Strength

It is the capacity of the material to withstand the action of external agencies without exhibiting any type of fracture of failure.

Stiffness
It is the capacity of the material to withstand the action of load undergoing lesser deformation. 'SOM' deals with the development of mathematical models, equations to determine strength and stiffness characteristics of materials.

Load
Any external force applied on a body is called 'LOAD' on the body. Unit: Newton (N) is the SI unit of load k N, Kilo Newton - 103N MN, Mega Newton - 106N GN, Giga Newton - 109N

Classification of loads:
I. Based on the way in which load is applied on the structure (a) Gradually increasing load (b) Suddenly applied load (c) Load with impact or Dynamic load Impact load causes severest effect on the material. Based on the way in which load occupies the structure (a) Point load or concentrated load (b) Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) (c) Uniformly Varying Load (UVL) (d) Trapezoidal load

II.

III. Based on the direction of the load with respect to the plane under consideration (a) Direct load or Normal load (P) A load acts perpendicular to the plane under consideration is called Direct load' or Normal load'. It can be tensile or compressive. Direct load causes linear deformations on the material on which it acts. (b) Tangential load or Shear force (Q): The load which acts tangential to the plane under consideration is called 'tangential load' or 'Shear force'. It causes angular deformation.

Simple Stresses and Strains

Assumptions made in S.O.M 1. All bodies are deformable. 2. Materials are perfectly elastic.

3. Materials are isotropic and homogenous. 4. Principle of superposition is valid. 5. St. Venant's Principle is valid.

Elasticity:
It is the property by virtue of which material undergoes deformation due to the action of load and regains its original shape and size after removal of load. No material is perfectly elastic.

Plasticity:
Plasticity is the property by virtue of which material undergoes deformation due to the action of load and retains its deformed shape and size even after the removal of load. No material is perfectly plastic.

Isotropy:
It is the property by virtue of which elastic behaviour of the material at a point will be same along all the directions. The material which is not isotropic is called anisotropic. Eg: Wood

Homogeneity:
It is the property by virtue of which elastic behaviour of material will be same at all the points. If the material is not homogenous, then it is called heterogonous.

Principle of Superposition:
"The net effect of loads applied in any sequence on a body is given by the algebraic sum of effect of individual forces on the body"

St.

Venant's

Principle:

"At points away from the loading points, the behaviour of material will be independent of gripping forces or type of application of load or local effects."

Definition of Stress
When a bar of certain material is subjected to load it undergoes certain amount of deformation and then attains state of equilibrium due to the resistive force developed inside the material. The resistive force offered by the molecules of the section against the applied load is called 'STRESS'. For the equilibrium, total resistive force developed must be equal to total load applied.

Stress Distribution
Stress distribution indicates the variation of stress across the resisting section. There are 2 types of stress distribution. 1. Uniform Stress Distribution 2. Non-uniform Stress Distribution.

1. Uniform Stress Distribution

If the molecules of the resisting section offer equal amount of resistance then stress distribution is said to be uniform.

2. Non-uniform Stress Distribution Strain

It is the measure of deformation caused by the load on the material.

Types of Strain
Direct Strain or Normal Strain (e or ) : It is the strain caused by a direct load (tensile or compressive) along its line of action. It is calculated as the ratio of deformation caused by the load along its line of action to the corresponding original dimension.