CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Review of Related Literature Women today have a great deal of pressure to deal with.

They often have to worry about their careers, relationships, and appearance. A woman's appearance is often one of her primary concerns. Whether she is a cold corporate executive, a common housewife, or even a student, she is always striving to meet society's concept of beauty. Hakuhodo (2012), shows that while East Asian women focus on skincare, Southeast Asian women concentrate on cosmetics. It stays true to majority of the younger bracket of Filipino women. It has also been proven that the top three musthaves are lipstick, face powder and nail polish , respectively. Hakuhodo showed that 87.1% of Filipino women use lipsticks, 84% use pressed powder and 75.9% use nail polish. However, with the constant exposure to different environments, the usage of cosmetics dont only uplift ones self -esteem but also chances of irritation and infection due to the bacteria that has been accumulated over time. (Muhammed, 2011) studied Bacterial and Fungal Contamination in Three Brands of Cosmetic Marketed in Iraq and found that most cosmetics contain a lot of ingredients that are good for microbial growth and the production of cosmetics is not a sterile process and at least the storage temperature is nearly optimal for microbial growth. Cosmetics products may be contaminated during manufacturing by microorganisms

existing in the environment or in the raw materials, which mostly contain water and the later form an appropriate media for microbial growth. In a journal The Secret Life of Germs, 2012) it was stated that most infectious diseases are transferred person to person via bacteria contaminated hands that can cause colds, infections and life-threatening illnesses such as Hepatitis A and Salmonella. Germ-contaminated cosmetics can do the same.

Escherichia coli According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2013), E. coli is the name of a type of bacteria that lives in the intestines. Most types of E. coli are harmless while some types can make you sick and cause diarrhea. The worst type causes bloody diarrhea, and can sometimes cause kidney failure and even death. Stated in the Medilexicon's Medical Dictionary (2012), E. coli is a species that occurs normally in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates, it is widely distributed in nature, and is a frequent cause of infections of the urogenital tract and of neonatal meningitis and diarrhea in infants. Enteropathogenic strains of E. coli cause diarrhea due to enterotoxin, the production of which seems to be associated with a transferable episode. Richmond (2009), Mintel's senior beauty analyst, said: "These latest findings highlight a lack of information available on cosmetic sell-by dates. Repeated exposure to bacteria from the mouth affects lip colour cosmetics.

(Akin and Atlantar, 1989), investigated the microbiological quality control of lipsticks. In 81 samples, they found out that 34 of them (42%) had total aerobic plate

count and 19 of them (23.5%) were found to consist mold and yeast which are not allowed by the cosmetic regulations. In the samples, pathogen microorganisms such as S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella were detected. Indeed, after carefully examining the microbiological content of these lipsticks, their bio statistical efficiency was also determined. In each counting procedure, for different bacteria, it was found that only one sample was effective at the 3rd and 14th day. The remaining 9 lipstick samples (90%) were kept under investigation until the end of the testing procedure on the 28th day.

Staphylococcus aureus Although more than 20 species of Staphylococcus are described in Bergey's Manual (2001), only S. aureus and S. epidermidis are significant in their interactions with humans. S. aureus colonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. (Mandal, 2010) stated that S. aureus may occur commonly in the environment. It is transmitted through air droplets or aerosol. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, he or she releases numerous small droplets of saliva that remain suspended in air. These contain the bacteria and can infect others. Around one third of healthy individuals carry this bacteria in their noses, pharynx and on their skin. In normal

healthy and immunocompentent person, S. aureus colonization of the skin, intestinal tract, or nasopharynx does not lead to any symptoms or disease. When S. aureus is isolated from an abscess or boil or other skin lesion, it is usually due to its secondary invasion of a wound rather than the primary cause of disease. S. aureus may similarly be isolated from abscesses, breast abscesses or mastitis, dermatitis or skin infections and genital tract infections. S. aureus is considered the classic opportunist in this way since it takes advantage of broken skin or other entry sites to cause an infection. In animals and humans that are immunocompromised or immunodeficient, this bacteria may be life threatening. It may lead to pyogenic infections of the skin, eyes and genital tract. Another common method of transmission is through direct contact with objects that are contaminated by the bacteria or by bites from infected persons or animals. Approximately 30% of healthy humans carry S. aureus in their nose, back of the throat and on their skin. (www.news-medical.net) Altanlar has studied microbiological quality of 81 lipsticks which are unused. In 81 samples; they have found that 34 samples have been found to be contaminated and total aerobic bacteria counts were between 104-106 CFU/g. In some lipsticks microorganisms such as mold and yeast which are not allowed to be present in cosmetics were determined. In only one of the samples Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and no other pathogen bacteria mold or yeasts were observed. In a study entitled Microbiological Investigation of Used Cosmetic Samples by the Hacettepe University (2010), microbial contamination was studied according to the guidelines of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method: Microbiological

Methods for Cosmetics. Among the samples, in 3 eyelashes, 3 eye shadows, 2 lipsticks and 2 foundations of 10 samples microbial contamination were observed. In 5 samples total aerobic bacteria numbers were off the limits. S. aureus and E.coli that are not allowed to be found in cosmetics were determined. The Food and Drug Administration (2011) did a survey of an assortment of 400 lipsticks and there were low levels, but the agency stated that there were no safety concerns at that time. The most recent study studied more metals and projected the health risk was derived from the metal's strength and usual lipstick use.