Precambrian Research, 24 (1984) 321--334 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands

321

GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROLOGY AND Rb--Sr DATING OF TRONDHJEMITE AND GRANOPHYRE ASSOCIATED WITH JABAL TAYS OPHIOLITE, IDSAS AREA, SAUDI ARABIA

A.M.S. AL-SHANTI, A.A. A B D E L - M O N E M

and F.H. M A R Z O U K I

Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)

(Received June 30, 1982;revision accepted December 12, 1983)

ABSTRACT AI-Shanti, A.M.S., Abdel-monem, A.A. and Marzouki, F.H., 1984. Geochemistry, petrology and Rb--Sr dating of trondhjemite and granophyre associated with Jabal Tays Ophiolite, Idsas area, Saudi Arabia. Precambrian Res., 24: 321--334. Jabal Tays trondhjemite and granophyre are leucocratic acidic rocks that intrude the melange zone of an ophiolitic complex. They consist of two small stocks 200 m in diameter and some dikes and vein-like bodies. Petrographically, they are medium-fine grained hypidiomorphic granular rocks consisting mainly of plagioclase (An10--60) and quartz which commonly shows myrmekitic texture. The mafic minerals are primarily biotite and muscovite, with occasional sericite, chlorite and epidote pseudomorphs after hornblende. The bulk chemical composition and trace elements are similar to trondhjemites from other ophiolite complexes. They also show calc-alkaline affinity. The K/Rb, Rb/Sr, and intial a~Sr/S'Sr (0.7030 0001) ratios, as well as the depletion of the (LIL) elements suggest an origin by partial melting of basic parent material in an island-arc tectonic setting over a subduction zone. The granophyres probably evolved from the trondhjemites either by crystal fractionation or crustal contamination. The whole-rock Rb--Sr isochron age of 620 -+ 40 Ma places an upper limit on the geologic and tectonic evolution of the Jabal Tays ophiolitic complex.

INTRODUCTION T h e J a b a l T a y s o p h i o l i t e c o m p l e x is i n t r u d e d b y l e u c o c r a t i c , highly silicic r o c k s in t h e f o r m o f small b o d i e s as s t o c k s , sills a n d dikes. T h e regional g e o l o g y (Fig. 1) c o n s i s t o f N - - S belts o f d i f f e r e n t r o c k t y p e s e a c h 50 k m w i d e a n d ~ 2 0 0 k m long. T h e m a r g i n s b e t w e e n t h e belts are o c c u p i e d b y n a r r o w d i s c o n t i n u o u s z o n e s o f s e r p e n t i n i z e d u l t r a m a f i c rocks. T h e belts f r o m E--W are: t h e A r R a y n g r a n i t o i d p r o v i n c e w h i c h is b o u n d t o t h e east b y t h e P h a n e r o z o i c c o v e r a n d t o t h e w e s t b y t h e Al A m a r o p h i o l i t e zone. T h e granitic r o c k s d o m i n a t e t h e e a s t e r n p a r t of t h e p r o v ince, w h e r e a s t h e v o l c a n i c r o c k s a n d a s s o c i a t e d s u b v o l c a n i c s , g a b b r o s a n d diorites are a b u n d a n t a l o n g t h e w e s t e r n margins.

0301-9268/84/$03.00

1984 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

322

45

Afif Provir

Jabayiah: Granitoids" Murdama: Abt:

Post cratonization graben, clastic sediments largely undefined calc-alkaiine to alkaline granites ctastic sediments, marble and subordinate volconics

Foliated granitoids: heterogeneous granitoids chlorite sericite schist metamorphosed greywacke and calcareous sediments mainly serpentinite matrix m~langes intermediate Delfour volcanic 1980 rocks Acidic to Fig.1 .

Ophiolitic rocks: Hulayfah:

After

Fig. 1. Geological sketch map of the easternmost Arabian Shield showing major tectonic blocks.

323 The Abt Schist zone extends to the west of the Al Amar ophiolite zone. It is a metamorphic formation ~3000 m thick comprising chlorite schists, phyllites, slates, arenites and conglomerates, as well as dolomitic limestone of sedimentary origin. It is also characterized by abundant cross and graded bedding and ripple marks (A1 Shanti, 1976). Jabal Tays separates the zone into an eastern block dominated by conglomeratic facies (Abt Formation), and a western block comprising a 1000 m thick carbonate sequence (Ar Ridayniyah Formation). Ad Dawadimi and Afif provinces are some 70 km wide. They consist mainly of granitic rocks of widely varying compositions and textures. The volcanic rocks are rare. These belts have been identified as representing island arc systems (Frisch and A1 Shanti, 1977; Gass, 1977, 1981; A1 Shanti and Gass, 1983). The granitoid belts represent the cores of the island arc systems exposed by deep level erosion. The narrow discontinuous zones of mafic and ultramafic rock exposures represent the sites of suture zones resulting from episodic island arc collisions during accretion and cratonization of the Arabian Shield (Barker et al., 1976; Frisch and A1 Shanti, 1977; A1 Shanti and Gass, 1983). The Jabal Tays ophiolite zone (Fig. 2) is a wide zone with mechanical boundaries against the east and west adjacent formations. It consists mainly of serpentinite with irregular carbonatized and silicified varieties. The tectonized gabbroic blocks have highly irregular contacts with the serpentinite, which is dioritic in character. The gabbros are layered and cut by numerous NE--SW trending basic dikes, most of which do not extend into the serpentinite. Two small leucocratic masses intrude the Jabal Tays melange (Fig. 2). The last mentioned, highly siliceous, low potassic leucocratic rocks, have drawn much attention because of their unique structural setting in ophiolite zones and modern oceanic environments. They are commonly interpreted as representing the top of the cumulate portion of the ophiolite. Several authors have pointed out the chemical similarity between them and rocks from modern oceanic environments such as rhyodacites, diorites and trondhjemites (Aumento, 1969; Engel and Fisher, 1975; Byerly et al., 1976). Also, they have been compared to the tonalite--trondhjemite association of Precambrian shield areas (Arth and Hanson, 1975) as well as low-potassium rocks of island arc systems (Phelps and Lallement, 1980; Gerlach et al., 1981). In this paper, we intend to establish the chemical characteristics of the Jabal Tays leucocratic rocks and their Rb--Sr age, and to discuss the petrogenitic relationship with the associated melange formation. Finally, an assessment of their possible origin will be made.

324

'~

] Alluvium

Abt schist Ar- Ridoyniyoh formation S erpentinite Gabbro Sample location Dike or sill

SCALE

/
v

i,

~I,
Fig. 2 . A f t e r

~|~,~ ~ ,b

4 5 O' AI Shanti and G a s s , in press

Fig. 2. Geological sketch m a p of the Jabal Tays area.

325
FIELD RELATIONS A N D P E T R O G R A P H Y Jabal Tays leucocratic rocks form an oval shaped intrusion covering an area of ~ 2 0 0 X 500 m within the mafic--ultramafic complex. The intrusive body is only exposed at the edges and at a small outcrop in the middle. Several small leucocratic sillsand dikes intrude the country rocks. The contact between the oval mass and the country rocks is rather sharp and shows a well developed chilled zone at the outer margins. Xenoliths from the country rocks are included, but no appreciable assimilation is visible. The intrusion is in contact with serpentinites, carbonatized peridotites and gabbroic rocks. Local effects of the intrusion, including silicification and feldspathisation are recognized in the diabase dike rocks to the north. Samples T-19 C, -D, and -E are from the chilled margin of the intrusion, whereas T-15F is from the coarse-grained centre. Sample T-20 is from a dike cutting the serpentinite and T-29A is from a dike cutting the gabbro of the ophiolite melange. Sample T-1 is from a sill within the carbonate Ar Ridayniyah Formation and T-23 is from a dike cutting the conglomerate of the Abt Schist. Jabal Tays leucocratic rocks consist of ~ >50% plagioclase; 30% quartz; 10% orthoclase; and 10% ferromagnesians. Texturally they are f i n e - medium grained (some coarse-grained K-feldspar--hypidiomorphic granophyric or porphyritic. Albite and pericline twinning is c o m m o n in plagioclase (An10-60). Normal zoning in plagioclase phenocrysts is also observed in a few sections. Quartz and ferromagnesians occur interstitial to plagioclase and orthoclase.

AN

Ab

or

Fig. 3. Triangular diagram showing the normative content of Ab, An and Or for Jabal Tays leucocratic rocks. The various rock fields illustrated are after O'Connor (1965) and Barker (1979).

326 B o t h z o n e d a n d t w i n n e d plagioclase are h i g h l y saussuritized. T h e altered p r o d u c t s consist o f e p i d o t e , p i e d m o n t i t e , clinozoisite, zoisite, w h i t e m i c a and well d e v e l o p e d r h o m b o h e d r a l cleavage calcite; m o s t o f t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s still retain the f o r m o f original plagioclase. Chlorite o c c u r s as scaly aggregates a n d seems to be a p s e u d o m o r p h a f t e r pre-existing m i c a a m p h i b o l e or p y r o x e n e . Biotite a n d o p a q u e minerals are p r e s e n t in m i n o r a m o u n t s . The s o d a - t r e m o l i t e g l a u c o p h a n e also o c c u r s in lesser a m o u n t s as s e c o n d a r y a m p h i b o l e . T h e m o s t characteristic f e a t u r e o f this t r o n d h j e m i t e is the i n t e r g r o w t h o f q u a r t z a n d plagioclase. Q u a r t z o c c u r s as blebs as well as subhedral to a n h e d r a l grains in t h e plagioclase, m y r m e k i t e is a u b i q u i t o u s i n t e r g r o w t h in this t r o n d h j e m i t e . Figure 3 shows t h e n o r m a t i v e c o n t e n t s o f Ab, A n a n d Or o f the Jabal TABLE I
Analysis of granites in the Jabal Tays area Specimen no,

T1 Major oxides SiO2 71.78 SiO2 0.24 Al~O3 15.07 Fe203 2.11 MnO 0.01 MgO 0.55 CaO 1.21 Na:O 3.85 K20 2.47 P205 0.07 LOI 2.51 Total 99.99
Trace elements Pb 90.7 Sr 147 Y 5.5 Zr 117 Nb 4.7

T19C

T19D

T19E

T19F

T20

T23

T29A

74.31 71,49 71.65 69.76 70.41 0.03 0112 0.12 0.19 0.28 15.10 16.57 16.50 16.09 16.25 0.49 1.32 1.34 1.19 1.85 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.15 0.65 0.33 0.72 0.81 1.11 0.79 1.15 2.57 3.42 5.18 5.59 5.57 6.59 6.02 3.45 3.45 3.52 1.26 0.91 0.02 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.08 1.46 0.92 0.87 2.52 1.12 101.34 101.01 101.17 100.96 100.18 40.9 295 9.9 53.2 19.3 42.9 385 10.4 149 25.3 23.31 20.39 47.20 3.51
1.62

69.40 69.49 0.26 0.29 15.26 15.94 1.81 1.91 0.03 0.03 0.56 1.13 2.47 3.55 4.44 5.82 2.27 0.81 0.09 0.07 3.36 1.77 99.95 100.81 72.1 352.9 6.8 129 5.6 30.04 13.90 38.85 12.15
1.45

27.3 828 9.3 151 27.3 22,95 20.75 46.93 5.34

0.82

18.1 950 3.5 67.3 3.7 20.94 7.57 55.57 10.74

1.34 1.06

18.5 803.2 5.2 77.9 4.2 24.02 5.38 50.84 14.59

1.62 0.84

8.4 153.4 5.9 44.4 4.2 24.19 4.84 49.66 15.10

2.34 1.10

Normative minerals Q 37.72 28.50 Or 15.00 20.43 Ab 33.42 43.83 An 5.75 5.40
Ao Hy Di 1.41 0.10 0.38

327

Tays leucocratic rocks; the fields of the various rock types are based on their feldspar ratios (O'Connor, 1965; Barker, 1979). The samples (T-19C, -D, -E, -F from the main intrusion Table I) fall in the trondhjemite field, whereas the rest of the samples from the dikes and sills plot in the field of granites. This distinction is also supported by textural differences. Also, the dikes and sills samples occupy positions on the diagram similar to the granophyres of Coleman and Peterman (1975). In conclusion, the leucocratic rocks of Jabal Tays are classified on the basis of their normative composition as trondhjemites (the main intrusion) and granophyres for the dike- and sill-like bodies.
GEOCHEMISTRY

Eight samples were chosen representing several leucocratic granitic bodies intruding the Jabal Tays melange, their field locations are shown in Fig. 2. The samples were analyzed for major oxides and a selected group of trace elements by XRF techniques, at the Open University, England. The results are shown in Table I.

Major oxides
The compositions of major element oxides of Jabal Tays trondhjemite and granophyres are compared with rocks of similar tectonic settings using K20 versus SiO2 discrimination diagrams (Coleman and Peterman, 1975). The rocks fall in the fields of continental trondhjemites and continental granophyres (Fig. 4). Sample T-19F, which represents the coarse-grained central facies of the main intrusive body, shows trondhjemitic characterI0,0
'

'

'

Continental gronophyre-~
J

-I+ _+~

1~

Continental trondhjernite--~oO

\t

\
0,1 \ / "j

Oceanic plogiogranite

0.0~0

I 50

I 60

I 70

80

SiO2
Fig. 4. Discriminant variation d i a g r a m o f K 2 0 versus SiO 2 f o r J a b a l Tays leucocratic rocks. Field~ b o u n d a r i e s are a f t e r C o l e m a n a n d P e t e r m a n ( 1 9 7 5 ) .

328 istics, whereas the samples T-19C, -D, and -E, from the chilled margins show granophyric ones. In general, the samples T-19F, T-20, T-23, and T-29A have the characteristics of andesine trondhjemites (Streckeisen, 1976). Sometimes there is a lack of correspondence between the chemistry and the mineralogic compositions which could be attributed to sample inhomogeneities. The AFM-diagram (Fig. 5) shows that Jabal Tays rocks plot in the calcalkaline field. Such behavior of the major element oxides indicates an origin in an island-arc tectonic setting in contrast to the tholeiitic trend usually observed for oceanic plagiogranites (Coleman and Peterman, 1975).

FeO+Fe20~

NQ20+K20
Fig. 5. A F M

MgO
triangular diagram for the Jabal Tays leucocratic rocks.

Minor elements

The contents of Rb, Sr, Zr, Y, and Nb have been determined (Table I). Several variation diagrams are used to show the chemical characteristics of Jabal Tays rocks. The variation of Rb with K is shown in Fig. 6. The samples from the main intrusive body show K/Rb ratios generally > 500, whereas the samples of the granophyric dikes and sills have typical crustal ratios. Figure 7 shows a Rb--Sr variation diagram on a log--log plot. The rocks of Jabal Tays show wide variations in both the Rb and Sr contents. The Rb ranges from 18--90 ppm and Sr from 150--1000 ppm. This variation is consistent with the variation observed between Rb and K. The rocks generally have low Rb/Sr ratios and plot within the field of island-arc and continental margin calcalkaline volcanic rocks (Coleman and Peterman, 1975) and more specifically within the field of continental trondhjemites and quartz diorites (Coleman and Donato, 1979).

329
~C-

3.C-

O0

2.C

1.C

o~

,b

2b

~o go 50 '
Rb p p m

do 90

8'0 ;o

' 1OO

Fig. 6. K versus Rb variation diagram.

I .I I Z1111 I ./I I I I1111] /

1oo
-

Continental o/rQ~;)johyre rhyolite~ - J "-,., g r o n o p/ h y r e s J - - -" /

i

and iceland 1 / _/ / "\ ~, ,a_ / 1/,

c~/Continental ~\/ _ ,~\.2" trondhjemites.X~ (~'~/" quartz diorit~s ~ -

,>/

I +.-'-

2,o
._<,oy
L,,~,o~//
iv

/
z___
i/
I

.
)(/Oceanic

i s"

lO

I I II~.IA.[/'~..'

,,

lOO

1 1 1 111[

lOOO 2000

Sr p p m

Fig. 7. Rb versus Sr variation diagram. Fields are after Coleman and Peterman (1975).

Heist (1973) and Gast (1965) suggested that high K/Rb and low Rb/Sr ratios indicate derivation from the lower crust (granulite facies) or upper mantle sources. However, Hart and Aldrich (1967), Griffin and Murthy (1969) and Murthy and Griffin (1970} have shown that partial melting processes involving amphibole or plagioclase in the upper mantle can produce liquids with high K/Rb ratios which are even higher than the K/Rb ratios of the source material. Hence, the K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios cannot uniquely infer source regions of magmas. However, it is tentatively suggested that the trondhjemites originated by partial melting of mantle-like material of amphibole--peridotite or plagioclase--peridotite. The granophyres represent more evolved liquids that developed by either fractionation of the trondhjemitic magma or its contamination with crustal material.

330

The concentrations of Nb in the trondhjemitic rocks are <10 ppm, whereas they are >20 ppm in the granophyric samples. The Y and Zr data also show the same kind of pattern i.e., depletion in the trondhjemitic samples compared to the granophyric ones. In general the concentrations of these (LIL) elements are similar to those reported by Payne and Strong (1979) for the Twillingate Trondhjemites in Newfoundland. The low concentrations of the (LIL) elements in the trondhjemitic samples indicates an igneous origin, probably partial melting of upper mantle material depleted in such elements above subduction zones. The granophyric bodies are either produced by crystal fractionation of the trondhjemitic liquids or assimilation of the country rocks for which there is little field evidence. However, both processes will lead to higher concentrations of the (LIL) elements in the granophyres.
Rb--Sr DATING

The Rb and Sr contents were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrography (Phillips X-ray spectrograph, PW 1410), on pressed powder pellets using G-2 as primary standard. The error in the Rb/Sr ratio is taken as + 1%. The Sr was separated from the samples using conventional resin column techniques. The isotopic composition of Sr was measured on an automated Aldermaston Micromass-30 mass spectrometer at the Mineralogisk-Geologisk Museum, Oslo, Norway. Our value for the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the NBS-987 St-standard during the analysis of the samples was 0.71036 + 8. The details of the above techniques are outlined in Jacobsen {1975). The Sr-isotopic compositions of the samples T-20 and T-23, were measured on a VG Isomass 54E at the Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. The 87Sr/Sr86 ratio for the NBS-987 standard was 0.71028 + 8. The STRb decay constant utilized in the isochron calculation is 1.42 X l f f l l y-1 (Steiger and Jager, 1977). Isochrons were calculated using the method described by York {1969) and errors are quoted at the 2 sigma level. Six samples were collected from the main body and from some dykes (Fig. 2) for Rb--Sr isotopic dating. Table II shows the analytical results. All the samples in Table II fit an isochron with a slope corresponding to an age of 620 + 40 Ma and 87Sr/S6Sr initial ratio of 0.70301 + 0.0002; the errors are quoted at the 2 sigma level. The isochron plot is shown in Fig. 8. This age is consistent with the Ar-Raqabah tectonic phase reported in the region for the granodiorite and diorite bodies (Baubron et al., 1976; Delfour, 1977, 1980; Letalenet, 1979). Peterman (1979) used the initial 8~Sr/86Sr ratios of tonalitic and trondhjemitic rocks from various parts of the world to establish a mantle evolution curve for St, which is now widely recognized by geochemists. The initial SVSr/86Sr ratio of Jabal Tays rocks (0.70301 + 0.0002) fits the mantle growth curve (Peterman, 1979) at 600 Ma within the 95% confidence limits. How-

331

ever, caution must be exercised against using initial 87Sr/S6Sr as indicators of magmatic origin. The Rb/Sr ratios of Jabal Tays rocks range from (0.04 -- 0.9) which covers the range from lower crustal to upper crustal values. The samples in Table II show present~day STSr/S6Sr ratios similar to modem oceanic volcanics. It has been suggested that acidic liquids with initial 87Sr/S6Sr values similar to those on the mantle evolution line, could originate by partial melting of earlier crustal material of tonalitic and trondhjemitic composition (Peterman, 1979).
TABLE II

Rb, Sr and Sr-isotopic data from Jabal Tays plagiogranite main intrusion
Sample no. Rb ppm 40.9 42.9 27.3 18.1 18.5 72.1 Sr ppm 295 385 828 950 803.2 352.9 STRb/s6Sr 8~Sr/S6Sr

T-19 T-19 T-19 T-19 T-20 T-23

C D E F

0.4010 0.3223 0.0952 0.0551 0.0602 0.5865

0.70612+8 0.70577+-4 0.70391+-5 0.70342_+7 0.70364+-8 0.70826+-8

oz~c 0,708 O,70E

co

dabal Tays ~/,~,,,,,,~, ~ " 19 19 C 23 .!

0,704 J.~,--%E 19F

0,702
0,700 I 0,10 I 0.20

Age: 6ZO +_4o Mo

(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0,7030+0,0002
I 0,30 I 0.40 I 0,50 0,60

87Rb / "6Sr
Fig. 8. Rb--Sr isoehron plot for Jabal Tays trondhjemites.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The Jabal Tays leucocratic acidic rocks intrude a melange zone of an ophiolitic complex. The occurrence of leucocratic veins, dikes, and offshoots o f the main intrusive body is suggestive of formation in situ at the present level (Gerlach et al., 1981). The petrographic characteristics, major oxide compositions, and trace element data show that they are similar to trondhjemites and granophyres associated with other ophiolite complexes (Payne and Strong, 1979; Malpas, 1979). Also, the Rb/Sr ratios

332 are similar to those of continental tonalites and trondhjemites. The depletion of the (LIL) elements in Jabal Tays rocks favours an origin by partial melting rather than by crystal fractionation (Arth and Hanson, 1975; Arth et al., 1978; Gerlach et al., 1981). It has been shown t h a t the basic igneous rocks associated with the ophiolite complex in the area have lower than usual concentrations of Ti, Zr and Nb (A1-Shanti and Gass, 1983), which is characteristic of rocks produced over subduction zones. Hence, later partial melting of such rocks could produce acidic liquids depleted in such elements. In conclusion, the Jabal Tays trondhjemites were probably produced by partial melting of basic material at the root of an island arc over a subduction zone. The low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.70301) and the calc-alkaline differentiation affinity also suggest magma generation by partial melting of a pre-existing lower crust with a short time residence. The granophyric rocks probably originated by crystal fractionation of the trondhjemitic liquids or by contamination of such liquids with the acidic host rocks. Finally, the age of emplacement of Jabal Tays t r o n d h j e m i t e - g r a n o phyre rocks at 620 Ma places an upper limit to the geologic and tectonic events in the Idsas area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge the help of Prof. Ian Gass of the Open University with chemical analyses. Also, we t h a n k Mr. J. Dons, Director of the Muneralogisk-Geologist Museum, Oslo, for allowing A. Abdel-Monem to use their facilities to do the Rb/Sr work. Bjorn Sundval and T. Asker assisted with the laboratory work at Oslo. Professor A. Kroner and Dr. N. Harris read the manuscript thoroughly and suggested some changes which improved the manuscript. The isotopic work was partly supported by Saudi Arabian National Center for l~esearch and Technology (SANCST) through a research contract No. AR-2-060. This is an AGCP 164 contribution. REFERENCES AI-Shanti, A.M.S., 1976. Geology of Ad-Dawadimi district. Bull. 13, Directorate General for Mineral Resources, 57 pp. A1-Shanti, A.M.S. and Gass, I.G., 1983. The Upper Proterozoic ophiolite zones of the easternmost Arabian Shield. J. Geol. Soc. London, 140: 867--876. Arth, J.G. and Hanson, G.N., 1975. Geochemistry and origin of the early Precambrian crust of northeastern Minnesota. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 39: 325--362. Arth, J.G., Barker, F., Peterman, Z.E. and Friedman, I., 1978. Geochemistry of the gabbro--diorite--tonalite--trondhjemite suite of south-western Finland and its implications for the origins of tanalitic and trondhjemitic magmas. J. Petrol., 19: 289--316. Aumento, F., 1969. Diorites from the Mid Atlantic Ridge at 45N. Science, 165: 1112-1113. Barker, F., 1979. Trondhjemite: Definition, environment and hypothesis of origin.

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