborn, M.H., and D.M. McCutcheon. 1987: A comparison of dry and wet fumagillin
treatments for spring Nosema disease suppression of overwintered colonies.
American bee journal 127: 207-209.
Yq>ovTi5T)C:;, M. 1982: OVToytveOT) TOU oKapeoc:; Varroa jacobsoni OU d . oe q>UOlKtc:;
made by Absens
ouv9riKec:; eKTpoq>ric:; KOl nopayovTec:; nou enT)peaouv TT)V ovonopoywYri KOl

nAT)6uOllloKri TOU oVanTUT) . bolOTPll3ri YlO uq>T)yeoio. 0eooaAoviKT) .
Yq>ovTi5T)C:;, M. 1983: MeAloooKOllio: EmOTtiIlT) KOl Eq>OPlloYri . 0eooaAoviKT) .
311
, 239
, 240
,240
,38
, 232
, 38
,40
,23,59,60
, 142
, 38
, 146- 155
,38,60
,283, 284,
285
, 47
, 72,74,75, 76,77
, 28,59,74
, 127, 144, 278
, 35
, 260
, 23,55, 57
,186
, 28
,259-263
, 28,53
,242
,28,74,77,92,108,119
, 42
, 271

,32
,49
,30,31,32
,47
,33
,37
, 33
,37
, 238
,37
,240
,37
,240
,37
,225
,36
, 123, 153, 161, 163, 165,

169, 225
,36
,37
,85-114
made by Absens
, 114
, 37
, 46
, 36
,97,102,112
, 31
, 39
,114
, 27, 185,186,188,190
,103-113, 280
, 260
312
, 53

, 262
, 125,141, 232

, 232
, 233
, 273
, 77
" , 120
" , 219
" , 111
, 59
, 205
, 199
, 205
, 203
, 224
, 59, 69
, 76
, 203
,166, 286
, 222
, 175,286
, 175
, 241
,239
, 201
,72,74,75,77
, 52, 179
,31
, 51
, 22
, 61, 62
, 213
. .,34
,78
,239
, 146-165
, 77
,209
,72,73
,262
, 25
,24
, 86-90
, 281

, 99
, 103, 138,
140, 145"
,51
, 51
, 51
,51-54
, 54,288
, 75
,93 1,02, 140,.149, 159,
171,177,179,287,288

, 59,69
,53, 54
,76
, 41
,59,69
,67
,28, 59
made by Absens
,48-51
,287, 288
, 54,288
, 160
. ',' ':
,199-2q4.
,130
, 76
,182
, 69
, 188
, 50, 62, 67 !J, .
:, 45
,130
313
, 71
, 78
, 27
, 24
, 22
, 17
, 237,239,240,241,242
, 244,245, 252,253, 254

, 244, 248
,242
, 244, 247
, 244, 247
,274
,244, 248
, 274
, 264
,274
,227
, 274
, 230, 273
,275
,273
,240
,240
, 230
, 230
, 230
, 58, 196
, 73,186
, 273
,78
, 276-286
, 56
, 281
, 38
,283
(), 237-255
l, 286
, 71-79
, 286
, 79
,277
, 77
, 284
,79
, 285
, 75
,64
,212
,284
, 21-46
,42
, 213
, 45
, 74
,41
, 161
, 41
r:J ,185-19,1
, 196
,185
, 122
, 44
, ,
,67
, 63
,63
,183
, 260
,189-238
, 243
, 222
, 47
' ,155
, 27, 28, 74
,161
,27
made by Absens
,24
,175
, 154
314
, 186
,212
, 206-213
, 72
, 77
, 223
,77
, 206
, 208
, 46-48
,51
, 27
,48
, 22
, 55
,39
, 22
,74
, 31
,72,77
, 27
, 271
, 49
, 133-145
, 77
,53
, 55
, 39
, 232
, 77
,56
,53
, 22
,76
, 89,107, 117, 148, 158,170
,22
,206
41
, 27
, 22
,71, 74,76, 78
,161
, 29, 64
, 260
,57
, 57
, 78
, 30
, 74, 76
,239
, 78
203
, 131
, 40
, 66
,226
, 133
,233
, 200
, 74, 78
, 55
, 73, 74, 76
, 55
,73
, 55
, 238
, 21
,39
, 38
,39
, 18
, 57
, 18
, 55
,18
, 42
made by Absens
, 30, 127
, 113
, 18
315
, 18
,18
, 18
, 72
, 238, 239, 242, 243
, 75
, 182
, 233
, 182
, 34
, 182
. 183
, 34
, 35
, 35
, 259
, 242
, 62
115
, 64
, 59, 184
, 66
, 277
, 128, 134,
142, 143, 144
,66
,39
,13
,242
, 226
133
, 188
, 230, 272
, 241
- , 229
, 39
, 65
, 53
, 73, 186
, 30
, 221
, 112
, 86
, 116
, 78
, 24
, 181
, 53
, 225
, 225
, 226
,229
, 22
, 58
, 241
, 52
, 115
, 73
, 166
, 170, 177, 178
, 217
made by Absens
, 107
, 49
,
, 29
, 24
, 260
137
,234
, 74
9--, 59, 60
, 75
, 125, 234
-10--2-, 75
, 98, 112
, 153, 161
, 21
, 36
316
, 37
, 78
, 30
PoVKoo,241
, 36
,73, 78
, 21
, 142
, 29
, 238
, 30
, 36
, 36
, 38
,139
, 33
,72, 74
, 263
,112
, 78
, 261
, 212
,44
, 127,153
, 62
, 66
, 182
, 242
,45
, 242
, 41
, 175
, 27
, 78
, 56
, 78
, 22
, 239
, 116
, 47
, 47
, 223
, 47
,21
, 49
, 24
, 116, 147
,24
, 239
, 225
, 179
,52
, 33
,175
, 24
,58
, 44
,22
, 44
, 53
, 28
, 71, 74, 76, 77
, 49
, 241
, 47
,115
, 115-132
, 33
, 33
, 222
, 38
, 30
, 44
, 44
, 175
made by Absens
, 162, 281
, 21
, 24
, 34
, 164
317
, 214
Frow, 112
, 153
, 260
, 242
, 77
, 267
, 69
, 24
, 44
, 58
, 22
, 59
, 17
, 59
, 153, 161
, 60
, 235-256
, 243
, 237
, 233
,243
, 233
, 244
, 78
, 255
,72, 73, 76, 78
, 91, 108, 129, 170
,44
, 103
, 44
, 33
, 22
, 33
, 18
, 33
, 238
, 74, 76, 78
, 243
, 21, 135
,39
, 100
, 36
, 44
, 71
,163
,131
, 60
, 22
, 61
, 133
, 73, 76, 78
, 214
,51
, 22
, 242
, 242
, 193
,192
, 192
, 262
, 49
, 201
, 49
, 285
made by Absens
, 49
318
Abies alba 243
Ascocidin, 174
Acarapis
Ascosphera apis, 166
dorsalis, 114'
Ascosphaera majior, 168
externus. 114
Ascosphera minor, 168
Vagans, 114
Aspergillus flavus, 175
Acarapis woodi, 103-113,280
Aspergillus fumigatus, 173
Acherontia atropos, 213
Astragalus lendiginosus, 241
Achroia grisella, 208
Asrtragalus miser, 241
Aconitum Iycoctonum, 240
Azalea, 238
napellus, 240
ranunculifolium, 240
Bacillus alvei, 156
Acut bee paralysis virus, 137
Bacillus apidarium,157
Aesculus californica, 200
Bacillus grasilesporus, 157
hippocastanum, 239
Bacillus larvae,146
Allium cepa, 240
Bacillus laterosporus, 157
Amphoterocin B, 174
Bacillus paratyphi alvei,163
Anemone coronaria, 240

memorosa, 240
Bacillus pluton,15
Baccilus thurigensis, 212
Apidae,17
Bacterium eurydice, 156
Apis, 17
Black queen cell virus, 143
Apis adreniformis, 19
Braula coeca, 219
Apis cerana, 19
and
Thai S.B.V., 141
Camponotus spp, 217
Varroa jacobsoni, 85
Castanea castanea, 239
Varroa underwoodi, 85
Apis dorsata, 18
and Varroa jacobsoni, 85
Trpilaelaps clareae, 102
Apis florea, 18
Castanea sativa, 239

Castanea vesca, 239
Castanea vulgaris, 239
Chronic paralysis virus associate, 145
Cloudy wing virus, 144
Corpora allata, 35
and Euvarroa sinhai, 100
Corpora cardiaca, 35
Apis koschevnikovi ,18

Apis laboriosa, 18
Apis mellifica (mellifera), 17
Apis mellifica adami (creta),18
carnica, 18
ligustica, 18
macedonica, 18
Apistan,98
Apitol, 98
Apodemus silvaticus, 223
Apodemus f/avicolis, 223
Apoidea,17
Arcansas bee virus, 145
made by Absens
Arrhenosphaera cranei, 168
Datura stramonium, 242

Deformed Wing Bee Virus,145
Delfinium staphisagria, 241
Dermestes frichii, 220
Dermestes lardarius, 220
Dermestes vulpinus, 220
Digitalis purpurea, 241
Eau de javel, 233
Egypt Bee Virus, 145
Euvarroa sinchai, 100
Eurododendron, 238
Ericacae, 238
Erica arborea, 238
Pseudomanas apiseptica, 162

Perizin, 98
Fagacae, 239
Filamentus Virus, 142
Filanthus trianqulum, 216-
Ranunculaceae, 240
. Ranunculus acris, -240
Formica fusca, 217
Ranunculus auricomus, 240
Formica rufa, 217
Ranunculus repens, 240
Formica sanguinea, 217
Ranunculus sceleratus, 240
Fumagillin, 126
Rododendrum ponticum, 239
Fumidil B, 126
Folbex VA, 98, 113
Sarcodina, 115
Scrofulariaceae, 241
Gal/eria mel/onel/a, 206
Serratia marcescens, 163
Gregarima, 115, 130
Senotaenia tricuspis, 218
Hafnia alvei, 164
Solanaceae, 242
Sophora japonicum, 239

Hyppocastanaceae, 239
Solanum nigrum, 242
Hyoscyamus niger, 242
Sporozoa,115
Iridiscend Virus, 145

Kasmir Bee Virus, 145
Spiroplasma apis, 164

Spiroplasma melliferum, 164
Stachys arvensis, 239
Stachys officinalis, 239
Labiatae, 239
Stachys germanika, 239
Langstroth, 56
Streptococcus apis, 156, 157
Lasius niger, 217
Streptococcus pluton, 156
Leguminosae, 239
Liliaceae, 239
Taxus bacata, 242

Terramycin, 153, 161
Malpighamoeba mel/ificae, 127,278
Tilia platyphyl/a,243
Mantis spp, 222
Tilia tomentosa, 243
Mastigophora, 132
Trichodes apiarium, 222
Melissococcus pluton, 155
Triungulins, 221
Meloe cavensis, 221
Tropi/aelaps clareae, 100
Meloe proscarabeus, 221

Meloe variegatus, 221
Varroa jacobsoni, 86
Mus musculus, 223
Varroa anderwoodi, 99
Veratrum album, 239
Nasanov,23, 59, 60
Veratrum niger, 239
Nicotiana tabacum, 242
Vespa crabro, 215
Nosema apis, 115, 277
Vespa orientalis, 215
Nystatin, 174
Vespula germanica, 215

Vespula vulgaris, 215
Papillionaceae, 241
Pericistis apis, 166
X Bee Virus, 144
Polyster calicus, 214

Ptinus fur, 221
made by Absens
Pseudomonas aeroginosa, 162
Y Bee Virus, 144
made by Absens

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made by Absens

...... . .. . . .. .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .

. . . ... . . ... . .. . ......... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

.... . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . .....

. . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . ..... . . ... . . ... . .. . ..

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .... . . .... . . . ....

. . . ......... . . . ... .. . . ... . . . . . .

.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . ... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . .... . . . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .

. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . ..... . ... . . ....

Varroa anderwoodi. .................................................................................99

..... . . ........ . ............ . . .... . . . . . . .............. .................. . ......

. . . . ....... . . . . ............ . ... . . ....

.......... . ....... . . ...........

......... . . . . ...... .. . . ....... . . . .

. . . .. . ....... . . . . ....... . . . . . . .... . .. . ...... . . . . . .

. . ..... . . . ........ . . . . .. . .... . . . . . . . .. .

. . . .......... . . . . . .. . ..... . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

.......... . .. . . .... . . . ....

. ... . . ........ . . . . .. . . .......

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . .. . . .....

......... . . . ......... . . . .. . .. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .

.. . . . . . ....... . . . . . ....... . . .... . ........ . . . .......

. . . . .. . . . . ........... . . . . .... . . .......... ......

. ... . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ....... ... . .. . ... . . .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...... . . . ....... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

. . . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . .. . . .. . . . . ....... . . . . . . . .

. .. .. . . ... . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . ......... . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .................. . .. . . .. ......... . . . . . . ........ . . . . .

... . . . ........ . . . . . . ...... . . . . .

. 1 . Apis , Apis me/lifera

. 12. . (R.E. Snodgrass 1956).

-- TO -K[ ~ ----- --------

. 28. Varroa ja cobsoni, . , .

Apistan (Zoecon ) : (PVC) 25 3 cm ,

Eu arroa sinhai (Delfinado and Baker 1 974)

. 32. Euvarroa sinhai, (. . K o en iger)

Apis dorsa ta,

. 33 . Tropilaelaps c/areae (. . Koeniger) .

2-3 (Woyke , 1 984b ) .

. 34. Acarapis woodi ,

. 40. Nosema apis.

. 4 2 . . Malpigha m oeba m ellifica e. .

(Vecchi et Zam bon el l i , 1 96 1 : Vag o ,

(Rin derer an d R oth enbu h l er, 1 975) .

. 48. Baci//us /arvae. . , .

Ba ci//us a/vei, Ba ci//us /a terosporus, Ba ci//us grasi/esporus,

. 54. Ascosphaera apis

(Goch n au er and M argetts , 1 979) .

. 57 . Aspergi//us f/a vus.

(. Borch ert 1 970)

Sen otainia tricuspiS Brau/a

Senotainia tricuspiS Sarcofagidae

. 74. Senotain ia fricu spis . . .

Brau/a coeca Braulidae ,

. 75. 8rau la coeca . . , . , .

Oermestes /ardarius, . vu/pinus . frichii,

. 82. Nosema apis

mellifera) colonies infestet with the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni.Annals of

nutrition. North - Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam, pp 271- 279.

of Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 36: 429-430.

VlOU MeAlOOOKOl1lKOU l:uveoplou. 8eooaAovlKll.

EmnT(i>oel TOU napaOlTl0l10U ano Acarapis

woodi (Rennie) oe l1eAlooo

Ol1rlVll lTl KprllTl npaKTlKO r naVeAArlVlOU EVT0l10AOYlKOU l:uveoplou, No