THE CRAFTSMAN

Published Monthly by THE UNITED CRAFTS, 207 South State Street, SYRACUSE, NEW YORK

Contents
The City Plan - Illustrated

for April MM
A
CHARLES R. LAMB M. P.-VERNEUIL Translated from the French by IREWE SARBENT

Enamel and Enamelers L-Illustrated

The Photo-Secession : A New Pictorial Movement - rllustrated

SADAKITCHI HARTMANN

The Founding of the Spanish Missions in California: GEORGE Article Number Four - Illustrated The Californian Art of Stamping and Embossing Leather - Illustrated The Book-Plate Idea, Illustrated by Western
Designers-Illustrated

WHARTON

JAMES

ARTHUR

INKERSLEY

C. VALENTINE JANET PAYNE

KIRBY BOLLES GANS

Artistic Dress for Children Paris as a Democratic City: Its Present Aspect

CHARLES

Translated from the French by IRENE SARGENT

The Craftsman House, Series of 1904, Number IV-nlustrated Par-a-dyce : A Castine Cottage - Illustrated A Carefully Planned Home - Illustrated Recent Examples of English Decoration - Illustrated Chips Book Reviews

25

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Copyright,1904, by &JQTAV STICRLEY. EnteredNovember18.1902, at Syracuse,N. Y., as second-class matter

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THE MOSHER -li3OOKS

SPRING ANNOU-NCEM.ENT MIXCCCCIV
By A. E. 450 copies on Van Gelder Hand-made Price $1.50 net. Paper, Old Style Boards.

A new edition of HOMEWARD : SONGS BY THE WAY is based upon the belief that Mr. Russell has at last come in a measurable degree tohis own. It is a fact that a very large proportion of his choicest poems are enshrined in this earliest volume of lyrics. It is now put forth in IO-point old-style Roman type with original symbolic device in red on ti.tle page, repeated after colophon, and in such beautifully proportioned small.quarto format cannot fail of attracting all who are interested in the finer lyrical results of the Celtic revival.

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A FEW SUGGESTIONS OF NEW PUBLICATIONS

The

Forest

Hearth Christmas F. of

Chnrla

Mnj,

Circumstance Claybornes. The of a Wife, The The

Wi Nil/,nm ,\Zo,y Gr,rr</r The The Mary

dfitrhcll
Snac

hlississippi Miss

Bubble,

The

Emrrron Dw,gbt
Julian Lucy M.

Hourh T,,,ora RRolph

Colonel The Little

Carters

Petticoats The

Hopkinsan Smith John Fux. Jr H. Sprnrmual

Come

Confessions

Admr
rlrberton

Millionaire>>.

Shepherd

Kingdom

Conqueror.
Courage Desert and

Mistress
Mile. Moth 2nd

Brent

Thurrmn Z. Mrr,,,

The Daughter Barlasch Hcspcr The The rhe Heart of the

of a Magnate Guard

of Conviction, the Sown,

T. R. Su/livn ZZn//ork Foota

Fouchcttr Rust Peggy Wife Pines Goes

Chnrlrr .lJa,y
to Town

Frank

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hly Lady

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of Rome

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A.

Cha,/,r
G~orgs C,ry Donovan Eternal Every Fortune> Four

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Corn,

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of the Nan Eye, Naughty Needles

Hwmnn

Adventure> Long Night

of Gerard Sir

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Conon

I)oylC

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ZZl/ Jorrphinr The

John I.uthr,
The A Brave ,vr,n,y Highway Anna Trail Jcromr

F/,rnrr~ll,rrKin~r/ry F. Frnnkfort Hnmblrn

Jnmrr

SLnnlcy

1. wryman

1 be Maids The The lhe l-he One

of Paradise Woman

Rohrrt IV. Chnmbrrr Thomnr !Dixon Jr.

Bar

Nrst of Linoeta. None But

Oldfield the

C. S,lwyr,

of Oliver The

Sherrods Call Web

Gaorxr

MrCutrhron Jock London

Feather>.

F. Zlopkznran Smith
A. dlo//y Grorgx Courageous of Navarre. Loring of the With Baskervillrs. Sir House In Spite thr Crern The E. N: B//rot Maron ScnuJrlZ Francezka Craustark Hearts Helmet Hope Hound

Huston Ronkr
Crcrlman

On the Great
one f My

of the Wild

Frederick
Decides Hesitates

?,cv, /Vi//

Hill Pnyne

Sons

Knthnrine
Brrt

Grrrn Horrr
Morrir

&II. Salt
The Duke She That Sally John

Bo,,

MrCutrbron H. I?. Rru,, Runklt Be//

%y/e

Opcnines
Paul Kelvrr Pasteboard Pit. The

in the Old
Crown.

ZZrodon Hill
ZZnrrir R. E.

K. J<,mc Xorrir

Dirkmn

Bertha

The

Clnm

of Missouri Burt

Young
Danky

Lilron
Tbr nl Conan

Frank
of Good Crown. Folly for Love. Frllows. The The

F. C. Adomr Frank
City E. F. Brnron

Prince P:,prt Ransons Remedy Reign Richard Right

Robert Bn,, Hording E//r !Dnvi, Ktrk Block

IZn,/d MnrGroth Rirhord

Pigs in Clavcr
The The When The Relrntless Silver I was Boss of Sunnybrook Prosper Prince the POPPY Czar A.

Arthur
IT.

Stringer

Shutter>. The Grorgr Ijo&-lnrr

,Vo,chmnr Henry Lewir Riprin Harlnnd Bell

of All God Forgot lhr

Edna Fronrcr
ZZmon Moon,

I.,//

of I.aw. Cordon

The

Jnmrr
C/nn

Lane A//r,,

Alfrrd

In the Country Inn of thr

Jack Just Kate Silver

Chn,,,,
K. Cirlr

Alrxnnde,
The A.

Irince>>.Tbe Passion. the Carlist Calmady Bird. The The The Till Power of Leif Delightful of Blent the A

LnuirrBurnhom

Rebecca My Friend

Farm Kate Doualnr

Ruling Sarita. Sir

H,n,y
II.

Vnn D, kr
nlnrrhrnont .%Znlrt /,,,,o,,

H,n,y
Jimmies Moui<e

Raymond and thr Unjust. The

B.

I.. V,nirh 3opor K,p/in~ Xoln Hn,,and Mnrrho//

.IZois

7 he Proud
Abroad With

John H,rnt/y MrCnrthy

Lilinn

Richard Frnnk Rud,o,d

Richard

Lurnr Au,q,rrn llnr~ Roan*

Bonnet

R. Srorkton Em,/,

Speckled Spender>.

Alice of Old
Alien. The Aristocrat>.

Vincennrs

Thompron Athsrton Hornung Johnrrun G/a,gw

Davis

Kim
Lahot Lady Paramount, The

L,un

Milm,, S. Isham
Cm,) Corrllr

F. F. Montrcror
The

Strollrrs.

Frrdrrirk
I Come

Gutrude
R. At. Mary

ZZny

At Large
Audrey Barbara Ladd The Rilliom

I,alalle
Lizrttc Little Life Lily Lore Lord White on tbc Bird, Stage A Soul The

M,y

Il. Cnthrruood J. JZ. Bnrrir

C/o0

Story of Edrn. Tarry Thou

Trmporal Thrall Those

D/f ZV~//rdr
cro,fi< Mortr Lucky. Ottilir The A.

Edward

Chorlrr

G. D. Robrrtr E//I
Stron*

Lt,,,nrron,z Evrrard A&hong Corrs Hope

Ba!tlcground. Belshazznr Benefactrrss Blue Flower.

of France, and the

Cnroline Al~orsrMoron Hunters John Olive

Amcric>n> Mrr.

Yen Arnim The

Habbrr Crowford Brown Pnrttr

Tristram
Truth Two

Henry ?on Dyke G,,gr Churrhrll Richard

Box, The

Alingham,

Bankrupt

.IZnzcJlnnntu~

Dextrr Vanrevels. The

Sidnry MrColl Baorh ?n,k,ngron Henry S,rn .If*,,,mn,,

Owrn wirtr,

Bylow Hill Ca>tleCrancycrow

Captain, Captain Cardinals Cavalier. The

II.

Cnblc

Marietta

F. Marinn
Iron Mask, The

Gs,~,Bnr,AlrCurrhrn Nvi//iomr Dnuir Cab/s Hnrlnnd

IV.

hl>n in thr Margarrt Mary Grrvin

TishrHupkinr Alirr Ls:ir

The

Vrlwt
Virginian.

Glove, The
The

\varrenrr Frrd
Walderhurst,

Macklin
Snuff The K

Hnrding Hen,)
George

Victor>,The Visits When of Elizabeth, Are The

Robert Bar, E/r. G/y

Out and Loves Afield C,rur Townrrnd Brady The Gnrc

Many Waters
Method> of Lady

Robert Shnrklrton Frnnrrr ZZod~ron Burnett

The Elrnno

Blades

Calumct
Cecilia

Meruin-Webrrcr
F. Mnrion

Crawford

Misdemeanors

of Nancy,

Hoyt

Wooine of Wisteria.

R hyr

The Craftsman,

Craftsman EvzZdhg, Syractme, N. Y.

FOR APRIL
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THE
Vol. VT
CITY LAMB. PLAN. BY

CRAFTSMAN
APRI
CHARLES R.

1904

No.

found defense

on river sides: the river was its own against all but those who attacked added to its adand the ease with which the river at all other times as a means of

I
This

by boats, prairies and means were not gridironed the wagon form train by railways vantages

N those days when the Western was the only

could bc made impassable, traffic for commerce.

of transit, each evening was seen in its an example of the formation The wagons, surrounding

In modern times, the outer walls of the old cities have disappeared or are unused ; in on which they many cases the actual ground ment in the citys

simplest arranged

of a city, by the camp-oux. with wheels, formed against the possible curving line a barrier attacks of

in a large circle, wheels interlocked wall of defense of the Indians. wagons

stood being made a distinct modern improvescheme, owing to the fact to the city makes it If we might de nouveau that the area belonging into parks for modern

the camp itself, a necessary

possible to design this, as a distinct addition, and open spaces. planning conditions, a city now consider the determining

interlocked

personifies bound heaviest

all the various

means of defense tribes to the

that cities have had, from the simple stakes together of the African Europe. at infrequent determined the andmost solid of the walls of the of defense, that of the wall

in these times when

idea of offense and defense conditions of commerce,

on the part of ancient cities could be modified to the modern principles convenience, inhabitants, results. Although American cities are considered in the world, they in those combinations them into conThus, they The establish,ed in the most rapid-growing .yet haGe their origin of commerce it would be relatively easy to establish those give the maximum advantages the best to the aesthetic

towns of mediaeval The principle pierced citys

with narrow openings

which would the greatest and secure

points for egress, necessarily were solid and practically toward the citys streets.

plan, and from the fact that. the walls unpierced, Thus, build-

ings were backed against the walls and faced the more to the important spaces, Ages, space, buildings were brought study

center of the enclosure and if a careful this principle-that practically

into the more open be made of of the Middle of the important open the buildings stated,

which brought plan,

tact with the business of the country. with no comprehensive advance, inevitably ship developed to direct such cities growth, in an erratic way. any

all the buildings

civic buildings

erected in the central, of the circle against defense,-as

and the more unimportant of the towns

innumerable

difficulties caused by the ownerhas prevented improvement, but the even when ima city planned
3

on the outer part ramparts will be realized. The argument

of realty

most accidental provement

was possible.

is the same when cities are

We have, in the Capital,

CITY
Pork, also the outcome of a commission, of street arrangement, of the citizen be possibilities have can

PLAX
than the third, and that, therefore, tem of transit plan, through streets angled traveled, leading -\/L north or south, the any sysof rightto be streets

be shown as possibly of all forms convenience while the

the most unsatisfactory if the been considered, plan driven

east or west,

must necessarily

increase the distance diagonal

artistic

as against

ignored by having the rectilinear

from one quarter

of the city to an-

7p-/r
through

bp-v-7b
The Hexagon BR a City Plan

tons and tons of natural rock to the of the natural contours, and to at large It of

other. through

Broadway, New Pork,

the one great proves how

diagonal essential

destruction

the great expense of the community as well as of individual is a geometric axiom that

such diagonals gest modifications

are, and it is but recently and improvements in the

house-builders. the distance

that a serious attempt has been made to sugpresent plan of New York, so as to rectify 6

two sides of a right angle triangle

is greater

THE
many changes of the difficulties and adjust to the inevitably increasing

CRAFTSMAN
the areas, which, in turn, can be used for groups of civic buildings in certain recreation, parts of the city, for the and, again, in other parts of the city business in all the newsand one around a to is publishing, conges-

tion of the growing discuss moment, signing possible way, the ideal of a city

metropolis. as a wise ,measure to and assume from the dethe This city

It might be suggested

seats of learning, its forms, paper trades, sirous The nized industries, of

banking,

as Dowie did in Zion City, entirely and arranging

and the thousand themselves different This

the com-

which, in their turn, seem to be degrouping of

mencement

in the plan

developments

of the future.

common center. tendency for many businesses tendency centralize in one locality years. merely gravitate Educational has been recoghowever.

has frequently

been done in an academical knowledge, embodBeautistatements mean little, ideas which of the to the problems Indefinite the City

but never, to the writers

with a full reference ied in such a scheme. abbut ful, an Ideal or a City

not restricted Theatres of the people of the city. pitals, tating suggests

to business, toward

City,

and all buildings

for the recreation one quarter hosgraviinstitutions,

of the Future,

unless they embody the practical inevitably schemes. foundation is dependent city planned aesthetic plan?. rectilinear cutting square, upon fullest that most practical dictate Municipal

the development

etc., each, in turn, are found toward their fellows.

Art must have for its Its very essence relations a and and, therefore, in artistic

This t,endency in zoneszones

practicability.

that in the model city of our arguzones of pleasure,

upon the harmonious to be developed plan. And

ment such areas could be located zones of learning, of medicine ing, and surgery, the nearer

between this and beauty, directions,

zones of business. territory, such

must be based upon the what is such a of The or a one the is mind, all forms

They, in turn, would have from them radiatthrough buildings as would instinctively consort with Thus each ;

To the writers

designs must be discarded. If not an oblong be the basic After the city? give,

the idea presented by the zone. buildings but also buildings

of these with diagonals what form consideration would

is, after all,

zone would have not only its administrative of habitation the minor businesses for local distribution; the schools to serve the children of the zone, etc. In this way each zone, in its own group, a city from complete, selfdivided its neighboring streets. The would be practically supporting,

but a make-shift. which to found geometric

of all the possibilities the writer the scheme shown in the the hexagon. This of the city to the within many the great discussed

figures diagram,

tempted to suggest accompanying permits utmost

zone or city by the small park, and yet connected with it by the diagonal The danger of congestion power of extension of such a plan is infinite. by the excessive growth of cities has in such plan been elim-

the development that might

be possible

decades, b,ecause with the hexagon, advantage of the diagonal already

is secured, and, at the same time, intervening spaces which can be secured for playgrounds and park
6

inated, or, at least, reduced to its minimum. The more this plan is studied, the more it will be found to approach the idea of prac-

areas, between

the large

central

CITY. PLAN
ticability, primarily in regard to shorter marily for a level country, and the argument must, naturally, be modified when the conformation in levels. would indicate distinct changes This point, which would seem with most

distances that a person would have to walk or drive from any one point to another. The sub-division of the interests into groups by a division of the park area, is to be distinctly commended from its sanitary point of view, as these interruptions foliage inhabitants of each quarter. the grouping private buildings of natural give the greatest advantage to the Aesthetically, of the public, semi-public and around common centers

most obvious, is indicated here, because, as a rule, the method of procedure city officials and most city plans is to forget the question of altitude, and to force any scheme to comply with all differences in the elevation of the ground. It is, as yet, a debatable question as to how large a city or town should be to secure the most healthful environment for the inhabitants; but it must be admitted that the smaller the group and the more frequent the interruptions by parks, the more satisfactory the result artistically, and the improvement by such breathing spaces of the health statistics, as well as the improvement

largely increases the architectural and artistic possibilities over the accidental opportunities offered by the ordinary plan of the city ; while the angles caused by the hexagon permit interesting variety in the treatment of the street facades over that developed by any straight or continuously curved street. Of course, such a plan is assumed pri-

The Pan American

Exposition:

a suggestion how to haw nared its main with new residences on either side

attractions

as a park,

THE
in the morals .of the people police records, could The park

CRAFTSMAS
ity by re-planning ings, areas intended for buiIdaccess to buildings, to the the and large to the on such lines as give direct locations Directors for important

shown by the developed, spot

easily be witnessed.

system, if properly

the main parts of the area and, by so doing, establish Board of he suggested replanning future in the design presented

would give an open area and breathing

in every section of the city so close together that at no time would the distance be farther than a short walk ; for bered that a park reached walking, for it must be rememthe people is to be by

of the Exposition

of that section to the right so as to secure two

left of the main court with reference streets,

(if it is a park for the people)

for a park which is ten cents away can utilize. The Park-

from the poor mans home is not one which he or his children way, that is, connecting series of parks together, solution found of of the in existing streets which tie the is the most happy that has been

difficulties against

laws, most of which seem the beautification foliage. however, of

to be legislation

the streets even by the use of

When a street becomes a park-way, it then is brought the Park in the park the principle ways, connecting extension beauty The adjoined the reason be secured beauty great Department,

within the jurisdiction

and the use of trees it becomes of the parkare formed adds to was the lo-

being,fundamental, for the treatment green but the greater

and thus lines of of the system

areas of green-the

of the city. Pan-American the for from principal Exposition park of on land which Buffalo, that the could the courts facing toward the fountains for semiwhich and the and the it of be found built public buildings and also the largest amount section of When being

cated, it will be remembered, the selection

entire tract covered by the Exposition one Estate. approached of Fountains should strongly close of the Exposition of the Court Electrical Tower

were to be lost,

seemed as if some method by which these features

of street faqade for the new buildings, would become the new residential sition should be bought falo from the Estate

good material could be retained as a definite asset in the beautification Hcalizing

8

the city, while the central part of the Expoby the city of Bufand thus by its

of the city.

as the writer had, the possibil-

CITY
location The First: tant part Esplanade, Tower, Estate tagcs be a permanent argument of addition to Dela-

PLAN
ning. taxation When municipalities alone developed realize the great of by an intelligent

ware Park. financially stated was: the Bridge, Electric with the The purchase Court the of of the most imporFountains,

advantage

to the city from the question

plan, then WCmay expect the officers responsible for the finances also to realize the necessity that the plan of the city be developed so that the city will increase in taxable value proportionately What to its increase in area. and when the general This, its by probably, is can be done when a city is already

the Exposition:

Plaza and Stadium ; co-operation so.to lay out the streets of Buffalo as to secure the adranto the of salt at an into the fact that so would fact for a and securing

Second : By

in the new section Estate large directly

built, is still growing, plan is unsatisfactory? community. hangs pcnsc increase telligent to speak, itself. plished? Up on

shown in t,he plan, thus giving the opportunity owing of

the most vital question which can affect any successful answer will the future to bc borne of the city, and t.he ex-

creased valuation, a number upon

the plots

a park,

the taxpayers

smaller area (that is, smaller by the amount taken for the park) a price which would be equal to the value of the entire arca if sold at the lower value if the park did not exist. The principal falo recognizing tion by dedicating Unfortunately, at the Exposition point of the argument was based upon the necessity dent, memorializing of the city of Buf-

a hundredfold acccptancc

by the acceptance scheme so

of an unsatisfactory so designed

plan, as against the inof a practical automatiCally,

as to develop

with the development Primarily, of

of the city realizing people forethe city, present future estabthe

How can the best results be acconby the citys competent existing, of the the having

the death of the late Presihis visit to the Exposithis park to the people. and depression of the President considered; of t,he the in the

the necessity

supervise the plan as already cast the possible suggest time, growth location vantagcously indicate development such changes those

the gloom

caused by the assassination to have the scheme Exposition, land

as may be most adat for lines

itself made it impossible cffcctivcly

undertaken

and the shortness of time, the closing the necessity to the Estate which,

of the city, by private

which, by being

of returning

lished at an early date, would facilitate ings of the future The congestion greater city. of population

in the condition killed

capital of the new buildhas natur-

which it was originally, demolition, force park. The of the argument

started the work of for the memorial in co-

in its result,

ally been more a difficulty fore, a few examples trations entirely

in city problems

in the old world than in the new, and, therescheme is interesting as showing to mention a possible are given in the illusmeasures are spots to eradicat.e, if not For it must induces
9

this connection, operation

to show what radical

in the future between municipaliwho own large tracts of

being taken or suggested of the foreign not be forgotten

ties and the people

to remove some of the plague commonwealths. that bad planning

land which may come by process of growth of the cities within the arca of street plan-

THE
bad building, and bad building

CRAFTSMAN
signed to fill two purposes: one to destroy the plague spot of Seven Dials ; the other to connect Charing Cross with High Holborn. To-day, Shaftsbury Avenue, one of the

and bad

planning combined, induce dirt and disease, and thus, like the loss of character in an individual, the breaking down of the lines

Alternatire

suggestions

for changes

in Cologne

of health and decency go hand in hand with the evils of a bad scheme. The surgeons knife is sometimes the last resort, so, in the suggestive examples, Cologne, Hanover and London, the lines of the surgeons knife are shown in the new streets to be cut directly through the crowded areas. Compare the map of the buildings in the London example as they exist to-day and the radical changes suggested, and you will

notable new streets in London, has accomplished both purposes and Seven Dials disappears from the map of London and, at the same time, from the records of the police courts. It was thought that this great avenue would solve the difficulty of transit across the city, but already the necessity of extra lines paralleling Shaftsbury Avenue has been found, and to-day the City of London has decided upon the important thor-

Alternative

suggestions

for changes

in Hanover

realize with what courage the municipality is facing the difficulties which it has allowed heretofore to develop unchecked. Shaftsbury Avenue, London,
10

oughfare to be cut from Westminster Bridge and the Strand straight through the network of narrow streets which pass the Law Courts into Holborn, and, under the super-

was de-

CITY
vision of the architect of the County Council of London, W. E. Riley, been begun. Why should we wait to have our death intelligentrate increased, rather than accept the experience of the older cities-begin ly to re-plan our cities, not only in their old sections, but, in the new ones, to lay out the lines intelligently for the future growth ? Why is it that we speak of the great in a personal way that streets of Europe the work has

PLAN
between two points. This is axiomatic, and yet nearly all cities are so planned that two streets of a right angle have to be traversed for the journeys that one makes. If the loss of time, if the expenditure of energy, if the wear and tear of the vehicles which are used, if the thousand and one expenditures of traffic in a city could be estimated and the direct loss to the community could be found, owing to the difference between a straight line and a right angle, the sum total would be so startling as to seem incredible. If, therefore, the argument is to be developed in

brings them as definite pictures before our Paris and one sees the Champs mind?

Section

of congested

London

Plan for changes

in congested

area

Elyskes; Berlin and we think of Unter den Linden; Rome and the Corso; London, the Why is Strand, Fleet Street and Picadilly. this ? Because these streets being the more important ones of the city, to them naturally gravitate the people of the city ; place in the opposite scale our Main streets or Broad streets or Front streets, and then we can appreciate by the very names themselves how unsuccessful has been the system of growth and how inadequate the planning on the part of the authorities responsible for our cities. A straight line is the shortest distance

the interest of the financial side alone, the advisability in considering the planning of the city is so great that no other one question is of such vital importance to a municipality. The tendency to centralize taxation upon real estate already exists and will continue. Our statesmen should think most carefully of the possible value which intelligent planning would give to areas either as yet unproductive or which, by bad planning, will not equitably bear a high tax. Why is it a recognized fact that streets facing upon a
11

park have a distinct advantage and that the

CITY
and here, while endorsing of LEnfant, they ignore was an engineer the original the fact plan It is devel-

PLAN
the idcal possibilities necessities as well as the practical but

t,hat hc

of our cities will come into their

and not an architect.

own, and their status, not as prophets, as leaders, will bc recognized.

rather with surprise one hears the argument quoted above (now that the workhas oped and its importance recognized), tofore matter. their larger is being universally

that the result must inevitably any responsibility they with relation in to the the as to Who

come into the hands of those who have hercignored As a rule, responsibility have repudiated any re-organiza-

I
the

the built within

development city, problems.

of

an have

artistically appeared acof allto be single

problems

It has been found it serves; and each

necessary cording

to divide the city into parts, to the purposes by itself, of has presented a question

scheme needed for

tion or re-planning any of the individual but the architects Spcrativc

ncss of

of a municipality

of thcsc parts devclopmcnt embracing

units they have been

while the great, has proved into a thcsc

called upon to design as architecture. plamiing

urban problem

have defied all rules of counit called is architecof much considin

co6rdination

and stood for the selfish- * schcmc There ception planning facts

comprehensive

and harmonious. in the perare collective-in For merely to a

the individual

is evidence of progress that the problems question.

ture ?

Municipal

greater importance ered, and the actual has been devclopcd various countries, one profession,

than is gcncrally

a recognition

that their sum is far more than while itself

arc that! the, idea

an architectural forward

by a few individuals

build with an cyc to beauty,

not by any means of any politicians, real estate

step, is the first one to be taken; advance. Man,. ,, says sooner than were the in barbe Addington

but, as a rule, of varied pro-

but first to place well and then to build well shows a yet further Bacon, garden greater Symonds, Italy, comes finely, to build stately as if of gardening the ; and John

fessions : statesmen, cipally city

owners, lawyers and citizens at largc-prinby those who have the love of their and .rarcly by the so-called with the renot only as at heart,

perfection writing remarks,

professionals. He only should be entrusted planning backward imagination of the city who has shown by his the power of looking but also forward so as to forcof t.o-day.

Renascence from must

Architecture

is always the and of civic carved in

first of the fine arts to emerge barism in the service of religion life. A house, as Hegel in mosaic, chambers, says,

cast the needs of the city of to-morrow well as appreciate Who he is, is y&to he is found, established: gineering, Construction, the difficulties

built for the god, bef.ore the god, stone or figured must be prepared before painted the national there ; and council

can be placed he continues, can be

be determined, and when will have been or enMunicipal in preaching

a new profession

for the senate of a state achievements

not that of architecture but that of Artistic

on the walls.

and then that small group 13

of men who have been faithful

THE

CRAFTSMAN

Cloisonne enamel with double cabochons.

Executed by Sum de la Croix

ENAMEL IRENE

AND SARGENT

ENAMELERS: TRANSLATED

M. BY

P.-VERNEUIL.

Subsequently, this costly method was largely abandoned, except by jewelers. These artificers continued to -produce cloisonnt enamels down to the sixteenth century. The work was usually executed upon gold or silver, more rarely upon copper, and, in exceptional cases, upon iron. We may regard the filigree enamels,

few considerations to the same art as practised in the past. But the retrospective glance needs only to be brief. Cloisonnk Enamels. These may be regarded in their origin as the simplification, by means of a flux, of work executed by the lapidary, who encrusted table-cut stones in gold settings, thus forming a kind of mosaic. Such specimens of enamel are the most ancient known. Cloisonnt5 enamels were produced by the Egyptians, and again, after an interval of long ages, by the Byzantines, who practised the art from the sixth century onward, and, in their turn, transmitted it to the craftsmen of western Europe. In France, Germany, England, cl&on& from
14

EFORE advancing to study the productions of modern workers in enamel, we must pause to devote a

which were executed from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, in Hungary, and throughout the valley of the Danube, as an extension of the previous method. In the later process, the cells or partitions are replaced by filigree, and the enamels are not subjected to polishing. Chanzplevk (sunken) Enamels.

Specimens of this class have been known since classical antiquity ; they have been found in Italy, France, Germany and Great Britain ; all apparently dating from periods prior to the third century of the Christian era. This method seems to have been abandoned during several hundred years. Thf first examples, belonging to the West of Europe, are not earlier than the ninth century, They are executed upon gold, and appear

Italy, perhaps even in enamels were executed to the twelfth century.

the ninth

ENAMELS
process. The metal employed (sunken)

AND

ENAMELERS
was never abandoned, and the jewelers and makers of caskets of the eighteenth century used it in their work. In the class of translucent enamels, must be included the specimens of perforated cloisorvnt, produced in France as early as the fourteenth tremely rare. of which century, but which are exThese enamels, once finished, partitions have been upon

to be a simple modification of the cloisonnt in the champkvt been copper

process has largely

of considerable thickness. This process offers most varied results, according figures against as plain spaces of metal are reenameled, and thus relieved The craftsserved for the figures, or as, inversely, the are a gold background.

appear like painted windows, into the mass metallic plunged. We have no information

men of the Rhineland and the region of the Meuse, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the enamelers of Limoges, in the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, obtained excellent decorative results from these processes, which were sometimes united in the less important parts, even in enameling upon copper, with the cloisownt method. Translucent or transparent enamels have scarcely been employed, except for the decoration silver.. of the precious metals, gold and

their special composition and treatment other than that given by Benvenuto Cellini : Within an iron frame, having the shape of the enamel to be produced, the craftsman deposited with a brush a thin layer of earth, in order to prevent adhesions of the enamel. Then, he placed inside the frame the design

From a technical point of view, the first translucent specimens do not present marked differences from the champlevt enamels; since the former were first employed to decorate backgrounds; the ornamental motifs and figures being reserved in plain metal. Afterward, the craftsmen conceived the idea of extending this system to the entire surface of the object, and for the purpose of applying transparent enamels, they were led to make true bas-reliefs whose slight elevations are seen through the transparent ored enamels. medium of variously col-

Gold 5bula. ornamented with cloisonti enamel; twelfth or thirteenth century (Museum of Msyence)

This system, which was known in Italy at the end of the thirteenth century, was simultaneousiy employed in France and in Germany for the decoration of pieces of goldsmiths work in gold and in silver. It

composed by the aid of small metal plates, as is the case in the production of cloisonne?. He next applied the enamel, as in the cloi8fN&

process, and, after a certain number of firings, he obtained a kind of glass, very
15

THE
thick, frame not and which make easily detached from the

CRAFTSMAN
iron of
Such

had served the purpose the slightest adhesion.

mold,-but

a mold to which the enamel did be set, like precious of

With a swift hand and rude does Time efface Of art the forms which perish, though divine: Confused now stands Da Vincis flowing line, And shadows lessen Monna Lisas grace. Our eyes have seen what soon shall fade from sight: The Papal Halls a ruined Sanzio hold ; While Angelos stroke succumbs to murk and mould; Greek art is lost: th Italian nears its night. But thou, my Claudius, thou dost fix thy thought, As amber holds a flower, in substance strong, Defying all Times slow, insidious wrong. Thy work the rainbow rays has sought; From out clear depths bums bright the fleck of gold, And the Ideal shoots forth its arrow bold.

enamels could afterward church ornament tory of enamel.

stones, in pieces of ,jewelry, or in objects and service. insist upon have, We shall not longer We

the his-

in the present

What tory

joy

for the artist to work in such What joy also to gain a vicbut too often

a substance !

over fire, the necessary, of his work ! working the public

terrible auxiliary (ertain substance. not clearly

Silver vase, enameled. Executed 1~ Feuillatre

artists But artists

in modern perhaps or

jewdoes the

elry have reinstated

this too long

neglected

understand

either the difficulties overcome, to emThese of

which ploy ing

the

have

article, principally technical Within sufficient Favored worker material thoughts. of substance, tive agency methods these limits for

to occupy and

ourselves with artists.

processes which they have been forced in order to attain fine results. to indicate; itrathcr dependent executing our study we shall here attempt jewels, but extending

modern

we shall find material

not limitto the work

treatment. above all ot.her artists, translate the his

to the sim.ple enameling

of artists

who make the palue and interest upon enameI under these or of or

in enamel into

deals with an admirable he may of tone and beauty

of their productions complete conditions painted We methods of them. All metals do in itself; enamel. shall in

which

alone, who use this medium as sufficient and a fink piece examine of cloisonnd, these

To strength

enamel adds the rare and very of resistance to the destructime. The truth of this by the many antique of

valuable quality statement This

processes

is attested

succession ;

preceding

them, to al1

enamels extant. beauty of of material, Thdophile dedicated Enamels this wonderful Gautier, and the Cameos, resistance poet-author praises Popelin,
16

however, by general

truths applicable

to time,

not

receive

enamel Gold, defects

with silver and

equal susceptibility be submitted and copper,

; certain of them can not

in a sonnet

to Claudius

to the process. with their various

a master-worker

in enamels:

THE
effect is often ing the metal. limited to the portion Therefore, opaque pastes. by these chemical

CRAFTSMAX
touchFinally, to light, opaque and enamel refuses all entrance its surface alone is visible. by which he the it else which comeven may be employed

ename1.s facts Further-

are less influenced more, the oxidizable

Each of these qualities the artist according desires. Let us now of pass

than are the transparent from the coloring

to the effect on to

metal can be isolated

enamel, and the latter be

consider of all,

made t.o retain all its qualities. Such are, then, t.he metals most frequently enameled. processes Enamel or colorless, being applied of enamels. is a vitreous opaque, substance, colored, which, or transparent, We have yet to study the of enameling and the composition

composition than mon the

enamels. the flux glass, all certain enamels,

First serving and

may be said that a colorless basis addition to of various

is nothing to or

as a com-

substances

municates opacity.

color-effects,

to metal and heated with the

It is evident

that we can not here enter of enamsummarize is: the

into a11 details of the composition els, but we may at least briefly this process. Enamel, flux,-the in various pure ways; and simple, that colorless glass,-can the proportion

be produced of the conWe present sevtwo and three

stituent. elements varying. eral formulae two one-half sium : one Bonbon dish: xilrrr. with translucent enamel. Executed bg Feuillatre latter to it. Enamel aspects. offers to the sight three different It may be transparent, When effect. upon translnwith it is transparent, It is then that its silver; from without, the defects enamel however, substance. to a fixed degree, adheres perfectly parts ; azot,e of parts ;--or part ;-still

: silex : t.hree parts ; red lead:

potassium: again : silex :

parts ; red lead : five parts ; azotate of potasa third formula: a fourth two potasare for be inacof silex : two parts ; red lead : t.hree parts ; azotate of potassium: formula: silex: parts ; carbonate sium: one part. copper creased. It is seen that t.he proportions cording to the result sought. differ But it can t,he susceptibility ten parts ;-or two of parts; sodium red lead: or of

These proportions to fusion should

and gold ; but if silver be employed,

cent, or opaque. the metal beneath excellent artistic employment and being being 18 the

it can be wrought

becomes a task of extreme deliresulting light, oxidation

cacy, especially
stains by plainly

not be too often repeated that the beauty constituency According of the paste itself. to its constituency,

a work in enamel depends upon the correct an enamel

visible.

Translucent

is traversed

made to reveal its interior

is hard or soft i that is to say: it fuses at a

ENAMELS
temperature qualities, enamel more or less high. is preferable, it, although

AND

ENAMELERS
two parts. Violet-Flux: A combination manganese other to the proportions oxides The oxide of iron produces thirty parts; peroxide also of

Of the two since the more diffithe But

hardness possessing action

a fine bottle green. manganese : one to two varts. of the oxides of iron and according which we lised. Other substances, gives black or brown, are also employed

cult of treatment, destructive

resists more perfectly of the atmosphere.

it is plain that there is no necessity fuse at approximate should We combine only base. temperatures; those

of using just as we

in the same work any but such enamels as it is evident also that, as far as possible, enamels have a common

shall not here mention. It is well to note that the opacity els is often desirable. a suitable by adding quantity of This of enamstannic form is It is easily obtained

which

have now procured We

our transparent it at will of meIt is as the of the

enamel, our flux. by the addition tallic oxide We together oxides, is easily understood strong, enamel is intense. here give with

can color

acid in the form obtained equally the

of calcine. a mixture

in suitable quantities that, in proportion the color-effect table of the

by fusing pure tin.

of one hun-

which we fuse with it.

dred parts of pure lead with twenty parts of The mixture whole oxide, is continually into lead. of stirred, a dull The until yellow oxide is from

is changed

a very brief a statement, ten parts;

of the colors of silThe

or stannate

combination

of various oxides with the flux,

then pulverized, the non-oxidized ready for use.

washed, and purified metallic parts.

It is now

which they produce: Yellow-Flux: parts; oxide golden oxide of yellow. chloride one part. gives ver : one to two parts. uranium also Or again : flux : four a beautiful

To render the flux opaque, quantity of calcine. Thus,

it is only necfor example, to

essary to replace the red lead by a suitable every three parts of silex must be added five parts of the calcine obtained as we have just described, and also two parts of azotate of

of antimony:

Crimson-Flux Oxide of copper

: twelve
and

parts ; Cassian

purple : one to two gaits. chloride of gold also produce tine qualities of red. Blue--Flux protoxide to two parts. per and cobalt

: ten parts ;
one A combiin suitgives a turquoise blue. of ten parts ; sesquioxide CaoisonlaP enamel potassium. erward oxides. We have now rapidly outlined the pro19 upon gold

of cobalt:

nation of oxides of copable proportions Green-Flux: thirty

The flux thus obtained by the addition

is aft-

colored

of metallic

chromium : one or two parts.

Or again : flux :

parts ; black oxide of copper : one to

THE

CRAFTSMAN
say, they must be subjected to grinding. For this purpose an agate or porcelain mortar is used, in which vessel the enamel, covered with water, is placed. The mortar stands upon a piece of thick leather, and the enamel is ground by means of an agate pestle, struck by a small mallet. The enamel must be brought to a very fine, but not an impalpable, state of powder, and when finished, it should offer the appearance The process should not be carried to excess, for, in this case, devitrification ensues. &vitrified of fine sand. of grinding

cessesof producing enamels, and we can not

here extend the description of this special chemistry. For it is the art of using

enamel can not be employed, for the reason that it will not enamel which we are here studying, and not the art of producing it. It is to be regretted that certain enamelers are easily satisfied by the ordinary commercial pastes. Certainly these offer an indispensable resource, but the sole use of such limits the wealth of the palette of the artist, which might be rapidly enriched by research and perseverance. This fact has been understood by certain workers, and the results obtained by them have amply rewarded their labors. Having thus rapidly reviewed the composition of enamels, we shall now consider the manner of employing them. As they issue from the crucible, the glaze under fire. The enameling substance brought, as described, to a suitable pulverization, is now copiously washed. It is decanted and then washed anew in water tempered by azotic acid. This double process is repeated until the water rejected is absolutely pure. A final washing with distilled water is very desirable. The enamel, thus thoroughly prepared for use, is now stored in flasks filled with water. It now remains to review the different manners of employing the prepared subto the effect desired, stance. According and the result to be reached, the worker in enamel has, at his disposition, several widely different processes. These are: the champled, the cloisonnb (cellular structure), the perforated cloiso~k, and the base table methods, and the means of producing painted

enameling substance is molded into cakes, and in this state it is procured by artists. It now becomes necessary to reduce these masses of paste to a form in which they can be used: that is to

ENAMELS
enamels.

AND

ENAMELERS
The backgrounds can be wrought and

We shall here consider the first

three of these processes, reserving the remaining two for a future article. The chmnpled method consists in excavating in a sheet of metal small cavities, which, when tilled with enamels of selected colors, form the design ; the remaining metallic parts-gold, position. Following ess, silver, or copper-forming the outlines and the details of the comis the description of the proc-

thus present interesting areas, seen through the transparent enamel, when this effect is permitted by the nature of the paste. These parts can be either fretted by the lathe, or chased by the tool. strokes of the graving In the latter case, tool are given in

order to form different ornamental motifs. The metal is now ready to receive the enamel: the entire design reserved in relief. But first, the piece must be subjected to a searching cleansing process designed to free it entirely from all fatty or foreign substances. The following is the method of procedure: The metal is first heated in the oven, care being taken not to render it red hot, which temperature would destroy the lifeof the work and leave it without accent. Then follows the process of freeing it from grit, effected by diluted azotic acid ; &rally come soaping, rinsing and drying in the oven.

The design having been traced upon

the metal, and the thickness of the parts to be retained being precisely determined, the artist, by means of a graving-tool, surrounds these parts by a fine line incised in the metal. Then, with the aid of the gouging chisel, or burin, in the case of more extensive parts, he excavates to the desired depth the cavities which are to receive the enamels. It is needless to say that the deeper the cavities, the deeper will be the color of the enamels there inserted, since the paste will be thicker. statement applies only transparent compositions. Often, in order to rough draft the work the artist has recourse to corrosions made by diluted azotic acid. To effect this result the metallic areas to be reserved are covered with a protecting varnish, as are also the under-surface and the edges of the sheet of This to

metal. The acid corrodes the The cloison~d flnished. Executed by Houillon copper or the silver; subsequently the piece, having been rinsed thorBeginning with this moment, the enamel can oughly and freed from the varnish, is fin- be safely applied, provided that the piece ished with the burin or the gouging-chisel. does not suffer the least contact of the fingers.
91

ENAMELS

AND

ENAMELERS
sorbent qualities ; then it is placed near the furnace and turned frequently, in order The that evaporation may be complete.

bustibles employed, are different ; although all of them aim at the same result : charcoal, coke, petroleum and gas have all their strong partisans. But while the agents of firing It may be described as folvary, the process of firing itself remains always the same. lows : The furnace of the enameler is made from fireproof clay and provided with a muffle of the same material. For the muffles designed for the firing of large pieces, brick ovens are constructed. The muffles arc open or closed according to preference. In the furnaces heated by coal or coke, they are open, and usually intended to form a simple chamber in which the piece to be fired is introduced. On the contrary, in the furnaces heated by petroleum or gas, these chambers arc tightly closed, in order to protect the objects against the direct action of the long tongues of flame. Lastly, whatever may bc the mode of fieating, the furnace is ready

>I 6 I.. _ J :.,(.,,

..__ .

;.
Book cover with rloisonnt mamel. Tourrette Executed by

piece is mounted upon a very, thin cake of fireproof clay. At the proper moment, the clay is seized by pincers and slowly forced into the furnace. It is-then that the enameler must follow his work with a watchful eye. The slightest inattention may be productive of fatal consequences, the least of which can easily annihilate the long cherished work. The piece is turned upon its mounting, so that its different parts receive an equal degree of heat. Then, when glazing has occurred, it is withdrawn carefully and cooling ensues gradually. The firing is usually accomplished at a
Cup in ckodsond

enamel.

Executed by Tourrette

temperature of eight hundred degrees approximately. If it be necessary again to apply the enamel and to re-fire, the same operation is repeated the required number of times.

for use when the muflle is uniformly red hot. The piece to be fired is first thoroughly dried by means of a worn cloth having ab-

THE
Among the too frequent

CRAFTSMAN
of It A still more perfect and absolutely mirrorlike polish may be obtained by submitting the enamel to a wheel of alder-wood, moistened with water holding very fine pummicestone in suspension. The enamel is now finished. It remains only, if the piece be of copper, to gild the visible parts of the metal, if such be the intention of the artist. Of more frequent use than the champlevd, the clo~o~t? process possesses advantages over the first named, as well as having certain disadvantages from which the other process is wholly free. The disadvantages can be epitomized as follows : in the champZevt, the reserved line of metal can be rendered expressive ; it can vary in thickness, expand, diminish, and receive accents. In the cloiso~& method, on the contrary, the metal thread forming the design is incaIt is true that threads pable of expression. of varying thickness may be employed, but the same line can not, at a desired point, expand into a metallic area. But this disadvantage is compensated by a greater freedom of treatment, and, at the same time, by a greater rapidity of execution. In this method, the metallic partitions which are found in the body of the cham$~~~k, are here replaced by movable partitions, separately upon
OdS.

accidents

firing is the collapse of the metal sheet.

is well to have at hand a plate of sheet iron, having the same form as the piece to be enameled and covered with pulverized red ochre. At its exit from the furnace, the piece, still soft, is applied to it, and by aid of the spatulas a rapid work may be accomplished restorative of the lost firmness. The

Vase: eloisom~C enamel.

Executed by Tourrette

red ochre prevents the counter-enamel adhering to the sheet iron.

from

a background.

made and soldered The remainder of

the execution is identical in the two methA strong and clear design is first made. Then, upon this design or upon a very exact tracing of the same, with the aid of fine pincers, thin metallic bands are so turned and curved that they will reproduce perfectly in the enamel every outline of the deThese metallic bands, one millimetre sign.

After the successive applications, the enamel is finally deposited in the desired quantity, or even in excess. It then remains to form and polish the surface. For this process files are used, together with emerypowder growing finer and finer in grain. At last, the piece is again fired, in order to glaze it.
24

ENAMELS

AND

ENAMELERS
spangles. Then the metal leaf to be cut is

or less in width, are, according to the case, of brass, silver, or fine gold. We have thus seen that the lines of the design can be exactly reproduced by means of the metallic bands. frx these partitions the piece. be used. Upon the piece the design has been careLittle byfully drawn or transferred. little, the partitions are put in place, and there fixed by the agency of silver solder, with the result that the partitions are incorporated with the metal itself. Usually, however, to insure greater rapidity, the piece is lightly enameled with the flux, and upon this stratum of enamel the design is transferred by means of greased paper. A The fatty subslight firing is then given. stance is volatilized and the coloring matter remains. Then, the partitions are put in Small place and fixed by gummed water. deposits of enamel are now made at the angles and the intersections of the metallic bands. Th e piece is fired and by this means the partitions are firmly established. Finally, as in the champleve method, the piece is charged with the enameling substance, fired and finished. But in the champkvt, as in the cloieor& method, there exists an important resource, which the artist uses with great effect, and This is of which we have not yet spoken. the paillore (spangle). By this name we designate thin leaves or particles of metal, which, placed beneath transparent enamels, impart to them a brilliancy which could not be otherwise obtained. Three metals are thus used: gold, platinum and silver. First, an exact tracing is made of the parts destined to receive the It now remains to of to the background

placed upon a thin board of tine-grained pear-tree wood, or upon glazed cardboard, when the tracing tracing according is applied to it. Now, with a delicate and very sharp knife, the and the metal are cut together to the pattern; the paper pre-

To this end two processes can

Vase:

eloivonnd

enamel.

Executed

by Tourrette

venting the metal leaf from crinkling, tearing.

or

By means of a brush the metal area to be covered with enamel has been coated with a solution of gum tragacanth, or with mucilage made from quince cores. Following
25

THE

CRAFTSMAN
it must be remembered that a transparent enamel participates of necessity in the tone of the metal lying beneath it. It remains to describe perforated enamels; that is to say, enamels supported only by their adherence to the metallic cells or partitions, without having a background of

this, the spangle is seized and applied by pincers to the metal, a light pressure being exerted. The gum having dried, firing is sufficient to fix the metal, which is subsequently covered with enamel of the desired color. Other methods, which WC shall not describe, are still in use. But a simple obserIt vation of importance may here bc made.

metal. To produce such specimens two processes are employed which we shall rapidly describe. Usually the perforations of

the object arc made in its own substance ; that is : the ohj ect is formed of a single piece from which the figures to be replaced by enamel have been cut out and removed. Thus, for instance, in a green leaf, surrounded and veined with gold,-the veins ending at the surrounding line,-all the green part is removed, the veins adhering to the line of contour alone remaining. The green part is subsequently replaced by enamel. The metal being thus perforated, the enameling is begun by increasing the thickness of the partitions,
Panel: c?oisown.d enamel. Executed by C. Heaton

and the operation

is repeated until the voids are

concerns the change effected by the tone of the metal upon the tone of the enamel which covers it. It is thus, for instance, that the same green is cold upon silver or platinum, and warm upon gold ; that a red upon gold is brilliant, while a blue is dulled upon the same metal. Knowledge of these facts is the reslult of csperience and observation, for

filled. But in large and important pieces in which the voids have an

extensive area, a support of pure gold is placed beneath the enamel ; a proceeding which is equivalent to the cloisolzni method. This support of a very thin sheet of gold is It is needless to say that finally removed. the pieces thus inserted may be raised to high relief through the use of an excess of

ENAJIEI,S
enamel. Certain artists even add

AND
blowof the would the

ENAMELERS
them firmly together, in itself perilous, to method, sary the very exposing transparent and thus to constitute of the object. it this neces-

pipe enamel to the paste, in order to obtain a double high relief two surfaces (cahochonnage) of the piece. But as colored are first base;

substance

It is evident that this process is delicate and those who undertake and failure. In or translucent and if it become disappointment

enamels, used in such great thickness, often be too dark, the perforations filled strata. diately with the colorless process enamel colored enamel being This reserved belongs

enamels

only are employed, to render

for the later more immepart in which is that

the material

less brilliant, by subjecting

this result is easily obtained it to a mixture and of fluoride of sodium.

to the champled

method,

of equal parts of acetic acid

the partitions of the piece.

or cells form an integral Still another process

of for

cloison& example,

pure

and simple.

According as in up

We have now briefly described nical processes of enameling.

three techTwo others article. ex-

to this method, copper, which

the form a vase,

of the object, leaf,

is first built with gold design

remain to be treated in a subsequent work according amined. &I. Tourette, eral nique, cellent illustrations, to the methods

and covered the transferred

upon

We have now to mention certain artists who already

is gradually turned and Then, the Finally, the

replaced by the metal partitions, curved in the required patterns. piece is enameled and fired. inner copper vase is corroded

of whose work we give sevpossesses of the art. seeking strong faultless techbut defies effects and

and destroyed to hold

which not only overcomes, colorist

by acids, the gold leaf is torn away, leaving the enamel to unite the partitions,

all the difficulties

He is an ex-

THE

CRAFTSMAN
M. Heaton is a foreigner whose most important pieces were executed in Switzerland. This artist holds individual views regarding ,

obtaining frequently harmonious contrasts. M. Feuillatre uses various materials and methods ; appearing, however, to favor the He also executes enameling of pieces in silver, in producing which he has no rival. jewels, certain of which are most successful. In the bonbon dish which we have chosen for illustration, vided he shows a silver armature Beneath this formed by the bodies of dragon-tlies prowith enamel wings. decorative enclosure we find a glass vessel of swelling contours. M. Houillon is an excellent artist who has long since mastered the last secrets of his It is to him that we owe the processes. execution of cloiaonnt! enamels which are One of his compositions will show the perfect acabsolutely typical. here reproduced,

Perforated cloisond

enamel.

Executed by Thesmar

the use and position of enamel among the arts, believing that it should be given a place in architectural decoration, and not restricted to objects of small, even of minute proportions. In proof of his theory he has successfully treated large surfaces, as in the case of the faqade of the Maison Roddy, in Paris, at the junction of the r~ Drowot and the boulevard de8 Italiens. In the work of M. Thesmar, however, an He and exquisitely harmonious we approach refined effects art. ob-

curacy of his work and render unnecessary any further comment.

seeks the most brilliant

tainable from gold cloisonn6 and transparent treats vases with of enamels. He cloisonnt paste, gold

Sevres soft

one of which is shown in the Museum of the Luxembourg, while at four other At specimens present exist in the Ceramic Museum Sevres. the time, this artist is engaged in experimenting
Porcelain vases with cloisolalal enamel. Executed by Thesmar

with the same

variety

of cloisonne upon a

ESAMELS

AND

ENAMELERS
train an excellent pupil, Mademoiselle and

new composition of the governmental manufactory, which is a compromise between hard and soft paste. The results thus. far

?IIontigny, who, while using the same technical processes, evidences originality personal style. In a subsequent article we shall study the two remaining varieties of enamel known and painted of artists under the names of base-tuille

enamel, as also the productions branches of decoration.

who devote themselves estiecially to these

T
Design in cloisond enamel. Executed by Houillon

HE

analogy between the musical scale and the color scale has been analogy :

many times noted. Helmholtz draws the following

attained

in these experiments

promise

F sharp. .............. G ............................. G sharp. ....................... A ............................. A sharp. .................. B .......................... c ........................... c sharp. ...................... d ...................... d sharp. ............... e ....................... f ............................ f sharp ....................... g ....................... g sharp. ................. a .......................

.End of the red Red Red Red Orange-red Orange Yellow Green Greenish-blue Cyanogen-blue Indigo-blue Violet Violet Ultra-violet Ultra-violet Ultra-violet Ultra-violet
and Impressions Whistler
29

future production of fine works of art. The enamels of M. Suau de la Croix are somewhat less studied ; this effect being due principally to the light color-schemes which he uses in his works with double high reliefs. It may be also, that he disdains absolute harmony, but his technical ability is of the highest excellence. He is also a tireless,

Design

in cZoiso+d

enamel.

Executed

by Thesmar

a sharp. .................. b ............ -F?-o)?k Recollcctiom

of James A. McNeil1

experienced workman whose productions witness hard labor and artistic honesty. Further to his credit, he has been able to

End of the solar spectrum

THE
THE PHOTO-SECESSION, MOVEMENT. HARTMANN A RY PICTORIAL AKITCHI

CRAFTSMAS
NEW SADprinting processes demand as strenuous apprenticeship as any other craft, they are, after all, secondary to the work which the camera performs by itself.

P
duce

ICTURE-MAKING

is the symbol-

Yet it is only within the last three or four years that a class of enthusiastic workers, now known under the name of the PhotoSecession Society, has succeeded in showing distinct evidences of individual artistic fceling and execution in the photographic The aim of the Photo-Secessionists hold together print. is to

ical use of form to express ideas. It is strange that it should have taken so long to realize that the The power to pro-

camera is one of the most favorable mediums of pictorial expression. mechanically objects of the outer world being given, there is need only of a manipulator with artistic temperament in order to produce pictorial results. And although the science of exposure,
the developing and

those Americans devoted to

pictorial photography in their endeavor to compel its recognition, not as a handmaiden of art, but as a distinctive medium of expression. hibitions Their at Toronto, recent exCanada ; and Pittsthe

5 . an Francisco
the Carnegie burg, finest displays raphy try. fifty bracing were and of

; the Corcoran
Institute, indisputably

Art Gallery, Washington,

most

interesting photogcm-

pictorial

ever held in this counThese exhibitions, one from hundred prints,

to three hundred

showed some of the best work ever produced, of nearly all and contained the names pictorial the ena to study pictorial of applyto artistic the in their cat.alogues

workers who have won a high reputation tire world. unique the scope throughout They of this afforded

opportunity

movement, ing ends.

Winter 50 in Fifth Avenue Alfred Stieglitz

and its prevailing

styles and methods photography

In the critical

consideration

THE
made.

CRAFTSMAN
raphers ambitious to do good work, but still uncertain of themselves, and not over-abundantly endowed, had apparently adapted the style and, in some cases, even the mannerisms, of one or another of the best known workers, and produced results which, while showing talent, clever workmanship, and a certain degree of poetic imagination, lacked the vital quality of originality and breadth of conception. This was as natural as it was inevitable, and the best evidence of the existence of a distinct movement, serious in its purpose, and working nite end. towards a defi-

There were no violent contrasts, and This apparent the It

the eshibition, as a whole, made an even and most refined impression. the method of hanging: evenness of character was practically due to the use of them. stronger pictures as center pieces, with the less individual ones surrounding

AVING thus regarded the pictures collectively, we will now

consider the work of several groups of individuals, who are worthy to be treated by the critic with the same consideration as the contributors to regular art exhibitions. These are Alfred Stieglitz, Eduard J. Steichen, Frank Eugene, Clarence H. White, Rudolf Eichemeyer, T. Keiley.
Portrait (Niss S.) Liertrnde KanebIer

Jr., and Joseph who has

Alfred

Stieglitz,

was further accentuated by a similarity of Also, in the work mounting and framing. itself, a general resemblance of motives, as well as an all-pervading tendency toward the mysterious and unusual, was noticeable, which suggested the existence of a school or cult, consciously or unconsciously influenced by two or three leaders. 33 Certain photog-

given the public many opportunities to estimate his work, is indisputably the foremost artistic photographer. He is recognized throughout the entire world as an authority in photographic technique,and is continually sought by the American profession for advice and criticism. He is endowed with the true pictorial Instinct, which, strengthened

expression ignored to helpmate regard

for pictorial photography

art which can not be as a mechanical from Xaupon among to set its it

even by those artists who are prone for a sort of plagiarism And although,

turc, and not as a possible rival of their own productions. photographys SUCCESSES against litzs Winter Stieglitz apply in passing unfair claims to bc classed

the arts, it may be generally is safe to maintain

those of other mediums, that a print Avenue

like Stiegcan hold its productions. which

in Fifth has

own among the best of graphic revcalcd to all the arts. which

principles

The greatest merit of him to resist the technical never pure employs and and results. all

his work; however, pcndencc, temptations of thing

Self portrait Eduard J. Strirhen

lies in his spirit of indcenables He limits anysimple; other He is Eugene

to overstep photography artificial

his medium. but

disdaining

means by which

by years capable position. and The artists beauty his work.

of

study

and experience, difficult problems in Fifth and what

is now of cornAvenue special is hid&n and He sug-

camera-workers

like Stcichen

have attained their startling

of solving His

Winter

Hand of Man Simplicity

could teach many is the keynote of that Art said,

suggcstivencss means. He rccognizcs as IXircr try

in nature, He does not offers

so aptly

that he who can tear her out of it, wins her. to idealize Nature. merely picturesque ideas which

gest thcmsclves Hc cndcavors phcrc, laws which

in a quiet, natural his figures hcrsclf

manner. to

to represent space and atmosaccording esperimentswho successinto a phoScurrying Nature has established.

and groups

By means of long-continued hc was the first photographer fully introduced moving found

figurcs (viz.,

tographic

composition

Homewards,)-he

a new medium of

Portrait

(Mr.

Otto)

Ednard

J. St&hen 33

THE
what his co-laborers realizes that pictorial come powerful with foreign an etching, Stcichen workers, upon its own resources, plumage, a charcoal and call a purist.

CRAFTSMAN
He to bc-

photograph_v,

and self-subsistent,

must rely

and not adorn itself in order to resemble or wash drawing, two New or

the reproduction

of an old master. I<ugcnc, Tork by profesSt&hen has

who both arc painters

sion, represent the other extreme. is our foremost introduced of photo-etching, of the negative experimentalists fied in striving a peculiar

gum worker, and Eugene

technique : the process tools. These justiresults

which is a manipulation with engraving consider themselves

to obtain the technical

The mm

in z3mwr

Frank

Lnmme

of the painter, rapher. from after new. They real life,

the etcher and the lithogdo not take their but compose of painters. qualities of high of pictures them in their The ambi-

studios with all sorts of artificial accessories, the manner tion to get painter-like All photdgraphers their shade, and ability exceptions, light and is nothing standing With however, few is drawing,

have striven for it. knowledge composition, acquired in

simply theoretical, galleries, practical They Riisebier,

by the study of not by art. some other

reproductions, application for

and books;

endeavor,

instance,

like Gertrude of painton

to reflect the principles St&hen

ing, and to imitate its effects as to t,onality and chiaroscuro. the contrary,
The little round mirror 34 Ednsrd J. Steiclzn

and Eugene,

strive to introduce

the tech-

nical characteristics

of other arts into their

PHOTO-SECESSION
prints, and succeed in making etchings suggest bilities. dinary cation, adding for and monotypes. them look like negatives but merely possiinstincts often beautiful other his largely subjects is and entirely work. rather or three independent The range of of

Their

photographic with two

do not represent finished pictures, They methods but also foreign call their artistic

limited. women

Satisfied models, in

to them all sorts of pictorial

who, although making

not beautiful,

have a remarkillustra-

into play, and not only by the most extraorof suppression by actually as, lines processes, engraved and modifi-

able talent for posing,

he has succeeded

a series of genre pictures,

instance,

or brushmarks, quality associate They

they eliminate

from their prints almost every which we customarily with a photograph. do not hesitate to cover to paint and in entire wholly to of the submerit of

and hide all defects with crosshatching, change the backgrounds, ject as depicted camera.

the aspect The

by the lens of as it is, the doand,

their work, beautiful lies distinctly main of although outside photography, gift

I do not undervalue possessed by to the a feeling

the peculiar photographic of texture, of Daguerre A happy Clarence ark, H. Ohio,

these workers of giving print

which it otherwise can particularly medium is held by White, who of Newa

Laetitia FcBlix C. H. White

lacks, I fail to see how the art benefit by such proceedings.

is neither

purist nor an extremist. powers are more limited, lacks versatility,

His perhe tions (notably and those for studies of Eben Holden), which, At the
3.5

haps, than those of Steichen and Eugene, and is only nevertheless he is an accomplished

a specialist; and well-

portraits of method,

interiors,

despite their similarity

and their uniformity

rounded worker.

What he does is consistent,

claim instant attention.

THE
beginning, of subject, one merely

CRAFTSMAN
peculiar, excited stories. Mr. Whites Jr., is the Dancing very opposite of is Rudolf N. Y., the since latters pictures, and Eichemeycr, versatility work. winter The His like The of Yonkers, keynote that the impression Wilkinss which New they

notes a low key of of handling at as

relative values, a certain weird fancifulness and a breadth Still, times delicious. to what quality seek to represent, understand local flavor, eral sense of unity. one is uncertain

make upon one is not unlike the fascination by Mary England

in them produces By studying one gradually

the genwhat they begins to

that the art of this man has a that it is produced by the en-

well composed

genre

Lesson ; his picturesque his draped portraiture and Halcyon aspects figures. as seen in Hays, of pure The only in One of subpicrather He is

landscapes, Ranchman

his straightforward show widely photography, ties which serious fault different

of his talent.

He, like Stieglitz,

is an exponent

and there are few technicalihe does not master. (an inevitable or fifty one) found

his work is the lack of temperament. can not look at forty without feeling, ject, tures give not reach despite the diversity of being standard.

of his prints

a sort of monotony. the impression a very fortunate high

His genre

old-fashioned.

Also his costume studies do photographer, in his winter studies. and interesting he shows required or being scenes, proofs a how fern

above all a landscape especially and his foreground the most convincing of his talent. true lover of nature. little material successful
Halcyon days Rudolf Eichemeyer, Jr.

The latter give himself

There is really

He demonstrates Two three

to make a

picture.

fronds,

a stretch of bramble

or a cluster of The picdepends study

vironment fashioned porches,

in which he lives. interiors

In his prints The oldthe light doors and gowns of all tell and

wild flowers are amply almost entirely spot. This rare degree, mind, a poet, nificent Fleurs

sufficient.

one can read as an open

book.

torial value of a foreground gift Eichemeyer

taken against patterned is something

on the selection of the right possesses to a makes turn of

of big windows, the old staircases, the quaintly who people There the women their story.

and his love of nature his practical as, for instance, de Lis.

the scenes,

him at times, despite

so idyllic

in his mag-

in his pictures, 3s

something

so subtile

Another furnished N. Y.

phase of photographic by Joseph

work is

her prints resemble etchings, coal drawings

sepia and charCoburn, of Japalittle my

T. Beiley, of Brooklyn, of the glycerine half chemstrives for resemHe

; and Alvin Langdon

He is the champion half manual. effects,

who strives for the linear beauty nese wood cuts; could be gained I have thereby. merely to

process : a method of elimination, chemical, blurred, washed-out

but for our purpose, convince

faintly

wished

bling a water color. washed meaning tographic thereby paratively tions of minutiae centrate subject

In many of his prints that their

readers that it is possible in ,expressing teachings. degree ments art-ideas, I believe with the requirements proven of

to use the camera and in accordance and

all outlines and detail have been reduced and away to such an extent is hard to discover. methods; is greater but than We may also derived loss.

of art-tradition that

I, have to some at the same eleas it is that acfur-

call his work a departure

from the old phothe gain any possible

my case, and,

time, conveyed practiced company

an idea of the principal photography The illustrations

pictorial to -day. this article

By means of this process, it has become comeasy to realize values, exquisite gradaand to avoid unnecessary of interest. main object of proin

will demonstrate

ther-perhaps the significance Secession There tography reaching tion.

even better than my wordsand character of the Photodoubt that it of phoA dcfidirec-

of detail and diffusion attention and upon the and

It enables the photographic

worker, to con-

movement. is not the slightest

more fully than by composition,Iselcction accessories, But illumination. drawing it is a dangerous

has done much for the advancement the position of a fine art.

appropriate

and helped it a 16ng way toward

cedure for those who have no experience or in handling

nite step has been taken in the right A new and living duced into dilettantism will exert and spirit

a water color brush. standard for of

The work of these six men mentioned represents fairly pictorial others Gertrude could well the present be mentioned: photography I%ebier, in America. Many instance, rarely an old-

has been introdominated and by the

a work hitherto

commercialism,

least we can do is to express a hope that it an ever-growing and beneficial of phoinfl.uel;rcc throughout tography. the province

who understands to her work

well how to impart

masterish quality ; M&y

Devens, who makes

317

THE
THE CLE FOUNDING NUMBER OF THE FOUR. MISSIONS WHARTON IN CALIFORNIA: JAMES.

CRAFTSMAN
lieves in the hand of God in history, was at least exceedingly fortunate it ARTIthat

SPANISH

BY GEORGE

Spanish priests established these Missions, for in the course of time, Spain lost her hold in Mexico, and California became a of Mexico.

0,MPARATIVELY attaching Missions

few people are importance of the by the

province

of the new Republic

aware of the political in

Now, had California at this time, or earlier, been under the control of the Russians, who, it must not be forgotten, were slowly reaching down toward San Francisco from Alaska, and who have left traces of their presence in Mt. St. Helena and Fort Ross,-the latter but sixty-five miles north,-the United States would have had Russia to deal with instead of Mexico. California was seized because the United States was at war with Two years after the seizure, gold Mexico. was discovered, and California became a Mecca for the adventurers and the goldlustful of the world. Let us briefly review the facts as they were, and then note what they would have been had Russia, instead of Spain, colonized California. First : The Franciscans establish the missions of California and Spain assumes political control. Second : Mexico severs her relations

to the founding California

Franciscan fathers.

It is not always a safe

policy to conjecture results if certain events had happened, yet in this case it seems probable that the whole history of California would have been materially different, indeed that to-day California would not be ranged under the flag of the United States,

with Spain, and California becomes a province of the Republic of Mexico. Third : The United States and Mexico go to war ; California is seized by the United States as a war measure, and finally becomes an integral part of United States territory. Had the Russians gained a foothold in
Palm trees at Old San Diego. near which located the first California Miskm was

California prior to the Spanish Franciscans, it is scarcely possible that they would have relinquished the natural advantages afforded by so remarkable a base of supplies for their Alaskan colonies. Had Russia owned or controlled %alifor-

had the Missions not been thus established by these priests under the domination of Whether one believes or disbeSpain. 36

SPANISH
nia, when gold was discovered, the territory would never have been relinquished ; for, as yet, the United States has had no occasion to go to war with Russia. So, it is apparent that California owes its place in the North American Union of States to the Franciscan Mission Fathers. Owing to this fact, the steps of the founders of these Missions assume new interest and greater importance. There were practically three epochs in the establishmentof the California Missions (those of Arizona, New Mexico and Tesas, belonging to other periods, will be treated later). These epochs were: imFirst : The original pulse under the guidance of

MISSIONS
unanimously chose for the arduous task Juniper0 Serra, a man aflame with missionary zeal and who had already demonstrated

Tree

at Monterey,

to which tradition aff~irms that Father wvnb tied. at his landing in 1769

Serras

boat

Padre Presidente Serra, during which nme of the Missions were established. Second: The renewed impulse when ten impulse new Missions were founded. Third : The final and dying

his

executive

ability.

This

remarkable

man was born of lowly parents on the Island of Majorca. Having been a chorister in the convent of San Bernardino, he entered the Franciscan order at the age of sixteen, and, two years later, took the final vows. At the time of his appointment to the headship of the California Missions, he had been many years in Mexico, working for the salvation of the heathen natives. The best that any man can do is to spell out, live out, as best he may, the ideas that impel him from within. Some do this well, some do it ill, but that they do it is the matter of greatest importance. Father Serrh was impelled, possessed, by the idea that these California savages were lost, and forever damned, unless some one preached Christ to them. The theology of Dante was a real, terri89

under which San Rafael and San Francisco Solano de Sonoma were established. A line of Missions was already established on the peninsula of Baja California,-for thus were the regions differentiated : Baja (Lower), and Nueva (New), or Alta (Higher), California ; the two latter names being given to what we now recognize as the State of California. The Jesuits were already expelled from the Lower California Missions, and the Franciscans were in charge. In seeking for a man in whose care they could place these Missions, the authorities of the College of San Fernando in the City of Mesico

SPANISH
In the meantime, commanded northward he journeyed, and provisions mainland, to collect Captain from Rivera, who as The

MISSIONS
slow march, through hospitable, and feed. On May 14, Serras band, under the command of follow Here, Captain then, Portola, left Velicatd to the footsteps of Rivera bands, and Crespi. all directed harbor The St. and, barren, a strange country, in-

the garrison

at Loreto,

was sent

with a scarcity

of water

each Mission,

all the live-stock,

implements, all were

that could be spared.

the coast, the.peninsula,

alive with interest in the new undertaking. The San Carlos was the first of the vessels ready. Serra Her captain, equipped. and joyous Vicente Vila, reported Galvez happy. extolled was satisfied ; The former they to reher duly

are four

toward the one place : the land-locked described by Cabrillo 9, I769; Lucas Lasuen finally, Most excellent centuries before. from

San Carlos sailed from La Paz on January the San Antonio from Portola men Velicatb and 14. would have deemed t.his an He had a saint of the and the for the new enterprise, Cape 24, on February I5 ; Rivera, on March Serra from Crespi and the same

made an address, were about member Viceroy. sions, blessed the diers, the sailors, their

the mission

to undertake God, their

and bade the solKing, and their formallv giving. was on occurred a entheir on of to whom

and all concerned

place on May

Serra recited mass, heard confesadministered the company, care them of This communion, and then, Parron, vessel the

beginning

but Galvez was not yet satisfied. the San Jo&,after expedition after of Pueblo). the the patron San

warm embrace spiritual bade journey. trusted, blessed January

to Father

new vessel built at San Bias, which he named (hence, doubtless, the name hereMission Jose On June

God-speed event

9, 1769. 15, under the command _. Juan Crespi was now sent to take charge of the first land expedition, concerns of which Capinwas to have control. This set sail with similar

16,

this vessel started port, Loreto, In May bro-

On February ceremonies. Father spiritual

for San Diego, returned following ken-masted never again

but, three months later, she of the to

Perez; the San,Antonio

to her shipping and disabled. year,

she started from,-thus buried first

anew and was adding in the depths of arrived at San

heard

over the temporal tain Rivera dustrious

the many mysteries The Diego. San Antonio

the never satisfied sea. About April 11, 1769, it anchored in the minds of of astonishment

corn&a&o had collected

two hunand this

dred cattle, one hundred forty much food. band,

horses, forty-

six mules, two asses, many implements, Father Lasuen also joined toward above, San Diego. and on March

in the bay, and awe. stories tion

and awakened feelings

the ,natives strange of the old, their

24 the whole caravan What The ani-

Its presence recalled to them the when a similar appariancestors. That other genhad come long

moved northward a procession mals enumerated straggling

it must have been!

startled ago,

driven by Indians wildly forward It was a

white-winged erations wise? 2 be seen again.

creature Was

under the direction

of soldiers and priests;

and had gone away, never to this not to do like-

along or dashing

as such creatures are wont to do!

Ah, no ! in this vessel was contained

43

SPANISH
the beginning man. now to The bc of the end of the primitive solitude disturbed of the centuries peace was and invaded ;

n~ISSIONS 011 the

hill behind. Six weeks were busily ocfor the sick and in unloadThen the fourth arrived. that 29, arid Scrra and Govon

cupied in caring last party ernor July for 1. Serra.

ing the San Antonio. Port016 What Hc on June had

aboriginal Indian Little, on board

forever. The ad_) vent of this vcsscl was the death knell of the tribes. however, did either the company the San Antonio conceive April or the Indians as these which diffiwater, it was Tn waited such thoughts day. San Carlos, with bad

life destroyed

of the explorers a journey walked him. one of

had been ulcerated wished

all the way, PortolR

+nd, being leg began sent. just galls He

two days out, a badly to trouble called to

themselves But Antonio? scurvy,

on that memorable whcrc

to send him back, but Serra would not tollthe muleteers the saddle and the of and asked him to make a salve for his wound such as he would put upon of one of his animals. prayers a general worked the It was done, miracle

was the

sailed almost a month earlier than the San She was struggling water-casks, cold weather. Thcrcforc, culties : leaking not until April vain the captain

and in a single night Fathers healing. After exploding fect, was decided for herself

the ointment

29 that she appeared. of the San Antonio

for the San Carlos to launch arrival discover ill from of the flagship; for himself scurvy.

a boat &nd to

thanksgiving, was held,

in which at which it

send him word as to the cause of the late

gunpowder

was used to give ef-

so he visited her to
He found canvas comAll on board were erecting suffering Then men of his own crew the crew that

a consultation

the cause.

to send back the San Antonip and for new crews Carlos. A land at, and the San

a sorry state of affairs. Hastily l~o~~scson the beach;thc went to the relief rades of the relieving soon thcrc the dead.

to San Blas for supplies, expedition terey, San Diego sel sailed, North, and It aloof; the the cross, San Diego

under PortolR was to go to Monand others remained the Mission. and his band 16, 1769, the the to to found Portol& blessed The vesstarted Scrra raised preached, of held From and Mission Indians hear. peered

of their

while Serra

of the other vcsscl.

ship took the sickness, and attend the sick and bury

were so few well meli left

and on July

they could scarcely

it, said mass,

Those first two weeks in the new Of about ninety sailors, sur-

formally mattered

established not that

land, in the month of May, 1769, wcrc never to bc forgotten. soldiers and mechanics, less than thirty

de AlcalR.

that only the people who came on the were beyond, present natibes. Later, from the stealing hills doubtless,

vived : over sixty were buried by the wash of the waves of the Bay of Saint James. Then came Rivera tenant sought Old Fages Immediately and found San Diego, a and Crespi, with Lieusoldiers. camp was permanent and twenty-five

expedition peeped terious came and

the curious to them. troublesome,

All was mysthey bethe sick At A 45 from

however, San

at what is now known as where the two old palms

pillaging

Carlos.

last, they made a determined der, which the Spanish

raid for plun-

still remain,

with the ruins of the presidio

soldiers resisted.

SPANISH Thus
longings two of the long of being desired Missions of Serras raged howto the

MISSIORS
The Mission next to be established but should events Serra solestabwith the eight and Indians, de Padua. The

were established, instead

and the passion

have been San Buenaventura, (who had been zealously heathen diers, passed The near three down Monterey), sailors and the Salinas

assuaged,

stood in the way ; so, on July 14,1771, laboring with a few river

now all the fiercer. ever, before he found have the Missions the soldiers. be controlled, which was

It was not long, for the Indian or barracks

it to be bad policy for

ncophytcs

too near the presidio,

These latter could not always and they early began utterly demoralizing a course to both

lished the mission of San Antonio site was a beautiful studded glen, near a fair-sized

one, in an oakstream.

San Lois

Obispo. south wing. before

restoration

sexes, for the women of a people debauched citing without, the men to fierce anger, the Missions: now that of

cannot

be ex-

passionate derstood were hung

enthusiasm from the fact from

of Serra can be unthat after the bells tolled Church, his he loudly

at the same time, Hence,

or making Serra where of San San Diego

a tree,

them as bad as their women. removed the ruins he six miles up the valley Carlos valley, article. re-established shown

them, crying Come, Father

the while like one possessed: come to the Holy

gentiles,

to a point that the in

come and receive the faith of Jesus Christ ! Pieras could not help reminding superior that not an Indian was within sight or hearing, tical and that it would be more pracwith the ritual. One na47

stand, -while

Carmelo

as already

in the January

to proceed

THE
tivc, however, did witness the ceremony hc soon brought panions, help in erecting who became tractable enough

CRAFTSMAN
and to of bears to provide people natives charge baptism, at Monterey. well disposed meat for This toward the starving act made the in fo+ of the priests

a large number of his comthe rude church to bc content barracks in those and

of the new mission, and they helped offered their &il&eti of their supply and brought

and houses with whi& diers were compelled early days. On September

the priests. and sol-

to erect buildings,

food to the priests, whose stores were by no 8, Fathers about Somera mca~s abundant. The following the May conclude Missions; number article, of The to be published Craftsman, in will of the the Mission of San Gabriel six miles from Here, at first, the natives appearing, from holding ceased, in order to pretheir service. of the and the two at the feet

Cambon founded ArciLngel, the present site. dcr two chieftains vent the priests Virgin,

originally

wcrc inclined to bc hostile ; a large force un-

the story of the foundation but it is my intention and Studies

to present

in the June issue a chapter ural Details of the California Missions.

on Architcct-

But at the elevation the opposition chieftains

of a painting

of Some Interiors

threw their nccklaccs Queen. Father

of the Beautiful many good

Still, a few wicked Palon says that

n&n can undo in a short time the work of ones. outrages especially chieftain shield, by soldiers upon the Indian women an attack upon the Spaniards, upon two, at one of Stopping dead. passions whom the by and sadthe

precipitated

GNORANT fornia

and degraded

as the CaliHis first and This f,ear, Christhat they be-

Indian

was, thcrc arc. still some

things to be said in his favor.

behavior shelter

toward his white visitor was that of him such food as hc had at his command.

(wl~ose wife had been outraged the soldier leveled husband his musket At!

the kindly host, offering

the man) fired an arrow. shot the injured ness of it!

it with his

seems to have been done not through but in good humor and admiration. tianized Indians testified afterward when they first saw the Spaniards, lieved them to be gods. gers wantoiily savages create argued life killing

The unbridled

of men

of the new race already

forcshadowcd

death of the old race, &en while the good priests were seeking to clcvatc and to Christianize -the latter. quent disturbance founding This attack and consethe delayed still longer

A rude shock to for these poor which could it.

this idea came when they beheld the stranbirds, that no power

of San Buenavcntura. S,erra founded, the Mission The and half Couyada of natives on SepSan Luis called the away, Fages,

would

wish thus to destroy

On his way South (for he had now decided to go to Mexico), cmbcr Obispo location 1, 1772, de Tolosa. Tixlini,

Only when ,drivcn, to extremity -by repeated outrage and the did the Indians Mission attack the soldiery, traveled
of Los Augeles Willnrd

Fathers

about
City

among them without fear. --E;lorlc the History

by Clznrles
Dwight

a league in which

was a famous

some time previously,

48

had killed a number

THE

CRAFTSMAN
or other design in low relief grows beneath The work has an the eyes of the watcher. air of being easy, but requires an accurate eye, confidence and a steady hand, as a false stroke cannot be corrected. The parts of

Even after the mochilla had gone out of use, the saddle, bridle, and other equipments, were still highly decorated.

HE implements used by the Mexican and the Spanish-Californian man for stamping craftsand embossing

the design which are not meant to stand out in relief, are beaten with a punch ; the leather is forced increasing down by the tool rising and The raised surface the relief.

leather, comprise a small slab of marble, a spoke from a cart-wheel, and a variety of

is also modeled and partly pressed down, as

Opera-glass

bag in tooled leather

little steel tools of many shapes. The process is a simple one. The leather is soaked until it is pliable, and, then, with an instrument like a small chisel, having the edge slightly curved, a few graceful flowing lines are cut on the surface of the material. These serve as an outline to be embellished later. The stamping tools are taken up and laid down quickly, and, under deft blows from the wheel-spoke, a conventionalized flower
50

the design requires.

Sometimes, the ground

is worked over with figured punches, and occasionally it is colored. After the modeling is complete, the craftsman goes over the design with a knife, adding a few sharp lines to give crispness, but taking care not to communicate an appearance of hardness to his work. The individual workers seek to produce fresh patterns and to avoid monotony in

A CALIFORNIAN
their design ; but the firms executing ornamental have
motifs

ART

album, bound in Mexican art-leather (as it is commonly termed), having silver corners, and being filled with views of notable scenes in Southern California. rooms of Columbian the Womans Exposition In the California Building in Chicago, at the there

leather-work scruples any

in large about

quantities, their which

no

repeating devices

a thousand times, and no hesitation mechanical of the work and Many in-

in using

may add to the rapidity

the effectiveness of the result.

struments are employed which produce at a single blow, and with mathematical exactness, a star, a circle, or other ornament. But the artistic craftsmen reject these mechanical appliances, and produce their designs with simple tools. For a long time the only articles to which this effective decoration was applied, were saddles, bridles, bands for sombreros and waist-belts. It remained for a foreigner and Englishwoman to furnish a wonderful impetus to the craft. In 1883 the Princess Louise (the Marchioness of Lorne and now Duchess of Argyll), while on a tour through the United States, visited Santa Barbara, and noticed a handsomely embossed saddle in a store. Not wanting to carry away so bulky a souvenir as the saddle, she asked if the same style of ornamentation might not be applied to a smaller This was done, article, such as a portfolio. and the Princess, who draws and paints quite well, was so pleased with the result that she ordered ladies belts. several portfolios and some In a short time, collar boxes,
Saddle and accessories: carved and stamped leather. exhibit,ed at the Columbinn Exposition

were eight chairs upholstered in leather, stamped with a bold design in which the native cactus was decoratively treated. The work of stamping and carving leather is now an important industry in Santa

cuff boxes, shawl straps, purses, pocketbooks, card cases, music rolls, satchels, cigar cases, pairs of bellows, and many other articles were fashioned from stamped leather,

becoming very popular, especially with Barbara, and also in Los Angeles, San tourists who wished to take away with themI Francisco and other cities. In Los Angeles the Ornamental Leather Manufacturing mementos of their visit to California. When Company employs a large staff, and proPresident Benjamin Harrison visited Santa duces a great amount of work. Although Barbara, he was presented with a handsome
51

THE CRAFTSMAN
the proprietors. of the curio-factories cans. One establishment employs are more successfully with color, learning to apply Some Americans, many .of the workers are Mexithan eighty leather carvers, most of them it so that it does not lose by the natural toning of the leather through age. of the designs of these ladies in green and gold, or in green, white and silver, are especially effective. Mrs. Burton of Santa Barbara, much of whose work has for some years been sold in New York, combines pyrography ed and appliqut leather. with tintShe uses calf and

sheep skins, but does the piecing necessary in large panels and screens so neatly, that Several of Mrs. it almost defies detection. Burtons example, designs are quite daring, as, for a border of purple grapes and The

pomegranates on a yellow sheepskin.

flowers in her work are applied with fine machine stitching, and are then tinted or
Leather wreen decorated in appliauk. Dwigned executed by Mrs. Burton and

etched with the hot iron to heighten the Mrs. Burton, in fact, employs any effect. method or material that seems likely to contribute to a desirable result. For instance, on a small chest of dark green leather she

Americans, who have learned the art from the Mexicans. As the work does not demand any great amount of physical strength, but rather delicacy and deftness, it is well suited to women, and several Californians have taken it up with notable success. One of the first American women to experiment in the art was Miss Evelyn Nordhoff, well known through the Nordhoff pioneers Bookbindery. in San The Francisco

were the Misses Elizabeth and Edith Nixon. Later, the four Misses Ripley learned the art and succeeded so well in practising it, that they removed to : a New York studio. They employ the lotus leaf and flower in many of their designs, and they have experimented
52 Chest: carved and illuminated leather. Designed Mrs. Bnrton and executed by

She has prohas inlaid mother-of-pearl. duced certain striking, illuminated and

A CALIFORNIAN
gilded chests for holding heavy rugs and furs, and other smaller ones as receptacles for personal letters and other valuable articles. One of the most elaborate of Mrs. Burtons work is a Wagner screen of three panels. The first panel represents Lohengrins arrival as Elsas with champion ; spear and the second, a bold figure on horseback, winged helmet, represents one of the Walkiire ; while the third shows Wotan bidding farewell to Brunnhilde. The paintings are copies of the works of a German artist and are executed on calfskin ; the borders of the panels being studded with brass nails. The picture-panels are upright, and beneath them are smaller horizontal panels, ornamented with conventional designs. Some notable. ornamental leather work has been donealso by a New York firm of decorators, who have devoted their attention especially to illuminating leather in colors that will not fade or crack with use. Their patterns are very elaborate, usually being reproductions of old European designs. Some of their ideas are derived from an-

ART

tique tapestries, landscapes being painted on the leather and afterward surrounded by tooling and illumination. Decorated leather is also used for wall-

I,eather screen decorrtted by illrs. Harton

coverings,

for,

although

decidedly

expen-

In what is termed Florentine work, the design is partly produced by painting, while the Venetian is heavily tooled. In some designs the patterns are embossed in relief, and in other examples they are sunken, like an intag& cutting. Very effective tablecovers and cushions are also made of ornamental and illuminated leather.

sive, it is very beautiful and durable.

EARNEST QUENTLY, AND

WORK PEACE

GIVES

us

VALUE

IN

OUR

OWN

EYES,

AND,

CONSE-

OF MIND: THAT ARE YOU

IT WEDS

US, SO TO

SPEAK,

TO OURSELVES, FEEBLE OR

SAVES US FROx NATURES EMPTY; EXHAUST IF IT.

DOUBLE-MINDEDNESS SUBJECT. DRINK AT

TO WHICH

EXCITABLE BECOMES NEVER

IF YOU DRINK THE SPRING

OUT OF A GLASS, IT ITSELF, YOU WILL

-R,

Maulde de la ClaviPre in the Art of Life

53

THE
THE ERS. BOOR BY BY PLATE IDEA, TRATED WESTERN

CRAFTSMAN
who do not appear to be sure, when the term is mentioned, whether it relates to the design upon the cover, or to the illustrations within.

ILLUSDESIGNKIRBY device charac-

C. VALENTINE

A
arms. history.

BOOK-PLATE embodying

is a little for his personal

made especially

the owner,

teristics or presenting his.coat of It may be transmitted from father

to son and play an important part in family A copy of this device is pasted inside the front cover of each book of its owner, not only ornamenting it, but giving it a personal mark of distinction and helping, sometimes by the introduction of a trite motto, to insure the return of the book from the borrower. This, to be sure, is an old custom, but such a good one is it that it is becoming very popular. The book-plate idea is appreciated by
Number 2

some, regarded as a mania by others, and misunderstood by the majority of persons,

It were desirable that an explanation of the origin and present value of such devices might convince the man with books that he can not do without a plate. Even the man without books will find that if he acquire a book-plate, he will, in accordance with the spirit of the old lady owning the beautiful andirons, proceed to get suitable books and with them understanding. The idea of the book-plate seems to have originated in one of mans weaknesses: namely, that of remembering to borrow, and of forgetting to return. In fact, ideas regarding the ownership of books and umby brellas have long been characterized equally lax morality.

Number

Long

ago,

when books were made by

WESTERN

BOOK PLATES
I believe that these early labels were not termed book-plates, for this name seems to have come into use within the last hundred years. However, the purpose of the designation was, as it is now, either to assert ownership or to commemorate a gift.. In a few of these earliest examples the owners expressed the most amiable sentiments, of which the following is an instance : Liber amicis Bilibaldi (Bilibald Pirckheimer, Pirckheimers Sibi et book :

for himself and his friends). ly mans frailty

But evident-

asserted itself and so this

generous sentiment was superseded by expressions such as these: By him who bought me for his own,
Number 9

Im lent for reading, leaf by leaf; If honest, youll return the loan, If you retain me, youre a thief.

hand, and there were no duplicates, it was not so easy to collect a library by retaining borrowed volumes, but as the art of printing developed and editions multiplied, it was found necessary to place upon either the outside or the inside of the cover, distinguishing mark of ownership. some

Or again, as is found in a volume printed in 1540:

In Italy and France, when the volumes tiere costly, this mark took the form of arms, emblazoned upon the covers of the rich subbindings ; but in Germany, after books were put into plain, stout board-bindings, stantially made, and having no outside

marks of distinction, the necessity arose for a printed label upon the inside of the cover, in order that the ownership might be announced. printing So, in Germany, and book-binding, the home of the first book

plates were made, in the early part of the sixteenth century, and, among the early designers was no less a personage than Albert Diirer.
65

THE

CRAFTSMAN
point, whether valuable books should be lent to &rsons who treat volumes like coal scuttles ; who perpetrate such atrocities as mois-

My masters name above you see, Take heede therefore you steale not mee; For if you doe, without delay Your necke for me shall pay. Looke downe below and you shall see The picture of the gallowstree ! Take heede therefore of thys in time, Lest on this tree you highly clime!

Below this label appeared a drawing of the gallows. There were also many sentiments in conOne early demnation of book spoiling. German plate, the idea of which has been frequently copied, represents bees hovering over fragrant lilies and underneath : Use the book, but let no one misuse it;
The bee does not stain the lilies, but only touches them. Number
6

Lord De Tabley has treated the subject of the care of books so well that it may be well to repeat it here: Now this batch of mottoes raises the

tening their thumbs to turn a page over; who hold a fine binding before a roaring fire ; who, horribile &tu, read at breakfast, and use as a book-marker the butter knife. Ought Garrick to have lent the cream of his Shakespeare quartos to slovenly and moleeyed Samuel -Johnson ? We think emphatically not. Many full grown folks have no more idea of handling a book than a school boy. Whether owners are become more gracious, or borrowers more considerate of the pFoperty of others, I can not say; but it is a satisfaction to note that the character of these sentiments has changed. Instead, we tlnd thoughts praising books and study, as well as many plates which voice the personal taste of their owners. The first mission of a book plate is to be distinctive and clearly to assert ownership ; for this reason, it seems to me that the own-

Nnmber

ers name should not be presented as a puz-

56

WESTERN

BOOK PLATES
ings ; even if they do not own them, to paint them upon their carriage doors, and otherwise to assume the airs of the aristocracy. Such individuals merit and receive the contempt of the truly high-born and cultured. The book lover, however, may have his family coat of arms so embodied in his plate that, beneath the cover of his precious possessions, this emblem of nobility, instead of being vulgarly displayed, serves as an indespiration to himself and to his friends. The allegorical or symbolical type

serves special consideration from those who take interest in book plates. For many
Number 7

xle.

It should rather be so plain that even After this, must

he who runs may read.

come the question of beauty, which is important alike to designer and to owner. In this western section of our country, there is a considerable number of bookish people ; also there are some young designers, so far removed from centers of publication that they have found in the book plate idea a worthy growth. The accompanying examples illustrate channel of art expression; one which requires study and iE conducive to

the four general types of book plates. Numbers one, two and three are examples of the armorial, or heraldic type ; number four of the allegorical, or symbolical; number five of the conventional ; and numbers six to thirThere may be added teen of the pictorial. another class ; that of the composite, or mixed, combining, for example, the heraldic with the pictorial. There is a tendency among certain ostentatious persons to assume armorial bear-

Number 8

THE

CRAFTSMAN

hold the idea that such a device should be wholly a matter of symbolism, having somewhat the same significance in the present that a coat of arms had in the past. I regret that I am not able here to reproduce an allegorical design, which I made some time since, for an exceedingly bookish man who had certain excellent ideas regarding his plate. Let me say here, that while those who know what they want, are often difficult to satisfy, they are not to be compared with those who are undecided, and whose decision the designer is obliged influence. to

The plate to which I allude consists of two Greek female figures: one symbolizing Ignorance, who is emerging from the woods of illiteracy, and groping for assistance, because her eyes are blinded by a bandage ;

It *ONE

H~~YHANIKTQN~
OF HIS
Number19

BOOKS* I

the other figure, who symbolizes Learning, has approached Ignorance, and stands removing the bandage with one hand, while with the other she presents the book of knowledge. The plate belonging to the Miss Wolcott School is an example of symbolism which could have been conceived only by an artist possessed of the cultured mind of Mr. Frank P. Sauerwen. Thus: The tree, the symbol of growth, which in this case may stand for the growth of idea, of mind,-rises out of and above the brambles and thorns of ignorance ; the title of the school having been purposely placed against the spreading branches of the mind-tree, to strengthen this idea, and to accentuate the relation of a school to more
Number 9

general

growth

and

advancement.

The

WESTERN

BOOK

PLATES
Miss Woys book-plate Miss Dailey work is always atSeveral other

touches. tion to cluding

tractive, and she has given particular attenwork.western designers should be mentioned, inand Miss Spalding, who, while not specialists, have designed a number of very pleasing plates. The work other illustrations are of the of pictorial class. the writers Miss Indian

Smith, the owner of the original of number six, is not only a connoisseur of blankets and baskets, but she has also made In for herself a record as a duck hunter.

[m]
Number 11

number seven we have a library scene, showing the owners favorite Angora cat, while about it are various scenes of travel. Number eight has a humorous continuity,-the character and is quite appropriate to its owner. Number nine was made for a man whose occupation requires him to be acquainted with nearly all the new books of the day. Therefore, the first design represented a goat standing upon a pile of large volumes and in the act of consuming other books. While this sketch seems to be valued by the owner, number nine is one which is more

stream,

the

symbol

of

prime virtue of education and learning,flows from the hills, which latter give the design local or western character; while the fleur-d&is, the flower adopted by the school, is growing by the water side. The same flower, conventionalized, forms the border The lines quoted from of the design. Chaucer are in keeping with the sentiment and the use of the book-plate, as well as with the archaic treatment which has been given to the design in both form and lettering. No detail has been introduced, unless it has some special application to the predominant idea. Mr. Sauerwen is a most successful painter of Indian life and of the California Missions. Only a few of his friends possess book plates designed by him. Illustration number five is a conventional The deep interplate by Miss Leota Woy. est given to the face of the reader, and the pose of the feet are unusual and very clever

THE
generally pleasing.

CRAFTSMAN

Number ten is the refrom business

sult of an attempt to create a plate for a man who seeks relaxation cares by playing his cello in the evening,

often, I am told, until the wee sma hours. It is quite evident that number eleven belongs to an enthusiastic trout-fisher. The preliminary sketch showed a man so interested in his book that the fish were taking all kinds of liberties with the bait, line and rod. But I was assured that my patron was too good a fisherman ever to permit such an occurrence. In the next sketch, the fisherman was so busy following the stream that cob-webs were spun over his books. Finally, a compromise was established, which resulted in the label here reproduced. The plate designed for Miss Kramer is perhaps a fitting one for a young woman recently graduated from college, who has a fondness for books, chemistry and music. The emblems are introduced in the circles at the top, and the cat is a special reminder of college days.

The University

Club plate is, I trust, The are here

unlike any other design of its class. social features of the organization

emphasized, and the scene is taken from a favorite corner in the Club house, through the windows of which may be seen glimpses of the sun-crowned Rocky Mountains. The columbine introduced into the lower part of the design is the flower adopted by the State of numbers. Mr. Zahns plate is derived from the curtain of the Tabor kind in America. Grand Opera House of While others might be Denver, undoubtedly the finest work of its entitled to the same privilege as Mr. Zahn, I feel sure that this design is so well fitted to the latters tastes as a collector of old editions and of the classics, that, perhaps, no one else would make the same choice. The motto quoted from Charles Kingsley at the Colorado, and the elliptical space at the bottom is reserved for book

THE
ARTISTIC BY JANET DRESS PAYNE FOR BOWLES

CRAFTSMAN
what we do not actually and materially possess. No one who understands the law of beauty is ever unhappy from his limited circumstances. All children love color, and It is the atmosEven an infant

CHILDREN.

HERE putting

is a two-fold significance in dress upon a child. Undone, it may lead but if wisely

their delight to wear it is like the basking of insects in the sunshine. phere which they seek.

less intelligently

to mild corruption,

considered, it may mean education and true happiness to him. The child longs for beautiful clothes. Indeed, his first sentiment regarding them is pure admiration, His which is the seed of art knowledge.

takes a mood directly from a color, and the result of incorrect combinations is to make a child restless. It acts as an obstacle to the flow of his fancy and the action of his reason, and if this grave error occur in his dress, he feels ashamed, without knowing why. But he will wear correctly produced eff,ects of richness and brilliancy, with courage, in the presence of his plainly attired companions. The dress having been adapted to the mental necessities of the child, there is a further and purely artistic question to be considered. This is a question of size. The rule of following the line of the figure, which is generally observed in artistic clothing for adults, does not apply to the garments of small children, Their forms have not yet reached symmetrical development, their space is too small to be considered in lines. They demand mass ; although a detail which is in scale with them, and which does not detrabt from the color mass, gives a peculiar beauty to childish dress. Striped cloth, made in a single piece, in which the lines are a feature of mass, would; however, afford an archaic beauty. Plaids, especially large ones, although having interest for children by reason of clan sentiments, are difficult to use, suggesting too plainly a geometrical division of a space already divided by Nature; although a square pattern placed on end seems a picturesque perversion and a design quite correct for use in small gar-

second thought is to use his clothes for imaginative play: to play the adult, or the fine princess, or a tree, a flower, or a fairy. The moment this emotion is observed in him is the time to dress him decoratively and, in a sense, with his cooperation. During the nursery period, the only considerations for clothes should be those of purity plainness. and But when the child begins to

create his images, he uses himself as a factor in t.hem, and, like an actor, he must be appropriately dressed for his scenes. If not in reality, he will pretend to be so, and we may by dress supply this pretense with ground for further imaginative invention; so making him the practical illustrator of his dreams. The childs game of too much presymbols or attritense, without appropriate

butes, leads to poetic starvation and the capacity for fruitless longings, if it does not soon end in apathy. Since this sentiment is the commonest curse of the race, it befits us as psychologists to impart to onr children a different spirit. This is easily done by teaching them to master externals and to assimilate their beauty. Our dissatisfaction comes because we do not know how to make the mostof the beauty of our small possessions, and to appropriate the spirit of

CHILDRENS
ments. The size and proportions of chil-dren constitute in themselves a lovable quaintness. divided tesque. Yet if these proportions they become be grounreasonably,

DRESS
vanity of costume If a child be taught the relation of fabric to season, to imagination, history and life, that he may play, he will scarcely, in maturity, be a victim of the petty extravagances of fashion ; nor will the little girl obtain the wrong meaning of clothes that obtains so largely men. and with dignity. among woShe will dress simply, individually, By means of such a

We laugh unavoidably at the sight

of a little fellow cut up into compartments by his cap, the line of his hair, a sailor collar, a bolero jacket, a blouse, a belt, little trousers, by half-stockings giving two spaces to his very short legs, by his shoes making still another division: all these accented by arrangement of color. But the quaintness of children may be an opportunity for using an exaggerated figure with telling effect: such as an enormous plume, far exceeding the scale of the wearers height, or a buckle, or a bow, if it be not placed out of balance. Still, these points must have the whole stage of costume based upon a solid mass of color, or they will begin to play tricks of jugglery with smaller details. Certain colors and fabrics have been judged inadvisable for childrens use ; such as purple and black and velvet, on account of their associations. But this would seem to be a mistake, for nowhere is velvet so well placed as near the soft bloom of a childs skin. peach. It suggests Natures effect in the And the colors of mourning, apart

movement, arbitrary fashion might, in time, fall naturally into the ways of common sense, and dress would express the use of time, not its misuse,-the knowledge of the wearer, not a tyrants caprice. Special patterns for children, beside appealing to their particular qualities, and giving them their own world, bring them into close relationship with their elders. Children feel gratitude-the primitive sense of religion-toward those who understand their spiritual needs. Art is necessary in every department of a childs life, in order to render it full and pleasurable ; but artistic dress appeals most strongly to him, since by this means he can embellish and make real the plays that fill his time. It is, therefore, the most practical art educative factor that can be employed. Dress being actually upon him, he naturally takes most instruction from it, and the love of adornment being recognized by all psychologists as a strong agent of civilization, it should be used as the When easiest method of his development. Kate Greenaway refused the offer of an English manufacturer to design exclusively for childrens garments, the children probably lost more than they have gained from alone her books. If her illustrations changed the style of costume for children, what might not her practical stuffs have done?
63

from the convention, are fine backgrounds for yellow and curls and youth, or they enter into harmony with flowing masses of black hair. Children love and appreciate designs and distinctive styles, if these are brought sympathetically to their understanding. Indeed, there should be special manufactures of patterns for children, not only in the interest of fashionable appropriateness, but also in order to teach the principles of decorative art, and to show the dignity, not the

working

in

THE
resides possibly more with

CRAFTSMAN
t,hen show her, some night, that phenomenon of the brown atmospheric from the moisture derived old-fashioned a design circle which comes of the air; or choose the from the Egyptian obtainable countless water in the designs,

The problem of artistic dress for children manufacturers are open garments. time to is more common than with mothers, to suggestion, When fancy regular duction public, than their diligence for the latter in decorating

and nothing

cloth covered with wavy lines :

they give hours

of valuable

motif.

These are already but what

stitches and trifles of dress, they show to follow a new style ; so that a for the prowould find a the to costumes, possibly costume not think trade- or art-movement of nursery and might Those which would

shops, with their poetry commonness, beautiful

lost in commercial

susceptibility

in form and color, could be derived of Nature, from legend, and how would flower-patthe present

from the pheuomcna they differ from

receive aid from plays afford

from child- and animal-life, erns and the nondescript inartistic commercial a daisy for ordinary combined petals) native design, color would (not in

educators. inspiration children,

who have witnessed costume

the grotesque motifsof stuffs.

games as are

An idea from simply of

too artificial or troublesome. have a little wardrobe he has his set of dolls historical gorical farther of the

A child might There

dress would be merely and green, grotesque imitation

for this purpose, clothes.

the use of white, pcllow

dolls in the market, and if children historical advance might or allea step be the figures, they would These rhymes,

; but the child must feel an imagirelation between the flower and the to him that the values he Further, if it were indicated from taught This of for the that would

were allowed to personate

in their enj oyment and appreciation characters. or the flow-em of can be deliordinary an idea close If put into the fab-

scheme and the proportionate daisy. Nature be

were taken beautiful. foundation where to go

heroes of nursery a garden. cately

is always him

Suggestive

ideas

be to give him the teaching

and conventionally

art-training, but without The play

rics sold by the yard for childrens clothes ; the only point is to connect or sentiment connection children with dress; between mind and

art ideas and how to use sentimentalby its him his for A same method would grant and

them intelligently, ity or travesty. childs The color little gray right use and girl of

to establish body.

element of imagination rainbow

knew that their blue calico studded is the ancient Egyptian add of the firmament, it would

reconstruction. subject treatment. two ruffles-

with whit,e stars pictograph

is a fascinating imaginative having one Sunday,

new interest to the fabric. moon and the half-moon called polka-dots, garments, They

There are also the patterns, commonly magic is known. in the origof the and

dressed,

in a pale

china silk gown,

which can produce attractive

one of pale pink, and the other of violetand with rainbow wearing seen in ecstacy could have ribbons at the shoulders, was She as she also an opal for the rain-drop, before a real rainbow. her with Nature yet

when their derivation

are especially

inal colors of the yellow moon and the gray sky, and in their later development brown circle about the moon. girl a gown of this commercial Give a little stuff,

was an old Greek for the moment. so united of this touchstone apparel. And

Nothing

CIIII,DRENS
was not so startling so distinctive The Little Lord lay as to be conspicuous, fancy costume. style did but its children and SimFauntleroy picturesque, that or

DRESS
It is a delight,ful function part of the mothers

as to suggest

to conceive such dress for her child to imaginative

as will lead him to Nature, But the most accurate be reached, tion, Artists the and up the subject give

much to make children weak point associated

ideas, to art and her own companionship. and broad result will shall take consideratreatment. to colored and thus with and be extenwhen manufacturers as a commercial it professional costume.

in the fact

it with too much goodness, must be respected, for good. They of Sailor

little boys did not like the long hair. ilar prejudices influence him must be acceptable for boys invariably ing them manly. courageous to whom been effect. gold. until gold given, He a pair was began

for a dress costumes to had the for

to the child in order to have the effect of makare stimulated acts. boots for dig to A little boy

will design the stuffs with regard Perhaps

completed

plates showing might

the design of the whole dress each pattern, mothers as well.

accompany

and daring closely at

the stuff would have close relationship its final use. or education practically Then, could benefited make no error, The

Klondike once

of little taste

watched

He learned

incidentally mining, hat

the use of while his of made the in every

sion of this idea of artistic dress for children can be only to the advantage for gradually as the idea becomes appreciation same evolution tory, with technic beauty for good familiar drawing, of good taste; or even the the and The to him, design as the child matures,

the pickaxe,

and his mind was not at rest

he knew all about trinkets. A

interest was directed to the workmanship cowboys

sent,imental notion passes away, leaving color, and thus forming and finally of basing might the art critic.

same little fellow demand a lasso, and, riding on the fence, scurrying from ethics. paign tics. A he learned to draw chicken. The lesson to be derived is one of skill and not of worn of during cam-

would occur in the manufacstuffs would chief them strictly be forgotten, beautiful be designed object. upon The Nabut the to their direction of the common unthe exfor as their

these facts

A mere badge suggestive

times gives the child his part in politouch dress in acmight and for with the idea of a fairy,

ture-analogy

cordance

artistic purpose would remain : not primarily to make children appear elders, but to give them the right in all that pertains senses, things; and the reverent use of

send the child to search what knowledge Plain colors imaginative green, produce position. like

in the grass, be obtained

would he there acquire ! can always

to the education

use : azure, like the sky ; yellow, pink and gray, are results, like clouds; sure to with comthe trees, always

like sunshine; good

to give them a definite, though received would preparation which preparation

consciously early

when combined in the original

tasks of maturity, acquired, penditure

being

the color which occurs

save an infinite

of time and temper.

THE
PARIS AS A DEMOCRATIC PRESENT GANS. SARGENT ASPECT. TRANSLATED BY

CRAFTSMAN
greatest capitals of Europe. But this

CITY : ITS CHARLES BY IRENE

would be the long and exacting task of the historian. We ourselves purpose only to seek to discover by what system of evolution and owing to what influences Paris has as-

c
-4
of

ITIES thing beings.

which, like Paris, are aniin common They with, human

sumed its present physiognomy

aspect.

Certainly

its

mated with intense life, have someare in a constant

is tiuch less striking and orig-

inal than its former lineaments, but it is equally personal and peculiar to it. For the attentive student, Paris, in spite of certain apparent similarities, resembles no It has its individuality, its disother city. tinctive character, which it is important to study. Its present aspect differs considerably from the one which it wore fifty years ago. And this modification has resulted from the influence of causes, some of which are purely material or physical, while others are moral: that is, having their origin in economic or social causes. These two classes of influences have a separate interest. The latter are more important, since they permit more extended views. Nevertheless, a study, however short, would be incomplete, if it did not indicate briefly the purely material influences which have acted upon the city. In order to understand the physiognomy of Paris, one must not lose sight of its Paris is not only the peculiar situation. It is also the brain, the capital of France. heart of the country: the center of its intelThe lectual, as well as of its material life. capital has, long since, concentrated within And for a itself the life of the country. considerable number of years also, as a consequence of the extreme centralization which obtains in France, the capital attracts, and draws forcibly to herself the inhabitants, provincial not only of the country, but also of the towns. Of these large numbers

state of evolution.

Owing to a succession

of imperccptiblc, but unceasing movements, under the influence of diverse causes, some which are physical they perpetually change their aspect. and others moral, For

cities also are subject to moral influences, in the sense that the mental power of the inhabitants, their economic or social ideas, their habits, react upon the city itself. Finally, like men, cities, after their infancy and their youth, assume in mature age a physiognomy which they preserve with slight modifications through long periods of time. That Paris exists in this last-named state, would be a sufficient motive for attempting to describe it, even if a second interest did not arise from the fact that the present aspect of the city is of recent formation. Certainly the history of Paris, from whatever point of view it may be regarded, possesses intense interest. lated to the history passed through of numerous It is closely reFrance. It has and profound

changes, each one of which has left its trace down to most recent years. An absorbing study is that of the events through the action of which the Gallic hamlet, the miniature LzLtetia Parisiorum, the Frankish village, issued from the island which circumscribed it, expanded upon the two banks of the Seine, and finally became one of the

THE

DEMOCRATIC

CITY

of persons, some are attracted by the hope of more lucrative and less fatiguing than that of the fields. brilliant capital, creases. in Paris, Thus, work Others, fascinated toward the in-

stronger accent through the persistency of the movement. At the same period, that is to say, toward 1860, there were executed public works At which had not only as a result, but also as an object, the modification of Paris. that time, the streets of the city were narrow and numerous. different They were dovetailed withformed strong projecin one another, and the houses, dating from periods, tions or, on the contrary, retreated, according to the caprice and the ideas incorporated into the work by the proprietor and the architect. uous : narrow Thus, the streets were sinhere, wider there, turning

by the intellectual life so intense and so gravitate whose population constantly

by successive seizures, it

has gradually it; destroying

absorbed all the villages, all at the same time, its own

the small towns which formerly surrounded restricting barriers. Scarcely more than fifty years ago, the capital was still limited by a wall built in 178!2, and which was the fifth of the enclosures successively set about the city. In 1840, the government decided to erect fortifications, embracing all the suburban. communes and designed to set up against possible invaders a strong bulwark of defense which should keep them distant from the center. But the wall of 1782 had only been tolerated through necessity by the Parisians who, as they could not force its demolition, avenged themselves from the moment of its construction by satirical songs. .In 1860, this this wall was destroyed. Following

around a house only to resume their former direction. Wide streets were few and large squares rare. The Emperor Napoleon Third, who owed his throne to a series of Parisian insurrections, was pursued by the fear of seeing it snatched from him by a counter-revolution. The arrangement of the streets which we have just indicated, was favorable to such movements. They lent themselves easily to the establishment of barricades. Beside, the emperor, who, although he was friendly toward the working classes, yet, at the same time, held them in fear, saw them, much to his regret, living in the center of the town, in unhealthful streets insurrections. these evils. and in a situation which favored He commissioned sudden Baron

operation, the villages formerly set between the city wall and the new fortifications were incorporated into Paris. greatly the city. modified the This enlargement general aspect of

Numerous new structures were

erected, and the citizen population, flowing from the center toward the circumference, began to yield to commerce the land which it formerly occupied. A tendency was developed on the part of the citizens to possess domiciles outside the business districts, and although, at its beginning, this tendency caused important modifications in the appearance of the city, which in time gained

Haussmann, prefect of the Seine, to remedy The latter resolved to transform the entire city of Paris, by cutting new streets wide and straight, new boulevards parallel to those which already existed, so as to make light and ai.r penetrate everywhere, forcing the workingmen back toward the suburbs (fauboargs), and by these means to form a strategic network,
67

THE
which should allow the government, of insurrection, by mounted plan, through tematic easily troops and cannon. regard

CRAFTSMAN
in case He cut exIt is indeed interesting, of its history, same periods. fluence have alluded. feature the is the advance impulse the future, to consider We after having cast

to sweep the streets a sys-

a glance upon Paris at the different human mind, the progress of those moral which presents of toward tendency

periods

the state of the of ideas at these the inwe

the heart of the city, tracing without

to what

can thus follow

isted previously. He wished to cover Paris with streets, avenues and boulevards and rectilinear. which should be wide Parisians Victor despair Hugo that saw to city wrote Paris, Many

causes to which itself of

The principal ideas, the of

and prominent in this study individualism, of the evocharwhich arisaristocracy

their regret the ancient and picturesque disappear ironically present from sight.

socialism the

: I

do not

toward the democracy, lution of the capital. and this fact acter-a tocratic. The action habitants the history conventionally is to say-the imately-was individualism. was under feudal of city produces

and the parallel its distinctive democratic essentially

seen from the aeronauts of detail, unexpected chess board. as a result has gained the expense b,eauty. entiates that diversity beauty This of Baron

car, may, one day, of aspect, that inand of a conworks,

Paris is, in reality-

that richness of line, that opulence

essentially

definite element of simple grandeur which sarcasm plainly

has been born from

a city

distinguish

of the social ideas of the inby that the the city period itself. extending century by The Ages, from epoch

tains a large proportion

of truth. Haussmanns

If Paris,

upon the city is easily proven called the Middle

in cleanliness, of its special

in healthfulness, and picturesque which differlarge Haussevents and the have been

in convenience,

this gain has been made at it has not the less concharacter from the other

eleventh to the fourteenth characterized The

approxwas

Meanwhile, it radically

an intense power France

served an individual cities of the world. Furthermore, of 1870 public things

central

either weak or clid not exist at all. of lords, king. main. provided gations

rule: that is, a hierarchy however unimportant and fea1t.y

the plan of Baron realized. The its execution,

at the summit of which stood the Every lord,

mann was not fully interrupted works,

he might be, u-as sole master in his own doHe there reigned that he regularly toward as sovereign, fulfilled his obli-

since undertaken,

directed with a greater Still, the city to-day ly the Paris of fifty structive policy of not alone responsible the evolution a profound capital. (iS

respect for existing resembles but slightHaussmann the modification. all, is

and for the money of taxpayers. years since, and the deBaron for

his su.~rni~n, swore

to him, yielded ter. This

him dues, and came to his had its r&s action in

aid in time of war, he was an absolute massituation The the cities. parishes, inhabitants, of the clergy. existing neighbors only grouped Each as into indi-

of ideas, also, and above

placed themselves under the necesfor selfish aims, enemies

has exerted, as it is wont to do in all periods, influence upon the aspect of the

sary protection thought of

vidual, each group,

THE
against Paris villages

DEMOCRATIC
Thus In narsiderable dences, interior The

CITY
display sumptuous organization, movement of luxury. multiplied, The aspect resiand

whom defense was necessary. presented the aspect of massed into three small cities. unattractive grouped huts formed around clos-that

a series of

in exterior

favored too Tndigiven district

each village, row alleys, church. against ent parts only Low uation, pearance to the Parisians by

by the progress citizen

made in the art of building. was interrupted

the parochial is, areas ena large The differthe situp the together from This traversed in the ap-

Numerous possible

soon to give a definite aim to the sentiment of solidarity vidual place spirit to the felt by the inhabitants. and parish broader spirit had of interest

closed by walls thick enough to protect them attacks-covered area. leading Spain, Paris. were bound section of the municipal of the city a road, passing which, toward through

spirit ; but within these limits individualism persisted. a municipal Therefore, we seek in vain for interest. we note a new and encraffirmed was but work of common century, after authority power, seat of

Countries

France,

In the sixteenth stage of progress. royalty getic ism. itself succeeded, The royal struggle,

with slight fourteenth realizing among the was

improvements century, that they themselves of the might it. the The city, The

This is the period when a long finally over feudaland Paris the court,

of the houses, was maintained without

in triumphing

had common the idea to in order

and general of agreeing improve century social not Toward

interests, or conceiving of the city.

as the central the usual

not only

the condition middle initiated

also the capital important have had inhabitants ance. IV., aid of squares still,

of the kingdom. of

The king its appearKing two Henry great But cut

fourteenth

took interest in beautifying were solicitous general plans First of the sovereigns, conccivcd from the inhabitants,

it, and the in-

a most

movement, occurred the the to

which arrest of

considerable invasion, resulted king Paris and

effect, if unforeseen defeat

events had English arms, of the of the for royal

and, with the

created

which streets radiated. and public fortified Furthemore, abbeys, works. the city,

in destroying nobility. of

the prestige peril

wide avenues

promenades like strong-

citizens

were ignored. by numerous

united

in the common their

common

defense

threatened

holds, did not easily lend itself to the prosecution of public Louis ing of XIV., fear Under Louis XIII., appeared, citizens. together Numerous and, above all, under gradually by disfeelthe

by the invader. their desires. stand royal events Beside,

They gained consciousness They made the king undcr-

of their power, and were able to accomplish that he must reckon power. gave but having This also with them and or crush the only greater power. the grip to a con-

individualism formerly

with the reciprocal experienced public

that they could either augment the citizens no longer not

situtLtion and political incontestable to fear

promenades But and

were opened.

The people aspect

became interestof the city. cleanliness little attcn-

cohesion, of royalty

ed in the general tion. hygiene

the streets themselves

received

upon their fortune

or their per-

The desire for public was not yet known;

sons, they abandoned

themselves

that for exter69

THE

CRAFTSMAN
one, had made immense progress. In spite

nal luxury was alone dominant, and a historian has compared the city of this period to an individual wearing garments of cloth of gold over a body covered with vermin. An important fact which came into existence under Louis XIV., was to exert a decisive influence upon the Parisians and their city: this was the appearance of the apartment house, or. a building in which several families, gathered under tbe same roof, lived on different stories. The regard individuality to appearance of the dwelling, in and arrangement,

of the subsequent relapse suffered by this movement, it had sown the seeds of an idea which was to develop, and, in reality, did develop consciously or unconsciously in the minds of all the men of that century. The different governments which succeeded one another in France, however aristocratic they were, royalty, third Republic force. or the Empire, The were not able to destroy the germ.

was destined to give it new

disappeared, following quickly the lead of social individualism. This was an indication of profound change in manners and customs. Created by the desire of lining the streets with monumental houses, by the love of the grand and the solemn which characterized the reign of Louis XIV., the many-storied house, which was to operate a radical change in the aspect of the city, would not have been able to establish itself, if the social ideas of the period had not favored the scheme. These tendencies acquired a new power under the influence of the ideas of the French Revolution, and the nineteenth century witnessed their .culmination. Then, in reality, the progress of ideas advancing constantly in the same direction, assumed a quicker pace. Individual life, more and more rare and restricted, gave place to life in common. From the very beginning of the century, under the influence of certain men: Enfantin, Fourrier, Saint-Simon, who, like all innovators, did but develop an already-existing tendency-the idea of human brotherhood, the recognition of the necessity for all men to live in groups, and all for every70

Further, in a parallel direction, but more slowly, there was developed another element whose effects are even to-day important, and will become still more so: democratization. This is, in effect, the characteristic of the nineteenth century : the ever-growing importance of democracy and its preponderance have had a capital influence upon the aspect of Paris. The men of the Empire observed this movement and understood its importance. One of the aims of Baron By rejecting Haussmann was to arrest it.

the workmen from the center toward the circumference, and by retaining the commercial people only at the heart of the city, he hoped to produce a sharp separation between the classes. But, after the fall of the Empire, the public works were continued in an altogether different spirit, and the very efforts of Haussmann were utilized to the furtherance of an end contrary to his ideas. Let us examine a plan of Paris in its present state ! The fact which, first of all, strikes the eye, is that the city is traversed from side to side and in all directions by wide avenues joining together the quarters most remote from one another, and uniting,

THE

DEMOCRATIC

CITY
-without adjusting of the width to the

by a direct bond, the center with the extrcmities. One avenue travers& from Paris from east At to west, another north to south.

and comfort,

and the straightness methods of Baron elegant contrary

the streets to the according whose desire The deTothat .it there

wealth of the inhabitants,

the center, upon the right bank of the Seine, the great boulevards and serve boulevards, northern join the great avcnucs point for Upon other the as a starting portion of

Haussmann,

was to create a few quarters which should be and exclusively has been elegant. velopment made in a direction

which connect them with all the the city. communicates, the right bank at a

to the impulse given by him. of Paris, any is precisely quarter

left bank, another boulevard under the same conditions, part. The boulevards of the left of bank and those

day, one of the most salient and distinctive characteristics does not elegant. contain Certainly excltisively

with the southern are joined by

and necessarily, population

their two extremities by long, wide avenues ;

are quarters

in which luxury

has developed, is in ma-

so that the entire city

sheaf it. of ,wide roads Finally, rectilinear by a girdle tremity

is traversed

in which the wealthy clement

whose direction boulevards

is as unite

j ority ; there are others in which the popular dominates ; but there is no longer between the classes becomes more conthe any distinct demarkation of the population. And this impression quarters, crete and precise, different able the whole likeness apartment area of when in examining them. occupies The

as it has been possible the exterior of very broad

to make

avenues the excast upon the It results

of all these roads. glance fact.

This comprehensive therefrom, in reality,

city reveals an interesting

WC observe an indisputEverywhere, almost the private house

that the inhabitants among themof

among house realty. The

have felt the need of creating tion ; a feeling other proofs, which, would

selves easy and rapid means of communicain the absence suffice to demonstrate of life is considerable; able to occupied by others. They a very

is an exception. residences merly (Wtels existed

numerous quarters,

detached which forhave althe nev-

particwliers),

that the community every one feeling The quarters,

in certain

the need of being

most all disappeared. in those sections wealthy command

It is the same, even in which And much

go easily into quarters nothing life.

of the city

or districts,

are, at present, divisions. of and distinct

element preponderates. an annual upon But rental

but administrative They are only whole.

ertheless, certain apartments than the interest ing the same. for

there situated, higher of a

have no longer homogeneous that concerns public plainly The twenty gardens, object

an individual

the parts

the mortgage

If now we penetrate WC see that in all and to a for

detached residence and the cost of maintainhabit and taste have house, and toward of themor, to in pronounced modern the apartment

into each arronchement,

streets, avenues, squ?res, every one has profited has been. pursued

the minds which arc most obdurate ideas, have been, despite of general selves, imbued with them. a similarity bc more exact,

equal degree by the works executed. which years is really to force in all direc-

Hence has resulted appearance,

tions and everywhere the. entrance of health

an absence of opposition

THE
the physiognomy Certainly, parts inhabited of the different by those despised

CRAFTSMAN
Sunday. But to-day, the small tradesmen, if they

quarters. and in the of For-

there is no identity,

the workmen themselves, rants always

in easy circumstances, can go to the cafts most elegant

have the desire to leave their houses to amuse and restaufor with fixed of elein the quarters;

tune, the proportion the rich population

of old and poor houses flows by preference. if not idenat similarity. we can not

is greater than in the sections toward which But here, as elsewhere, we can see new houses having tical, an appearance which, is at least an attempt to a luxury,

they find the restaurant

prices, which affords of an insignificant gance, even of luxury.

them, in consideration sum, an illusion childish, This is an observabut it has at the and the Even

The most recent of these houses even make prtensions which discuss in this place. has followed It is sufficient to note movement toward

tion which might appear its symptomatic elegant, ground rant, luxurious floor famous for middle of the last century, cabaret,

importance.

between the cafk, the restau-

this fact, which shows that, in Paris, luxury the general democratization. And, indeed, after having ly aristocratic become cally. Each class, arriving to enjoy given at power, has wished which power had it. The same the prerogatives accomplished democratic. This been exclusiveluxury has has evolution and then civic, itself symmetrically

and expensive, between

its fine dishes and high there was really

prices, and the soup-house, no intermediate.

It was as late as 1854 that the restaurant with fixed restaurant, dishes. for prices of appeared. for a regulated That a single is, the sum, a of providing,

and logi-

meal consisting

number

This was an important was created. is to-day Since that

innovation. designed This spe-

to the one preceding

From that moment, the restaurant modest purses cies of establishment that it is difficult to be so recent. the

observation

is to be made, whether the questo dress, or

tion relates to the habitation, to amusements.

so extended time, have

to believe its beginnings which, patron-

Fft 1 Jr or sixty years since, when the aristocracy of birth and the aristocracy of finance lived a separate ulation, different The including ures, people acquired the from conditions quarter lift and kept themof the popwere very obtaining. one pleaswhich of life

appeared

brtzsseries of

ized at first by foreigners, ular to the point part tinue of the elegant their service. been has

have become popthe greater to disconyears, in the in of Paris.

selves apart from the remainder those at present

obliging restaurants For ten domiciled

elegant

of the city,-the neither

brtzsserie Everywhere

the boulevards nor

and the Champs commodities

we find these establishments, a false elegance taste, and one another; still others in gold, restaurant, all classes

ElysCes-offered amusements,

the people

which usually worst society possible elbow

witnesses the some while by with

were within their reach.

The small trades-

in which smoke; surrounded the

could not then have profited the habit of secluding

by such
they had

eat, others drink, in the old-time white walls

means, even had they been offered; at home, and of rarely going

themselves

paneled

patrons

out, except

on

tasted with respect the viands prepared

THE
art and served with majestic ards convinced their functions. The tion. theatres About have also, under complete 1855, was

1~EMOCRATIC
brought

CITY
into momentary But under of transport contact, varied for a long influences, have the last by the slow-

grace by stewcharacter of

of the sacred

period, were used only by those least favored of Fortune. the means quarter the in common during

the same

influences, houses stood students the great public. people; Latin number,

suffered

transformaall the play Paris. situated few The in in

been considerably century. omnibuses

developed

the year alone

At about the year 1850, were supplemented and, still to-day, begun,

in the center of Quarter. The Each

theatre

tramways,

which were timidly are insufficient But

others, had its by

ly popularized their number, Railway, trains tervals, necessary

in spite of

were all found boulevards. One was another

on the line of the special society and seen,

for the needs

of the population. following scarcely of

one

the Metropolitan can now, with its at minute inIs it of proof

frequented

opened in 1900,

by the trades-people

another

the populace seats,

who, as we have before of the

serve its patrons. the modern and toward transport mind

did not often go to the play. the appearance given, To-day, theatres the kind of play to the patrons. modified. throughout The

The price of auditorium, according scattered has in Except

to give a more evident

the tendency life in common the means of

toward of

differed are

the effacement suffithis of the ex-

all this has been Each quarter

of class distinctions? ciently ropolitan tendency Paris, chosen center. tension convincing. will still

This development is in itself emphasize Furthermore? further its patrons that distant

the town.

the Metto estabhave

at least one and often the little halls intended of a neighborhood, play-goer, but good seen in every theatre. acting, setting.

several.

for the inhabitants of all classes are is now a and Everyone

by permitting without fearing too

people

lish their domiciles a residence

at any desired point they from This city.

and wishes to see not only acting, framed in careful Therefore, in all directheir pleasures contact with governed

And the movement

toward

the cirhas had Paris, of rails,

iuXXlratE

cumference important to-day, is traversed resulted though for

will be accelerated. effects upon the

tions new theatres take their rise. Nor was it only in taking that the higher the people. their daily life. designed a certain This an idea, succeeded, omnibuses sengers classes avoided Repeated

of the means of transport is covered with a network

The same prejudices

in all directions the city most

by heavy popsignificant, al-

efforts had been lines of vehicles, in common. only the in attaining a necessity, another were

ular vehicles, and from these facts there have indirect consequences. and hygiene life exerted For a numhad entered, influtheir upon

made in vain to establish to transport, number taken after proved unknown of up result.

for a very small sum, persons anew time, in 1828,

ber of years, the workmen into whose minds ideas of comfort had begun ences physical, which city to understand the harmful

a long

indifferent

Nevertheless,

themselves to one

as well as their moral point of view, badly

condition. were, from arranged.

but these heavy,

slow vehicles in which pas-

The houses which they inhabited this double

THE
We them have already in these had occasion to show

CRAFTSMAN
way

.
by which it became

to describe that they the laws promis-

was constructed,

pages:

possible to cross Paris within the short space of a few minutes. One of the results of this exodus was the complete ters. forced original of these building they transformation the landlords to of certain quartheir rent, if Several idea of In truth the departure of the t&ants

seemed purposely of hygiene, cuousness families moral fort, the existing

to have violated between

and that the inevitable

the individuals deplorable of into comthe

of the same family themselves, results.

and between the various produced the lack children

reconstruct

Finally, and the

houses, which they could no longer conditions landlords houses were retained. conceived for the

the want of room thrust the men into wine-shop We have also shown how an enerand what good of the by the authors erected

street.

designed

the commertenants, the utand ow-

getic reaction was attempted results were obtained reaction. \ But the new lodgings restricted who could

cial classes, and in order to attract displayed at in these structures disposal. of most luxury compatible their

with the money reIndustry land this enterprise.

in Paris and them, the

sources modern ing quarters, more proved Within certain tion.

were of necessity those persons conceived ful

in number, not obtain outside

taste favored

to the small value it was possible apartments and central successful a few districts. years,

in remote to those of attempt imitation. of to of This owing

the idea of

seeking

to offer, at a modsimilar This inspired changed, of saw

city more spacious, dwellings.

economical

and health-

erate price,

To obtain such would not have been possible at the time, still recent, when means of communication state. tion creating slowly were improved, in the rudimentary the necessity and We have before the instrument, seen how this situahow, the means of trans-

the physiognomy

streets radically Entire quarters

the centrifugal their inhabitants modification owing element certain

movement thoroughly

the populaa portion

renewed.

port became more and more numerous, how rapidly multiplied. complete munication Railway number without of This extension

was the more apparent occupation which special by

because

also, in these recent years, they was still more and its suburbs. in such another almost

the houses had acquired to their of society, a

a new countenance, a different of its We and in spirit character.

in the case of the means of combetween Paris trains as to interval. were follow were by one established

newness, has already largely streets have discussed persons

aided in giving

elsewhere the existence art.

The so-called created,

tramways connecting These cars, automomeans of as a last Rail-

certain results of the effort made by certain to democratize As a sequence democratias to who from the simple of giving intention artists and consequence and just far of this general

penetration

central Paris with the suburbs. at first drawn transport stage of horses, biles, and offered or returning from an economical going it. Finally,

became

zation, this action proceeds as possible To of

idea of the necessity an aesthetic a number of

to workmen progress,

to their labor

everything. the scruples

this idea were also added

the Metropolitan

THE

.DEMOCRATIC

CITi!-

feared to see Paris clothed, so to speak, in a uniform which would conceal all originality, and change the city into an assemblage of streets identical with one another, and lined with buildings having no individuality. movement grew and extended. ported by official encouragement. devise the most artistic effects. and landlords, This It was It was sup-

is easily recognizable in the majority of English and German cities. The line of demarkation is sharply defined between the portion inhabited by the rich class, and the portion in which is massed the working population. Furthermore, in the larger number of these cities, notably in London, every one, as far as possible, avoids life in common. The house inhabited by several tenants is not desired. Families prefer to have their own and exclusive dwellings. The idea of the home, which is strong in this place, proceeds from a conscious or an involuntary individualism ; similar, to that sentiment which, in essentially aristocratic periods, was once dominant in,Paris. Today, through the effect of an evolution of which we have sought to present the successive stages, Paris has reached a mental state Certainly, we have diametrically opposite. not reached the time-which day cannot hope to see-when the men of toall class and

decided to offer prizes to those who should Architects equally because they were

stimulated by example and because they wished to attract tenants, resolved to do their best, and at times succeeded, not in giving to the streets a wholly artistic aspect, but at least in doing away with their uniformity. In every quarter we still meet with houses in which, according to the means at his disposal, the builder has made all possible efforts to avoid the commonplace. The novelty of this attempt does not permit us as yet to judge But the importance not be questioned. of the results obtained. of the movement can It is, furthermore, one

caste distinctions shall have disappeared to give place to an improbable and perhaps chimerical equality. But our capital can aspire to the first rank in the march of humanity toward this ideal end. Paris advances through the logical and progressive development of the evolution which? from primitive individualism, has brought it, by successive stages, to a relative but This state indisputable democratization. is the result of the series of facts which a glance cast upon the present city and its past, permits us to observe. And it is the certain proof of the dominant influence exerted upon the aspect of a city by the social ideas of its inhabitants. .

of the logical episodes in the evolution of the ideas whose manifestation has assumed so many different forms. The object proposed by the promoters is to provide an element of beauty for the entire city, by forcing builders to display the utmost taste and elegance compatible with the funds at their disposal. This enterprise is not inspired by personal, but by collective interest, and the object sought is radically democratic. The word democratic has often recurred in the course of this study. It epitomizes the impression given by the present aspect of Paris and differentiates it from the other large cities, which are all, or nearly all, essentially aristocratic. This characteristic

THE
A CRAFTSMAN HOUSE. IV. House its here OF 1904, NUMBER

CRAFTSMAN
stones are employed in this case for buildin@; the foundations
ihs-

SERIES

T
locality. tages

J3E
Craftsman trated signed for life.

and the chimneys ; the since these accident5

stones being used as found, with their stains and mossy accretions; surface. The house, as it appear5 in the elevation, is a structure of two stories : the lower being of brick, and the upper in half timber. The bricks are selected for their deep red, and their hard-burned quality, which give a strong character wholly wanting in a wall of paler color and softer, more porous texture, as is evidenced by the gloomy, unpronounced brick buildings a further picturesque of Belgium. aspect by In The Craftsman house, the masonry is given having wide white joints, and in being laid in the manner known as Flemish bond. The second story, added in half-timber immediate region or insure a most pleasing variety of color and

resembles

predecessor, in that it is not dea special It is adapted to any portion of

the United States in which temperate weather-condition5 are the rule. In common with all the other dwellings as yet described in these pages, it has been conceived in praise of country But it is intended as a of to-day, culture home in the urbanized country of communication,

which, while possessing many of the advantransit, and pleasure offered by the city, yet remains free from disturbing noise, polluting smoke and reverberated heat.
As

often

previously

recommended, field

FhONl-

- CLCVATION

THE
the wide entrance other pierces front neighboring the side of of the house; from

CRAFTSMAN
table w-ith simple, of equally sponidng plain squared chairs legs; a number a corre-

the hall ; then, ansingle farther window the toward windows, half of forming

and while,

with rush seats;

the room

serving table, and above it a precisely plate-rack. The textiles are again unobtrusive and there its pattern green and tracings dows are hung fabric, suggested

t,he main entrance joined large light. The living textiles

of the house,

there is a

: among
here of

series of four of the same pleasing toget.her, and having pane to allow the mullioned

these is a rug in tones of red, having defined in contrasts of old-ivory.

the upper free for simple passage use Scotch

and the lower half left in a single

The winlinen room, to

in the same Craftsman for use in the living are again surface

suggested

in the rug,

and the electroliers which an iridescent by a special thought process. of In the plan

in copper,

room are pleasing, inexpensive. a large

and com-

has been given story, much

paratively occupying heightened ings stitched

area of the floor space, The canvas door hang-

the second

shows a scheme of warm browns and greens, with yellow. green are of plain borders wit,h hem-

has been exerted to assure the comthe order of the house. storage closets have for this purare unusually large

fort and to maintain As, for example,

in self-color,

and the cur-

been secured by economizing ing to the pitch of the roof,

tains are of natural green linen floss. The dining room,

linen, hemstitch,ed with as is observed shown, differs in having in the from

pose the spaces under the eaves, which, owlarge. The trim throughout, the bed-rooms while The the three feet high, colors vary of bedrooms of the second story is the same being of Carolina of the pine. In t.his wood is stained green,

plan and in the interior the ordinary windows treatment cut high

a series of and,

in the wall on one side.

This device serves to diffuse the light, time air, suggestive of thought. II,erc, the wainscoting height as in the living plaster in being The with ns to sheen, frieze tone with the ceiling lighter. furniture of this room, of the fumed reaches

wainscoting

bathroom,

at the same time, to give the room an oldof many pleasant trains the same

is enameled in white. the walls in the various accordshould so as texfor from warm to cool, The furniture in structure, space. in the plan, The colors

ing to the exposure. be severely the positions best to utilize tiles advised curtains, or nearly uses. the colors in effect. Several classified, important remain to simple indicated

room. differing

Above it, the from it only

and set in

shows a mellow pomegranate

the given

are linens in plain cotton fabrics

in common first story, by its pathas

counterpanes, plain

covers and pillows, for the same

all the movnbles present and

is made from brown

oak, so treated exquisite fabric-like

The rugs

should be stnall, repeating in the room, but or spotty not easily Among in pattern, details, be

a surface

used elsewhere

its watered

not too pronounced

terns resulting serve the grain left it.

SO

from the care taken to preof the wood as Nature a large round

The pieces comprise

noted.

THE
these, that the floors throughout

CRAFTSMAN
abound a further borrowed iscence. building on every side and only combination. and unusual agreeable wait to be quality, in arc

the first

story are of Georgia and its dependencies wainscoting

pine, stained to a dark of .the kitchen variis of the Carolina both

put in proper

The house has

brown, and that the woodwork ety of the same wood. land cement, are painted roundings and exacting suggesting labor.

that, while certain of its characteristics structurally and with no attempt the compactness to many will appeal

The walls and the of Portin in warm yellow, sunshine, and

from old styles, they are here used at reminof the would-be Finally,

of the kitchen,

order to place the domestic to lighten the depressing

workers in surthus

homebuilders constructive

who are dismayed material.

at the pres-

eff,ect of fatiguing

ent cost of realty,

as well as at that of all

The house covers an area of twenty-eight It must not be omitted height, feet favoring that the ceilings by thirty-six most localities, two thousand feet, and it may be erected, in at an approximate dollars. cost of of the first floor are eight feet six inches in and those of the second story eight these moderate dimensions a geneconomy of heat. now obtained awaiting plans He precisely,

The .reader having eral description will but elevations definitely will find a real pleasure compare

of the house here presented, him, if he with the will see are the floor

T
Trees pared purify giving absorb

HERE

are

many

other

consideraon which to to

tions than the aesthetic commend not only to the forth a planting

of street trees.

cool the air, in addition suns direct rays, but

and the interiors. met and fulfilled

affording

a shade that in itself is cool comthey poisonous They damp. gases and

that the promises that the front,

made by the exterior

by the interior ;

it, by absorbing oxygen. that surplus

as always it should, indicates eye the scheme obHe will appearwhich is within : high will

also tend to It is claimed, value to

to the least experienced further

water in the soil that

served in the use of inside space. learn that certain features, serve a useful purpose, from ing to be used decoratively in reality evident, as, for The probably pleasure tentious, since the

may make basements cities, in that people planted however, plant, would urge urge with trees.

too, that they have a commercial

in the exterior,

remain much further These considerations, than ground civic supof art

into the summer in the towns that are well re-emphasize, the urge entirely on urged which rather sufficient modern

if they are examined example, the windows

pierced studies,

in the walls. one who thus carefully note that, as he observes more and the details of the house, his effect will increase. to be preto possess, materials is too inexpensive building in the general

attractiveness And having

the planting their

of trees in cities. it would safecare-the

more minutely The structure

their planting, their care

consistently consist,ently

. . . . and al-

and it is not difficult necessary

ways with stringent

ordinances.

-Cha&s Nulfod Robinson iu Modem Civic Art.

82

THE

CRAFTSMAN
Secluded the village of Castinc certainly is ; but isolated it is not. Three mails arrive intercommunidaily from without, and, as in the most modernized centers of activity, cation is maintained by the telephone. An Artesian well supplies the inhabitants with pure water, and a thriving inn, named the Dome of the Rock, adequately entertains the traveler who wishes to enjoy for a little glimpses into the infinite world of Nature, inspiring and invigorating, such as are which, offered only by an austere region

PAR-A-DYCE: COTTAGE

CASTINE

through a brief summer, relaxes into a gentle mood. The New England town, whether it be situated on the confines of the British possessions, or yet in Connecticut near the boundary line of the former Dutch provinces, jealously keeps the traditions of its kind. To this rule Castine is no exception. It is proud in the ownership of that &ne qu& non of old civic culture, the Town Library, in this case the gift of an opulent deceased resident. It has its wealth of historic sites, of forts and blockhouses, with their attaching memories of French or English occupation. It has also its hero, half historical, half legendary, to whom art has lent form and expression: for the munificent donor of

HE New Englander, T

who, for well

upon a century, has been keen in the hunt for places of summer recreation, knows the town of Castine,

Maine, rising at the mouth of the PenobScot. He has tabulated its attractions, and perhaps has casually enjoyed them: But to the people of the outside, gentile States, the same town is a mere point upon the map recognized alone by the Ifew who remember their school geography. Beside these two general classes, there exist in various localitics certain persons who may bc regarded as the intimate friends of the town: those who, through long acquaintance, have learned to understand its natural beauties; just as sympathetic companionship between man and man gives appreciation of the beauty of character. The tried friends of the town delight in the typical Maine landscape which it offers : beetling rocks, groves of pine, and the cold blue of a sea which never displays the almost Mediterranean effects of the waters about Boston, nor the Gulf Stream gray of the New Jersey coast.
84

A CASTINE

COTTAGE

the Library, the idcal (ast.in, fanciful Like (astinc festivals, peculiar strenuous a the drive hill of in a the

bequeathed of by M. Will

also to the town le baron Low, de Saintthat most also, and

head modeled all

Golden the good wifes butter; Ruby her currant wine: Grand were the strutting turkeys: Fat were the beeves and swine. Yellow and red the apples; The pears were russet-brown: And the peaches had stolen blushes From the girls who shook them down.

of American New

painters. localities, gatherings

England

has its seasonable pride unknown lives beyond coast. eighteen to Whittiers the future early fragment of

which arc awaited with a specific, to the livers of less the lint of the stern In early autumn, miles a scene Cobbler days, of of he the mystic leads across the rivaling

Hcforc

these autumn days which form the when (Justine, in compoints of of ocean in this : suggests
85

and rock-bound country

climax of the season, there come the months of eJuly and August, our long Atlantic air and country whose mon with numberless otbrr favorite city workers the divine rcstorativcs quiet. Chauccrian Hut yet

vision wbcn, through stone, Fair :

&czar, beheld inoonCounty

coast, offers to cshaustcd

glories

little town there is but one Par-a-dycc a name form

THE

CRAFTSMAN

the climax

of

sensuous enjoyment.

The

The owner of this enviable property is a woman who, like Figaro, knows how to aid in the worlds work by both advice and hand: comilio manuque. And as an acknowledgment of her respect for manual power, she herself raised the first shovelful of earth from the rocky soil of the headland, in marking the foundation lines of the ParThe building was done by a-dyce cottage. the laborers living in Castine ; no contract being made, and the wage of each workman The plain design, the being paid daily. crude materials were at first resented by these village carpenters, who could not foresee and idealize. But it is just to say that they came to acknowledge the completed

place so accurately described by this name, which is further a play upon words (based upon the name of the lighthouse site: Dyce Rock), is a tongue of land shooting out into the sea between two rivers, the PenobAt this point, a Scot and the Bagaduce. Government tender touches twice a year, bringing supplies to the lighthouse set upon the rocks above, to which the sailors climb, carrying the merchandise by means of yokes fixed to their shoulders. .Other than at these brief moments, the point is little frequented, save by the lighthouse keeper and the cottager of the Dyce-Box, t.he attractive summer dwelling here illustrated.

A CASTINE

COTTAGE

building

as beautiful,

when its asperities

an exterior room, recalling the sea pavilions so frequent along the Riviera, and quite as attractive in its simplicity as are its more studied models, with all their wealth of marbles and mosaics. The ceiling beams of the porch are left exposed, and were hand-hewn in order to correspond with the masonry, which, again it must be said, seems as if it had been piled up by some person of energy, who, half in sport, devoted a long summer day to the building of his own cottage: erecting the sun dial on the buttress, where it now stands, to mark the progress of his work. The construction of the cottage in several points resembles that of a ship; care having been taken to assure protection 87

had been softened by the signs of occupation. The house is built very low, in the Dutch manner,-if manner it can be called,-with a height of only sixteen feet from sill to saddle. It has an outside chimney of beach stones, which also appear in the porch pillars and in the plainly visible foundations. The masonry gives the effect of a loose pile, and the stone is cut at the back, in order to leave the front face natural and rough. The two prominent exterior features are the porch and the deep, sharply-pitched overhanging roof, which is covered with shingles laid twelve inches to the weather. The porch is semi-circular, and in reality is

THE

CRAFTSMAN
which the summer cottage a disappointment room is

and failure. a warm

The woodwork of this great is stained to brown, making an admirable color scheme with the pumpkin yellow of the rough plaster ceiling and the Dutch blue of the textiles (curtains, rugs and settle cushions) ; the shadows from the yellow, seen by firelight, being especially attractive and beautiful. Further interest is also given by a few copper antiques: such as a lamp made from storm and ease in regulating life. The windows are push-out casements, perfectly weather tight, and the doors at the front and the back are of Dutch pattern, with the guard which serves the excellent purpose of keeping the babies within and the chickens without. The knocker at the back door once did a guards duty at an Irish peasants simple cottage, but the remainder was hand of the iron-work from a Holland milk kettle, hand-wrdught fire-dogs, a pot, kettle and trammel-hook. The kitchen is built like a ships galley, with racks all about the walls, instead of the more conventional shelves; while the maids room, with many provisions for comfort, is situated on the same level. Looking up the staircase, one finds a reminder of continental inns in the shelf, half

wrought by the village blacksmith. The interior of the cottage must be judged by the living room, which has its focal point of interest in the chimneybeachpiece, built of rough

stones, with the fireplace showing a depressed Romanesque arch topped by a beautiful This room is old keystone. forty-eight feet long by thirty-eight feet broad, giving thus by its dimensions the character of freedom, without

A CASTISE

COTTAGE

way up, filled with old copper which guests cutting nated The scheme and blue ; scenery, The looms the stand ready on their way to bed.

candlesticks, by the s,

the casements and door-frames gay-borde bandboxes nets. The center chamber has

with a nosethe best bon-

to be claimed

, such a

once

ornamented

for onr grandmothers

On the upper floor there are three roo the house from front from their location,

to rear, desigas the east, the in a simple being in in

its woodwork

west, and the center chamber. first of these is treated of green two and blue: Dutch and small the the woodwork beds counterpanes represents spruce homespun

green ; the sidewalls while showing

frieze green

forest linen.

trees upon a few heir-

a background

of English making,

west chamber in cabinet

contains

and has its side paneled about

walls covered with dull gray,

THE
stained to a nut brown; an English on a sage of drawers, green

CRAFTSMAN
those of a villa. built chime barrier, rock the of above, gate, An old Penobscot to which Having is Indian a this a while the

its side walls show of oranges chest There green

paper with a design background

attached passed from

; it contains

cow-bells.

two single 1Mission beds, a Craftsman washstand covered and chairs. with a sage is, beside, a long seat extending three windows, the curtains These into a large a great print : the same material are made. chambers open with three

the visitor

sees suspended Lantern,

the old Sea and port

beneath the

still farther starboard appropriate would be. come imity upon

on, in dark nights, lanterns, to guide stone trees. colors, Finally, two old

he will find bearing

as that from which doors

him where he whose on

near the porch, he will lanterns, by their proxSo, lighted

hall provided bed.

with bookshelves overlooking

Japanese

effect is heightened

and settle, and having nasturtium

windows

to the spruce

his way, he will realize that he has entered a quiet port, and of unfailing sure of a friendly hospitality. greeting

There is, of course, no garden work about the cottage, but the grounds are fenced like

ONG L When

ago, forests of Maine, and plain upon mountain lordly

Of their native again. And everywhere pines !

forests

they should

not see

In the deer-haunted

Lay the snow, They fell,-those Those grand, The jaded Panting Dragged majestic pines !

The slender, graceful Poise aloft in the air, And at the mast-head, White, road blue, and red,

spars

Mid shouts and cheers steers, down the weary, winding kings so straight beneath the goad, and tall, hair,

A flag unrolls the stripes and stars. Ah! when the wanderer, In foreign That harbors flag unrolled, hand sweet and out from his native land, with memories lonely, friendless, shall behold

Those captive

To be shorn of their streaming And naked and bare, To feel the stress and strain Of the wind and the reeling Whose Would roar remind them forevermore

T will be as a friendly Stretched main, Flling his heart endless !

-&~TJ

Wadsworth Longfellow in The Building of the Ship.

.90

A CAREFULLY
A CAREFULLY HE dence chant, Ohio. PLANNED HOME. illustrations of the resiW. MarCourt its apit is and pleas-

PLANNED

HOME

The hall has been kept severely plain and contains a picturesque Dutch door opening The finish. while, from the side upon the yorte co&l-e. wood used here is fumed color The ingrain The and having a dull walls are covered satin-like frieze,

T
House, by large The

accompanying features of 1Mr. Thomas of

show certain

oak of nut brown.

Washington

with Havana-brown shade of brown. in the hall that

As this home with

papers with a frescoed shows a lighter is followed

pointments ant study here offered accomplished

is the result of long on the part by personal as an example

the ceiling

of its owners,

same treatment

of what can be

of the second story, with the exception the frieze is omitted. The library left is wainscoted plain. Here,

effort rather than the building

expenditure. salient points of both decoration have been furfrom whose notes has been collected. is limestone, grows even left a more and having

in weathered and the rethe walls finished are. at the in The and The the of *

oak;

the panels quarter-sawed, with red buckram, line with a narrow The colors: of the ceiling is

and the interior the appended The quite soft rough yellow

mainder covered ceiling green. water cause

nished by Mr. Marchant, description material which building tint

Greek stencil in tinted yellow used be-

in the cutting,

a warm tint being northern is faced

exposure.

agreeable expanded ivory

with age.

The panels of cement, story, wooden are made upon to an old are dark panelings

chimney-piece

with green German

used in the second effect. The

tiles, set in red mortar with wide joints, the hearth is laid with square red tiles. mantel twelve fords The brown The and book feet cases are built the front into walls, and a low settle extends a length beneath which is divided dining oak, rail, into three sections exterior

metal lath and tinted

stained dark brown, and the room is covered with American red. hoff the terrace S tiles of a uniform, The floors of the porches cement. of color and that of

window, and afof dark furniture. six inches with large the rail, matching is tinted is effect.

are laid in squares of Dycker-

a most picturesque and

room has woodwork corresponding placed five feet, studded Above

The interior is treated with great simplicity ; refinement of line and harmony being effect. The principal are a reception ing room. gray-green ceiling mahogany ventional Cuban rooms of the ground room, hall, library floor and dinmade responsible for all decorative

plate

above the floor, has below it a green burlap paneled headed, by oak strips, gray iron nails.

the wall is covered with tapestry, the burlap in color, and the ceiling floor, in green of a yellow shade. On the upper exception paneled, provided of

The first of these is finished in polished color, design. oak, with the walls and with a conis of is strewn

covered with canvas, tinted in a pale and frescoed The cabinet-work

all the woodwork which

of bass enameled to a snow white, with the the doors, are singlecolor, and no escut9JL

mahogany,

and the floor rugs.

stained to a mahogany with glass knobs having

with antique Turkish

99

93

94

96

THE
&eons. rated, The

CRAFTSMAN
Vcck, golden ket ! And farther As painting on he said: of s&nd, so is of sight, and the submusic is the poetry the poetry and sell it for a round guineas ? naively harmony of

rooms of this floor are decoto their exposure, in yelfeaA most agreeable heated

according

acknowledging

low, blue, or green. ture of this portion porch enclosed

that without baptism

there is no . . . mar.

of the house is a sun in winter,

in glass,

and screened in summer. Altogether, quirements fication this residence meets the reits provisions gratiof a home through

ject matter has nothing of sound or color. The Beethoven great

to do with harmony knew this..

for the health, comfort of its occupants.

and aesthetic

musicians

and the rest wrote music,-simin this key, concerto constructed celestia1

N
turnes, The from My Gold lighted

ply music ; symphony EARLY people calling thirty his years at works ago, when the for nocor sonata in that. 6n F or G they harmonies,-as minor correlatives. of English folk canapart This from themselves, ciations,-as, picture of a Harmony in Gray and or Partant :M trap, artistic founding is pure wondered Whistler and

symphonies,

harmonies,-combinations

arrangements, he wrote :

harmonies

evolved from the chorus of F or G and their music as distinguished vulgar in

vast majority

not ,and will not consider any story to tc11. is an illustration tavern. I

a picture

airs,-commonplace but interesting for instance. pour la Syrie.

and

which it may be supposed

from their assoYankee Doodle

of my meaning,-a nothing for the

should bc independent sense of

of all clapto the confor-

snow-scene

with a single black figure and a care or future of the black figure,

should stand alone, and appeal eye or ear, without emotions pity, entirely this with

past, present,

Pl aced there because the black was wanted at that spot. All that I know is that my combination of the picture. my friends They say, of gray cannot and gold is the basis what Now, this is precisely grasp. not call it Trotty Why

eign to it, as devotion, ism, and the like. of concern on calling harmonies. my

love, patriot-

All these have no kind arrangements

i?~

with it; and that is why I insist works and

--il !%tl .Jwoma Etltly

ENGLISH

INTERIOR

DECORATION

-Td

Architectural

end decorative

treatment

of a hall

Number I

RECENT

EXAMPLES

OF ENGLISH

has come into existence.

The entire treat-

DECORATION.

ment is especially pleasing for the reason that, while artistic tradition is not broken, modern simplicity is predominant. Constructive lines are everywhere plainly cxposed, softened, as in the Doric Greek, by the delicacy of the moldings. The first illustration shows the architectural and decorative treatment of a groundfloor hall. Here the woodwork is in oak, revealing its natural color, and left unpolished, with a floral design in ebony applied to the upper panelings of the wainscoting and doors. This element of decoration, agreeable because of its chasteness, is matched by the metal work of polished steel used in the door-hinges, tings. fire-set and electric-light fit97 The wall covering is of brilliant red

T
designs.

HE illustrations of interiors, metal work and draperies presented in the following pages have been selected from v&y recent English They show plainly the effect of or vagary in line, or of the

the new art movement, without traces of estravagancc misuse of color. They have the quiet re-

finement characteristic of the contemporary London school of decorative art. While the architectural forms are simple and rectangular, the ornamental motifs evidence that more or less obscure resemblance to plant-life which is now spontaneously desired by both artists and public: a fact which announces that a new historic style

98

ENGLISH

INTERIOR

DECORATION

ivumbor 111

tapestry, lowed battens. The by

topped a

by a frieze which, decorated

of rich with

apoak pre-

and band

modified

from

the

Greek.

plain from to

plique needlework,

in turn,

is fol-

of wood forms

the architrave,

ceiling

which other bands rise at equal intervals the cornice, by blocks of appliqd

with the spaces or metopes filled

second

and third

illustrations

needlework in green like the doors

sent the decorative

treatment

of a simple

silk.

The

chimney-piece,

Here again the structural lines are room. severe and classic, with the moldings emphasized, and the cornice having a bold profile. The woodwork is painted in a heavy cream shade, which heightens the effect of the wall covering of rich blue linen ; this color being further accentuated by a hand-embroidered ornament in bright The wall tapestry is headed by green. what may be termed an entablature : the treatment having been evidently borrowed

and the paneling, is painted in cream; the pilasters being enriched with bands of steel and brass, and the hood fashioned steel, with applications from in brass, decorated

with enamels. The plates numbered four, five and six, show a drawing room sufficiently .delicate in treatment to satisfy the most fastidious champion of the styles, and yet simple enough to meet the requirements of new art radicals. It is a room such as one
99

ENGLISH

INTERIOR

DECORAllOX

would don,

delight

to enter from

the leaden atstreets of Lonoffer conversaof hours in the strucwith curves that side of to the higheither sufficiently fireplace ; or, a

closely The

together,

so as to form

a protected

mosphere charming society.

and the gloomy background for

inglenook. white woodwork serves as a frame in of here in for the fabrics the high various covers, appliquk vl&obifS of examples dado, in blue and green, which are and dull green stuffs

and such as would

anywhere light

tion, music and other pleasures It will be observed that again tural lines are largely introduced term being backed straight,

the only colors used ; blue silk appearing shades in the curtains the quiet tones being needlework. the appliqut of new art The floral

and cushion accented green

alone in the cabinet-work: of course extended from and opening

and there by touches

of emerald are very

ornamental pleasing and designs,

seats reaching

the chimney-piece, to display if preferred,

well the attractive

the same may be said of those of the frieze, which is in cream crt~cco, partly executed in
101

the seats can be dran-n more

THE

CRAFTSMAN

relief and showing alternating cherubs hood with heads.

a design circles The

of floral forms painted with feature by its of the

a poppy band, The panel, capitals fastened. cream

design which, starting higher is inlaid which curtains material, with having electric are

as a-narrow frieze. a painted decorated fittings made are from in

enclosing fireplace, copper

reappears mantelpiece against The colored

as a broad

of hand-wrought which, books, and

and curved

with its pilasters

metal curb, is also an interesting this interior, addition plants, nothing of musical Oriental

when finished rugs,

instruments, leaves

embroidered

flowers

green silk needlework background and thus to

showing the

a perforated to enter The design.

to be desired. offers a scheme for is in dull of handfittings of which the furniture with The colors

which allows the light emphasize effect and is repeated being

The final illustration a bedroom, waxed wrought mahogany metal.

perforated mounting repetition

in the metal the detail of of value in a

of the toilet ware; accent

here used are

blue, purple

and green, the walls displaying

scheme so simple and unobtrusive.

ENGLISH

INTERIOR

DECORATION
periodicals honest as Dcr Moderne for Stil. They

are not masterpieces, models, interiors. The first example pendant, corona tains in brass suspended

but they are creditable, use in refined

designed

shows an electric-light and by copper, and with the chains of adapted and the

for any number of lights. no reminiscence decorative bination fender, applied pleasing
-4-J.
7 .

The model cona style upon the comand brass work, with which when are not by units the are

effect is dependent of the two metals.

The second example is a copper in beaten ornament. and pierced

The floral forms lose nothing They please

constitute subjected
light peddant in brass and copper

a kind of very open at first sight, to examination. They

balustrade,

Electric

too light or slender for the material in which they are executed. in which with reference symmetry disposed the separate

T
of ories

HE

designs

of metal work here preas offering English of recent

sented good

are interesting, examples They

to the central

orna-

ment : the latter being a whorl of interlaced stems represented The fitting, frame third in pierced as vigorous and sappy. ceiling Bea panels. example is an electric work,

art-craftsmanship. freedom of fancy, qualities similar of displayed character. Rene

do not show the the masterly French of work the

the strength, in certain But

and beaten copper. metal appears glass

with the memmotifs in ones

low the decorated

Laliques

treatment

set with heavy beveled

pine-cone to foreign in result.

and the serpent

The effect of the whole has an air of solidity

mind, it is difficult to be just work less successful

On the other hand, the examples of metal work now illustrated tions the La of are far more worcertain members of of

thy of praise than the producFrench Poigde. craft-society They thanthe illustrated

are also German in such

much more simple, structural, and logical examples

EXGLISH

INTERIOR

DECORATIOX
loss of grace and pleasing A softening, an emlanterns

quality which he has sustained in his effort. or, on the contrary, iscence of the old

phasis of line, a slight reminnow and again seen in some obscure court or passageway of continental. towns, would of have relieved the poverty

the design, which makes the

Electric. ceiling fitting in pierced and beaten copper

piece a simple contrivance, instead of a necessary article,

uhich

adapts the piece for

rooms or assembly places. the least attractive of the examples illustrated, but it has yet its uses which could be served by none of the others. The fourth picture represents a pendent lantern which may be arranged for electric lights, or for the consumption of gas, or oil. Its framework may be made from either brass, copper, or yet a combination of these two metals. It is glazed with panes of clear plate, having the preceding thick beveled edges. Like examples, this lantern has

use in large It is, perhaps,

uniting beauty with serviceable qualities. The final illustration is that of a fender in copper and steel, at either end of which there are uprights, supporting circular bosses, suggested by the bob found at the side of old chimney pieces, and intended

something which savors of sea service, something cornFact and strong which announces resistance. But it is yet far from being crude, and the eye returns repeatedly to it as a pleasing design ; owing no doubt to the tower-like effect made by the cylindrical body and conical roof. The fifth picture shows a lantern suspended by a chain from a metal tongue, itself projecting from a wall plaque ; the entire metal work being executed in copper. In this instance, the object of the artist has been to produce an undisguised structural design, but it would appear that he might have reached this result, without the great
Lantern adaptable to use of electricity, gm. or oil 105

THE
The fourth

CRAFTSMAN
names offered, which continued to appear displayed in those inoriginno single terseness perby it, best its

and last example is a pleasing of opalescent glass. The

and rich design, quite like that of a window set with jewels curtain applied ing material is here of a soft green velThe couch-

were submitted

later.

In many

stances, the word coinage ality, learning one possessed

and research ; but among the that of fitness recognized an inclusive and

vet, upon which the design in blue and white silk shows effectively. and vertical lines are done with green and livelier shade

large number of names proposed, which are instantly the properties fectly adapted

by the ear as name,

silk cord of a much lighter

than that of the velvet background.

to the thing

described

and beyond which it is not necessary to seek. NOTE The general indicated of the Craftsman by them reamateur that the compeseveral prodavailability. In an age of specialists each art, however restricted
technique

fal 1 mg would be, perhaps, which detracted from

T j
HE gret tition suitable been altogether this Child, the competition, shops, making, whether of fabrics.

by saying quality

that the work had an

Editors

to announce opened

like our century, its scope, has a remains no thor-

months since in the hope to gain a for the collective Workshops, 1903, entitled has not Name of

designation

of its own. Adequate practiced

In the absence of the is a first necesthat

uct of the Craftsman lished in December,

skill of handling, sterile. sity. oughly the

the best thought treatment

successful.

A brochure pubthe terms of the Workcabinet-

It is to be regrett,ed

beside containing described displayed throughout

eye and ear worked upon name word contest, forced having which to been the subde-

the evolution in the

the good material collated in the interests of Craftsman Editors mitted are reluctantly which fulfills declare

the style prevailing

the metal work, or in the decoration by the facts coin a name intoo and

closed ; no coined manded.

the requirements

It was believed that, fortified as stated in the brochure, eral of the contestants clusive much practical invented products, success. and euphonic. that which should b,e distinctive, It to expect might

some one, or sevsuggestive, seemed not TENDENCIES MAGAZINES OBSERVED IN THE

the intelligence names for

sense which, in several cases, have such happy might American here be exerted with equal but was

T is said that in immaterial material things, the public

as well as creates the

demand ; that the makers of works of art, music, literature, the supply, the public his provisions that pays a price and playwrights as the tradesman chooses what more. it to

The first returns were disappointing, as the time allotted sults might But 108 follow. faults detected to the contestants

do but furnish brings sumer; wants, digest,

to the door of the conand goes its way,

not a short one, it was hoped that better recertain in the first

wear out, and returnfor

THE
But, of time, alas, there attention, The ease. cold or tasted, The

MARCH
between fail to

MAGAZINES
tics and art, as no other form of literature able to do; These have activity, for us. Beside these older periodicals, more technical the specialist there .are others of later establishment, in their appeal, able work: speak, which fill a real public aiding more restricted in character, in the arts, so to of thought: of since events and movements have not there recorded, simply is are

is a difference or intelligence, which are judged food the

mind and matter, which the many, for want perceive. touched, parative rated by things can be seen, with comwhich deterio-

as it were, by eye-witnesses. changed ; they of their broadened the field

magazines

product fabric

and we have only to ask that, as our fathers, so they may be

storage,

they were for

has been maltreated is recognized supplied amination,

in loom or laboratory, or gratificaexrecipients princi-

and rejected ; while the things

for mental necessities simply because

tion arc received by the masses without the have not established ples according The upon could be conducted. responsibility, those who furnish faculties therefore, for themselves

need and do admirby acting,

to which

such examination is heavy of art unthe masses of forma-

the sciences and the crafts informing the current

as the clearing-houses value

the remote student or worker of of the newest phases processes what what him and and in-

the supplies

and literature whose critical developed, tion. The can cart therance of the

to the people,-to

art, the latest discoveries, ventions ; teaching what is debatable,

lit either wholly

Clite,

is sterling, is spurious, may be serving to

or arc still in process intellectual for themselves; of the mentai

like the rich, to the furpro-

doing all in their power to render impossible the isolation regarded believing perfect of their readers,-who pupils,-and to of bc as their

but the multitude and aesthetic

must be protected

and directed,

prevent their segregation themselves and worthy

into local groups, accomplished, beyond imitation

gress of those who constitute our nation.

the very fibre

This is not the place in which to arraign cheap and comic tendencies worthless opera, the picture, yellow the jourby catchy certain

their similars in other sections and of other nationalities. But is is unfortunate zines of the country the two classes already ularize knowledge, teresting was proven good choice that all the magain is incost. one defined. There useful, can not be included

nal ; but warning of many magazines place,-especially cerity panions, This and

and counsel, inspired observed

in recent issues of censure combe exrows poli-

will not be here out of as the words which,

a large number of others professing and to afford at information long a trifling

to pop-

spoken will be uttered in that spirit of sinfriendship among is productive censure of good results. of course, in public long

That this aim is a possible and practical as the British writing, of Penny accurate clear excellent Magazine, statements, typography

ago by such publications in which a wide and com109

can not,

tended to the oldest and most solid of our periodicals, upon the whose shelves volumes of our libraries

subjects,

illustrations

of their class and for

serve the student of American

history,

the time at which they were produced,

THE
prised the an ideal whole. based toward of financial But a

CRAFTSMAN
in art and literature; intelligently prodigally recent popular AmerHarry Henry the world able, also, to enjoy of Nature which so in for

in these cases and their

publishers

reasonable

lively hope own integrity

success upon

scatters its marvels about us. of the best to be found literature, designed

the public,

the prac-

As examples periodical Fenns

tical wisdom of their policy, It is all otherwise ican magazines adequate are filled equipped technique, of

and the ability

of the writers whom they employed. with numerous to-day, duty, work which are conpages illliterary pub-

instruction, Insect

may be mentioned Commonwealths and History of the

Smith Williamsons

trolled by those who bring sense of with the

to their work no and whose of writers,

Alphabet, in the March enlightening discussion Races, Review. Among stricted Life

both of which articles appeared number of Harpers. spirit which radiates of the Future in the The of March from the the Latin issue of

Nor can too much praise be given to the

for their task as to facts, or both these prime to express personal

necesssities,

yet struggling or because more, changed and good public. ten times of

themselves

contained

licly, either because they must boil their pot, vanity. have of Furtherrapidly is not sincerity teem of with these, in the except and by conditions persons periodicals branches Many contain from

that excellent

monthly,

Contemporary
l

the magazines field, The Rudder

of more or less reCountry aroffer no single

and the new order of things many lesser by

Booklovers,

understood

and The

will whose desire is to serve the The of art, writ-

ticle which has not a reason for existence, as well as for its entrance into the pages which it occupies. Finally, published just taining offering tain if we examine the mass of fiction in periodicals educative quality much of during the month as consubject also as cerwhich is in ef-

articles upon various largely crude and undigested, old narrative cism facts. its and no useful

women.

are composed information,

style ; they

no criti-

ended, we find much to praise in both to condemn American life

such as may be derived Narrative purpose. they Critical

ill-marshaled is now their to disof pic-

and treatment; tendencies

has had its day and served knowledge recognize collection and thirst,

false standards,

and favoring

that for which the masses hunger although but faintly own necessities.

should be either discountenanced become a power, a formative

or ignored. influence a worthy

For we can not deny that the magazine our country. thought. that and symmetrical beauties competent It is therefore

It is not enough

play to them a fortuitous to comment from poets upon

tures, statues, or of other objects and dreamy critics.

of art, and It is the to devote able

fort to make it a clean mirror it catches only should

of every-day of by the the

the same with quotations (and none others of a public,

But the mirror should be so held the reflection be explained and the normal, whose qualities and the sincere alone.

duty of the well-instructed should be given public to distinguish themselves to the formation

utterance)

between the false and the true

110

tory details IHK utotttlt piercing and of A1l)ril wit11 it:, 4towcrs to the root green obscrvccl giwtt of tlrottgltt once titttc will ltrin~g hck sittcc first cisnt tratiotis

Of t Ile tlletliileV;ll of tltc hhging appir owitpics one-ldf

dratt1;i,

will

Yitalize to tnatiy wlticli at tltc illitswto tlte

tlot be

tltc play

for ltittt, :ittd give :md of

dignity acting tlte

T
Tltc by the tlte to tltc
tllc

to llittt as cltiltlislt. of wliiclt is given in tile npclliiig This r~~~ttttttcnded

Tltc ~olutite,

criti-

sterility, fdiwl, mtl

rctti:~ititlcr prodtlcC(I pcriocl too It plislttd

SllOlt

to the test, hcittg

tiiorc tltc tlirinc

of tltc world.

ant1 ttott3 : tlte first, ttiltlltd of tltc pl;~y. in tlw itttt~twts Itook

spring

it})ptWp.i:ltC
Ciltl

itittnctttoriii1,
(lltttTlt,

ii t~ew significance its cclchmtion.

Nntrirc wllctl

:I~~~)lYHlCllCS
1.ctlO\l.iLl,

ltigttly

as a work of pttltlic

accotnion.

It iy a titttc Of csatnplc
})lXdiW

sltows crnftsin 1 a11c spine yet cspnd ~vatnts. csl)_y to It is es-

instruct

of

activity and

: wltcn
tltc air arts:

the

It! IN ~~iltX~fllll~~ htitdied. since its tlte title pot-hit t%lc~. cditecl, J. Jloses. with parclttncnt

2ltltl tlte tilS!< is itrod on of .i cowr, in costutw SO ntlequatelv ati introdttcSew l-ork

titcti of tlic cartli soil,

iLlId

set tlwtrtselvcs delving ll:ll~itilti0tls. Of spcecll,

will not Iw tlificttlt, attractive, wlticlt tlte

I)lil~ctl

tltc \oltttitc

of tltcs first cottstr~.!ctiti~ thyrivet folk,

apptw-s 1K~iLlltiflll tllc PliLv,

TllCS(~ stltilll

TVOtll:Ltl \Vllo with

11otte of t1tctr1 possessing constitttte 110 uwlcss pressing acts for and the fttllcst tiiodrls cftort. tltvir for hst

tltc ttprigltt tttiul. I-iwy tltcir Natttre, tlcligltt of and

[ l?vetytl;1n,

\vl1crchv . t11c5\. 111:1v L look 11}1 t1tc St:lri, lltc~ stipply gifts
spcYT11.

JIor:iIit~F.

tiott hy Jlontrose La_vlor x: ((0.

$l.OO.]

: J. Ill~lhttxtcYl : 63 pages ;

J.ltcy cttCjoy the

price,

cotttc~ttttttcwt

as c10quc11t as

Iltc?_ ptwfit their tlw industry p-cat

i\Yt~t~~~t.\ss

It)tsr,

I)tatoc~t~~(~~

is the clt~vatcd

11.~tltc Icsson

of tlte periotl.

t itlc of a s~nall ltook ant1 tlw cspression lifts. Wl+ilitl

l?llOre:Llt, :LSpcCts Sltellc~

contaittittg of short
tll0ltgltt

tltc record wsays upon

1ittttt:itt n-orkc~rx to itttitate c#cctircncss

of :i sittgttlad~
tllC

: to stttcly

It is a collection of
:mtl

~Ltlll)lC Of CCOtlOltl~ ilil(l rcSlllt tiiot~tlt wltosc ti:wtc sigttifics

OtfClWl I)! tlle

Of ~Yllittitittt,

to opcu.

EdWRld
tnlciit

(:wpctltcr,
for the diswas unwere

written cnssion flincltitig.

ltv :L wotttan of social and Tile

wltose

and ecottotnic wltosc

story

qitestiotis

tittdottlhxl, related HE sons United fiftectttlt ltm llcltl century which the witlt for stage an Mordity, two in sc:xtlic editctl ttatne ltisinspiring itttercst wtioti care, \wwltl. other biograplty 1S\.cr_Vttlilll, Stntcs, toptltcr Tltc

convictions of Jliss
its tllc illttllOlS

life its is one of in

ClC-

T
tion rc:ttl 1)s

by lter editor, latter-day

ittltl

Tufts,
iltl

ttt:trtyrtlotrt, friends. tlcierve it. real Ideal hy I-Iclcti:t editor, Botlt

itttcnse
Of

satisfying

CXitt1lplC

to cltttv md :IS tltqmtttaiti

the hiogwitlt to the and with Tufts. a

has now lmn to ~Icwr~~c tltc i~tlO.itttt of

rapIt>- ant1 tltc essays [\\ltittnmis 1Trititigs. 1)~ tlw

to hc twd tncssage Iht~tocrac~ Jhmt, Hvltw

nitcl puldislted, of n tltesis.

0tlC

itttrodnc-

dClt~liw1~ c~tioitglt pr~vioitsl~

itttrotlttctiott,

if cnrcfrtll?
tile

112

I* you are will gladly

mean these things to you-an assurance of health as far as lies in perfect sanitation-comfort and . _ pride in the luxury of their snowy purity and beautiful design-satistactlon at the cost. Let US feflyou more. planning a partial or entlre equipment, expert sanitary designers

help you with the problem. and glvee Free On

We would a

like to send you our book,

<MODERN BATHROOMS,
It is beautifully illustrated, sether with detailed prices.

The fixtures proximately

including

in

piping

this bathroom cost ap $94.00 at factory (not

and labor).

on Shower Bathing, and publish a readable book entitled For Beautys Sake, which not only gives our views but tells about the Stwla& Portable Shower. Its free to all who love to bathe.

We are enthusiasts

Dept. X Oficr and

Standard Sanitar! n)&. b.

Showroom in London: aa Holborn Viaduct

Pittsburg, U.S.A.

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W. P. NELSON COMPANY

I
i

lF

YOU

have planned to

decorate this Spring, and wish to see new ideas in

Draperies, Wall Papers-and Decorations,

but
cannot fmd it convenient to pay a visit to our establishment, write to haZZedIZ-Zt?:Z$ on you, no matter how far away you may live. with an exhibit of the newthings for every of

detail Interior Furnishing, including artistic color

sketches showing modern treatments of rooms, UHe will be competent and color schemes. to plan and estimate work upon any or the complete interior. complete description of your decorated, and we will for hangings, with part of your USend us a rooms to be suggestions

mail you

samples and prices.

197Wabash Avenue Chicago

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THE READER MAGAZINE

An illustrated monthly that is really worth while

Me

/Man on the Box

In the April number ture by the foremost Washington unfolded is the in a style begins a modern novel of comedy advenAmerican romancer, Harold MacGrath. scene breezy of and the complications, believe which that are this We serial of the year. brilliant.

will be the most

successful

Death

and the Drumming

Francis of articles accidents. articles are ment Lynde is writing with in a and for THE the causes intensely simple, dealing Told dramatic and

Wheels
MAGAZINE way, a series these prevention of railway The installCheapness of Life.

READER

straightforward interesting. The

in the May

issue will be called

Gbe Human
An Estimate
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Side
Roosevelt
has written a study of the life and work is an important addition to our knowlege (in the May number). of the of the of action

of Theodore
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SPECIALOFFER
Howard MILES illustrations, Chandler STANDISH many Christys sumptuous edition of THE book. is the years most beautiful in colors. The THE The price of Miles is three Standish dollars. COURTSHIP It contains OF 40 page

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For Every dlrtists

Library ART
in portfolio, $7.00 net

REPRESENTATIVE OF OUR TIME

Jn eight parts, 12x I6 inches : Separate parts, $1.00 A net, each : Complete

A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES ON VARIOUS BRANCHES OF MODERN ART

ILLUSTRATED
Part I

BY FORTY-EIGHT FULL PAGE AND OTHERWISE

Aspect of Wood Engraving Lithography of Artistic

PLATES

IN COLOUR
By CFIARLES HIA?.T By JOSEPH PEXNELI.

The Modern

PartII
Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part VII Part VIII

The Moderr? Aspect

The Future Development of Oil-Painting The Development and Practice of English Water Colour Etching and Dry Point Pastels The Art and Practice of Monotyping The Pencil and Pen as Instruments
OPINIONS OF

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BATE

By WALTER SHAW SPARROW By DR. HANS W. SINGER By A. L. BALDRY

in Colour of Art

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THE

CRITICS

The reproductions are exiraordinariiy good. They are throughout adequate, The New York Tribune. giwingperfectly the simpler textures of the early men and the far more brilliant qualities of work like that 07 Indeed, the reproduction of the latters Jaguar a?& Macaw is one of the best plateJ 01 the sort Mr. Swan. The publisher3 hawe set out lo Jecure something like far-rimzles of the work selected for we hawe ewer seen. It is a handsome publtcation and the illustration, and they hawe been remarkably succeuful in their aim. The collection as a whole promises to be of considerable cpalue. price is a modest one. PurchaserJ of this interesting work obtain not only a choice collection of picThe R_eview of X_euiews. tures, but also an important essay in each part on Jome phase of modern art, written by an ockno4edged authority.
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Date ._ ... LAhlE, Publisher 67 Fifth Avenue, New York Please setid to the undersigned, REPRESESTATIYE ART OF OUK IIYE, parts.

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for which I enclose ..._________............ IVame ._._._.......___________ _._ ._.,... ..__.

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Addreu. .___ _._.____..._.. __......_...__..................... _._______......__.___.............................. _________ _

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Can You Imagine A More Delightful Holiday

than a trip to California and back, visiting Colorado and the St. Louis Exposition en route ? The expense is not great; not nearly as great as you think it is. Twice, during the coming summer, the Rock Island System offers extraordinarily low rates to the Pacific Coast -April 23 to May I and again, August r5 to September IO. The round-trip rate from Chicago will be $50; from St. Louis and Memphis, $47.50; ,from Omaha, St. Joseph and Kansas City, $45. Corresponding reductions from other points. Think the matter over and then write for pamphlets giving full informaIf you have any idea of ever seeing the wonders tion--theyre free. of the West, that idea will crystallize into action when you have read our literature.
JOHN SEBASTIAN, Passenger Traffic Manager, CHICAGO, ILL.

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