SEV353 - Reinforced Concrete Structures Individual Project A-Office

By: SILENGA MR BUSIKU Student ID: 210037589

Table of Contents; 1. Introduction 2. Scope and Assumptions 3. Properties 3.1 3.2 Material Properties Exposure Class & Cover

4. Loads & Load Combination Cases 5. Floor Plans and Sections 6. Concrete Mix Design 7. Beam Analysis 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Loads & Load Summary Sketch Bending Moment Diagram Shear Force Diagram Torsion Diagram

8. Updates to Group Work 9. Beam Design 10. 11. 12. 13. Slab Analysis Slab Design Reflection on Design Product Appendix

Introduction The aim of this project is to assume the role of a structural engineer and carry out a full reinforced concrete design for a selected continuous beam and slab panel on an assigned floor of a multi-storey office tower, this includes fixing the location, type and details of structural elements of the office floor. Scope & Assumptions The scope of this project includes the structural analysis and design of selected reinforced concrete beam and slab elements of an office floor of a multi-story building, particularly an extensive beam analysis and a concrete mix design that meet proposed project specifications(group report). This project also includes an analysis of an individually designed and detailed two-way reinforced concrete slab and continuous reinforced concrete beam elements (individual report). As the building is to be constructed in Australia, all structural analysis, design and material selection will be based on Australian design standards (AS Codes and SRIA design aids) and will be cross checked to ensure that all specifications are taken into account. We will also consider other factors such as safety, strength, ductility, cost and aesthetics. This scope will not include the consideration of the effect of environmental loads on our design. For our analysis we have chosen to use the office tower plan and have particularly made the assumption that the office space will be located on the 11th floor (surface of members not in contact with the ground). We have also provided detailed engineering drawings showing the dimensions of the floor, beam, column and wall placement with details of spacings, gridlines, and the selected beam(s) for simplistic analysis. Also we assume the construction location as Geelong (temperate climatic zone refer to figure 1) and a design life of 50 years (Buildings and other common structures).

Figure 1; Climatic classes

Properties
For General properties of concrete and reinforced steel refer to appendix 1.1

Based on 28 days of curing the material properties of our designed reinforced concrete specified according to the AS 3600 standards are summarised in table 3 and 4 below, noting also that the value of imposed floor actions namely uniformly distributed actions and concentrated actions is 3.0KPa and 2.7KN respectively (refer Table 3.1 AS/NZS 1170.0,1:2002)and weight of concrete per cubic meter is 24KN/m3 [refer to table A1 AS/NZS
1170.1:2002 Unit weights of materials and construction]

Minimum Compressive strength fc (MPa)

25 MPa

Based on A2 Exposure classification [Refer table 4.4 AS3600-2009 Minimum strength and curing requirements for concrete]

Mean in-situ compressive strength fc mi(MPa)

28 MPa

[refer to table 3.1.2 AS 36002009 Concrete properties at 28 days]

Modulus of Elasticity Ec(MPa) 26700 MPa Ec=0.043wc1.5

[refer to table 3.1.2 AS 36002009 Concrete properties at 28 days]

Flexural Tensile Strength fct.f (MPa) fct.f=0.6 Uniaxial Tensile Strength fct (MPa) fct.f=0.36 Coefficient of thermal expansion

3.0 MPa

[refer Table A.1 Design of Aids]

Concrete Structure Design [refer Table A.1 Design of Aids]

1.8 MPa

Concrete Structure Design

10x10^(-6)/oc

Table 3[Properties of our standard grade concrete] Note: fc=25 (MPa) selected in the table is the minimum value, we will be able to nominate a greater grade value such as fc =32MPa for our concrete mix design, taking into account strength considerations. Note-D500N Deformed Bar is selected for reinforcement. Min. Yield Strength fsy (MPa) 500 MPa [Refer Table 9.1 Notation for commonly-Available reinforcementhandbook] Shear Modulus(MPa) Youngs Modulus(MPa) Min. Tensile Strength(MPa)
Elongation at maximum force Coefficient of thermal expansion Poisons ratio

Reinforcement detailing 77000MPa 200000MPa 675 (MPa) 5% 12 x 10^-6/ C. 0.3

o

General for all reinforcement steels AS4671:2001 AS4671:2001

Table 4[Characteristic properties of our standard grade rebar.] Cover and exposure class (minimum standards set by the AS 3600) are important in durability and fire resistance design. Cover is particularly important to ensure that the stresses in steel and concrete can be transferred to one another by bond [Reinforcement detailing handbook].In our design case, based on our assumed location we select an exposure classification of A2 (non-residential, temperate climate) [refer to table 4.3 AS3600-2009-Exposure classifications].Based on the selected characteristic strength of our concrete(fc) and exposure classification of A2 the required cover selected is 30mm [refer table 4.10.3.2 AS3600-2009 Required cover where standard formwork and compaction are used].

Loads & Combinations Load Cases Determination of loads on a structure can be a complex task. Loads are mostly classified into dead loads (Dead Loads=Self weight + imposed dead load) and live loads (Imposed Loads) The bulk density of concrete and steel used for calculating self-weight of elements of structures and stored materials is 24KN/m3 and 77KN/m3 respectively[refer to table A1AS/NZS 1170.0, 1:2002 Unit Weight of Materials and construction]. Dead Loads= Self weight + imposed dead load (Ceilings [Portland cement plaster] + floors [Cinder-concrete filling]) (refer to table A2 Design Aids/Articles & tables-AS 1170.0,1:2002) Dead Load(Gk) =24 + 0.29 + 0.43 =24.72 KN/m2 The imposed (Live Loads) actions on Australian buildings as set by the Australian standards is a value of 3.0KPa for uniformly distributed actions on offices for general use and a value of 2.7KN for concentrated actions on offices for general use[refer Table 3.1 AS/NZS 1170.0,1:2002]. Load Combinations (Ultimate Limit State) Dead load and live load, (1.2G + 1.5Q)- All spans loaded Dead load and wind load (1.2G + Wu ) Dead load, wind and live load, (1.2G + Wu + lQ)

Load Combinations (Serviceability) Dead load and live load, ( G + Q)- All spans loaded Dead load, wind (G + Wu) Dead load, wind and live load, (G + Wu + lQ)

Floor Plans & Sections Key; Beams Columns Concrete wall

Figure 2; Plans with dimensions shown

Figure 3;Floor plan with columns shown.

Figure 4; Floor Plan with beams and dimensions shown.

Figure 6;Floor plan with elements and selected panel shown

Concrete Mix Design: Volumetric Method Concrete Mix design information; Exposure classification; A2 Exposure classification (AS3600 2009 Table 4.3) Concrete strength and cover; fc=25 (MPa) selected in the table is the minimum value, we nominate a greater grade value of fc =32MPa for our concrete mix design in order to meet design specifications, taking into account strength considerations. Required cover will then be 25mm for A2 exposure classification and nominated characteristic strength of 32MPa(Refer Table 4.10.3.2 AS3600-2009). Mean in situ Compressive strength; 35MPa for the nominated concrete strength of 32MPa(Refer to AS3600-2009 Table 3.1.2) Coarse aggregate-Gravel with crushed particles as coarse aggregate. Standard deviation(s) of compressive strength of 2.4MPa is assumed (Enough samples so that no correction is needed)

Step 1; Strength Requirements Required average compressive strength fcr is determined as the larger value obtained from equations; fcr = fc + 1.34s = 35.22 fcr = fc + 2.33s 3.45 = 34.14

Therefore choosing the larger value; fcr =35.22

Step 2; Water-Cement Ratio Requirements For our non-air-entrained concrete (strength above 31MPa) with compressive strength at 28days having a value of 35MPa, we select a water-cement ratio (w/c) by weight value of 0.48 (refer to table 7.1 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design). Note: Table 7.1 is used to determine the water-cement ration because no historical records are present for use in our project.

Step 3; Coarse aggregate requirements 25mm < 1/5 (300mm) minimum dimensions 25 mm <3/4 (40 mm) rebar spacing 25 mm <3/4 (40mm) rebar cover
25mm aggregate size corresponds to a nominal maximum aggregate size of 19mm. 1/5*300 = 60 > 19 *40 = 30 > 19 *40 = 30 > 19 Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

Sizes satisfy dimension requirements, however 25mm aggregate is more suitable as it provides a more suitable mix. Assuming fineness modulus of 2.60 for the fine aggregate and the nominated nominal size of 19mm, the volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete is 0.64m3/m3 (refer to
table 7.5 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design) Therefore;

Dry unit weight of coarse aggregate = (1652) (0.64) = 1160 kg/ m 3 Coarse aggregate = 1057.28kg/ m 3

Step 4; Air content Since we are analysing an office space on the 11th floor we expect moderate exposure, that is some freezing occurs, but concrete is not exposed to moisture or free water for long periods prior to freezing and concrete is not exposed to deicing salts. Therefore using our nominal aggregate size of 19mm and moderate exposure ,our target air content will be 5% and our job range=4% to 7% base (Job specifications should be specified for moderate exposure).therefore we will design using 6%. Step 5; Workability Slump range is 25mm to 100mm (refer to table 7.7 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design).We will use 75mm in our design.

Step 6; Water Content Based on our project specifications, 19mm aggregate with air entrainment and 75 mm slump, water= 184kg/m3 for angular aggregates. Since we have gravel with crushed particles, we reduce water by 21 kg/m3. Therefore required water = 184-21=163kg/m3. Step 7; Cementing Materials Content We assume Water cement ratio=0.48, Water=163kg/m3, Cement=Water/water-cement ratio Cement= 163/0.48 = 340kg/m3 <320kg/m3 (therefore design is OK)(minimum requirements of cementing materials, table 7.9 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design). Step 8; Admixture requirements No admixture is required for this design. STEP 9; Fine Aggregates Requirements

V fine aggregate= 1- V water - V cement - V coarse aggregate - V air

Therefore;

V water =163/ (1 x 1000) = 0.163 m3/m3

(Water specific gravity=1)

V cement= 340/ (3.15 x 10000) = 0.108 m3/m3 (Water specific gravity=3.15) V coarse aggregate=1057.28/ (2.63 x 1000) = 0.402m3/m3 V air = 6% =0.06m3/m3
Subtotal volume = 0.733m3/m3

V fine aggregate=1-0.733 = 0.267m3/m3

Fine aggregate dry weight = 0.267 x 2.572 x 1000 = 686.724Kg/m3 Step 10; Moisture Corrections Coarse aggregate: Need 1057.28kg/m3 in dry condition, therefore we increase by 1.5% for moisture content. Moist coarse aggregate =1057.28 x 1.015 =1073.14kg/m3 Fine aggregate needed is 686.724kg/m3 in dry condition, therefore we increase by 4% for moisture content Moist fine aggregate = 686.72 x 1.04 = 714.19kg/m3

Water: Reduce for free water on aggregates =163 1057.28 (0.015-0.004) - 686.72(0.04-0.008) =130Kg/m3 Summary Batch Ingredients Required (1m3 PCC) Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Admixture 130Kg 340Kg 714.19Kg 1073.14Kg N/A

Appendix; 1.1 General properties of concrete Construction material choice is almost entirely governed by the properties of the material. The properties of concrete which govern the design of a concrete mix include its strength, durability, workability and economy. Some of concretes most important properties include its strength and durability. It has the ability to gain strength over time; its

structure is not weakened due to moisture or mould and if properly designed it has the ability to withstand natural disasters like earthquakes. Another important property of concrete is its versatility, being able to be used for nearly any type of construction work possible, for example buildings, bridges etc. Perhaps one of its most important properties is its affordability and easy accessibility. In an age where environmental sustainability plays a vital role in the construction industry concrete is a choice material because of its low lifecycle CO2 emissions, 80% of buildings CO2 emissions are generated not by the production of
the materials used in its construction, but in the electric utilities of the building over its life-cycle [1.world business council for sustainable development]. Another key property of concrete is the fact that it is low maintenance and does not lose its key properties over time. Concrete is fire resistant, this is an effective barrier in the spread of fire in buildings and finally the thermal mass property of concrete slows passage of heat moving through, reducing the need for heating or air conditioning [1.world business council for sustainable development].The following table gives a general summary of concretes material strength properties [2.engineering toolbox]. Density Compressive Strength Flexural Strength Tensile Strength Modulus of elasticity Permeability Coefficient of thermal expansion Drying Shrinkage Drying shrinkage of reinforced concrete Poissons ratio Shear Strength Specific Heat Capacity 2240 - 2400 kg/m3 20 - 40 MPa 3 - 5 MPa 2 - 5 MPa 14000 - 41000 MPa 1 x 10-10 cm/sec 4 - 8 x 10-4 2 - 3 x 10-4 0.20 - 0.21 6 - 17 MPa 0.75 kJ/kg 10-5 oC-1 (5.5 x 10-6 oF-1)

Table 1[Typical properties of normal strength Portland cement concrete]

description
Density Unit Weight Modulus of elasticity Shear Modulus Thermal Coefficient Poisson Ratio

value
7,850 77 200,000 77,000 11.7 x 10 0.3
-6

unit
kg / m
3 3

kN / m MPa MPa / C
o

Table 1[Typical properties of Steel]

Property strength in tension strength in compression strength shear durability Concrete poor good fair good Steel good good, but slender bars buckle good corrodes if unprotected.

fire resistance

good

poor - rapid loss of strength at high temperatures when unprotected.

Table 2[Comparison of properties between concrete and reinforcing steel]

1. www.bom.gov.au/climate/environ/other/kpn.all.shtml 2. http://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/key-issues/sustainability-with-concrete/properties-ofconcrete 3. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/concrete-properties-d_1223.html 4. http://www.sria.com.au/expertise/aus.html http://www.webcivil.com/cbfea.aspx