CDMA CALL PROCESSING

To process a call, MS goes through the following stages to get traffic channel.

SYSTEM INITIALISATION STATE SYSTEM IDLE STATE SYSTEM ACCESS STATE TRAFFIC CHANNEL STATE

CALL PROCESSING Tune to CDMA Carrier System initialization state Mobile acquires pilot channel and sync channel Idle state Mobile acquires paging channel and monitors for messages Access State Mobile sends messages on access channel, BS sends messages on paging channel. Traffic channel state Speech communication on forward and reverse traffic channel, Power control on forward link

CALL PROCESSING STATE: In system initialization state the mobile acquires a pilot channel by searching the PN off sets and selects the strongest pilot signal. Then it acquires synchronization channel using W32 and detecting timing offset of pilot channel. Then mobile acquires the system configuration and timing information. Then the MS enters the system idle state where it monitors the paging channel. Now the mobile can receive necessary message to initiate or receive a call.

 If a call is placed or received, MS enters the

system access state exchanging necessary parameters. MS transmits its response on access channel and BS transmits on paging channel. On access, the MS enters traffic channel state and communicate. It also transmits control messages replacing speech by signaling. Power control messages are sent on forward link channel.

SYSTEM INITIALIZATION STATE

Power up and mobile enters initialization state
Begin analog mode

Analog initialization

Enter idle state

System determination sub state

Pilot acquisition sub state

Sync channel acquisition sub state

Timing change sub state

CDMA system is selected

Pilot channel is acquired

Sync channel is acquired

System timing is acquired

 System determination sub state :

Mobile can select analog or CDMA, if the system selects CDMA, the mobile sets the CDMA channel parameters to channel number. Pilot channel acquisition sub state: Mobile acquires pilot channel of CDMA system and tunes to CDMA channel and sets its code channel for the pilot channel and searches for pilot channel within 20 msec, the mobile should acquire pilot channel, else mobile enters system determination sub state indicating failure.

 Synchronization acquisition sub state :

Mobile acquires the sync channel and obtains system configuration and timing information for CDMA system and sets its code channel for sync channel if mobile does not receive a sync channel message within 21 msec, mobile enters the sync determination sub state with a protocol mismatch indication. If it receives within 21 msec, mobile stores system configuration and timing information.

 Timing change sub state :

If a mobile synchronizes its long code timing of system timing to those of CDMA system after receiving and processing sync messages. After sync channel is acquired and sync message is received, it stores the following information like system identification, network identification, system time, long code at system time, paging channel data rate etc..

Idle State

CDMA initialization

Acquires primary paging channel (W1)

monitors paging channel Authentication Idle hand off Page Response Mobile origination Receives an incoming call Registration

Idle State : Mobile monitors paging channel. Mobile can receive messages from base station to initiate or receive a call. It can also initiate a registration process, message transmission. After entering idle state, mobile sets its Walsh code to the primary paging channel and sets its rate to the rate obtained from sync message. Paging channel is subdivided into 80 msec slots are called paging channel slots.

 In slotted mode, the mobile monitors only

certain assigned slots. When paging channel is not monitored, mobile can stop or reduce its processing activities to save battery power. In the non slotted mode, paging and control data can be received on any of this slot. The mobile monitors all the slots on continuous basis.

 Idle Hand off :

Idle hand off or change of paging channel occurs when a mobile has moved from coverage of one base station to coverage of another, during idle state. Hand off should occur when it detects new pilot that is stronger than current pilot. Pilots are identified by short PN offsets. These pilot sets are maintained by active, candidate, neighbor, remaining. If neighbor set or remaining set is stronger than active set and candidate set, pilot hand off is performed. On receiving new message, from new paging channel, it resumes operations.

SYSTEM ACCESS STATE: It includes following sub states. 1. Update overhead information 2. Mobile State origination Attempt 3. Page Response 4. Registration Access sub state 5. Mobile Station Transmission

Traffic channel sub state:

Speech communication takes associated with control messages. There are 5 sub states in this. 1. Traffic Channel initialization : In this state, mobile verifies it can receive forward traffic channel and starts transmit on reverse link. 2. Waiting for order sub state: In this, MS waits for an alert with information message.

3. Waiting for MS answer sub state: In this state, the MS waits for user to answer the call. 4. Conversation sub state: Here, the MS exchange primary traffic data packets with base station. 5. Release Sub state: In this case, MS disconnects a call.

CDMA REGISTRATION
Registration is a process in which the MS tells the base station about the whereabouts. It notifies base station of its location status, identification, slot cycle and other characteristics. Purpose of registration is to enable the base station to page the mobile in case of an incoming call.

CDMA supports 9 types of registration. 1. Power up registration : The mobile registers, when it powers up. 2. Power down registration : The mobile registers, when it powers down informing the system that it is no longer active. 3. Time based registration : the mobile registers at regular intervals of time. Its use also alerts the system to automatically deregister mobile stations that did not perform a successful power down registration. 4. Distance based registration : Mobile performs a registration when distance between current base station and the base station which it has previous registered exceeds the threshold.

5. Zone based registration : Mobile registers when it enters a new zone. 6. Parameter changed registration : Mobile does a registration when it enters a new system or some of its stored parameters change. 7. Ordered registration : mobile registers when a base station asks for it. 8. Implicit registration : When a MS sends a successful origination message or page response message, base station can ask a mobile of its location. 9. Traffic channel registration : Base station tells the mobile, it is registered. Only power up, power down, time based, location based registrations are presently supported.

CALL PROCESSING (Mobile Station to Base Station) Mobile originated call

MS
Sends origination message Receive Paging Channel Sets up reverse traffic ch Starts sending Traffic Ch preamble Receives Ack from BS Starts sending null traffic data Sends origination continuation message Receives ring back tone Ring Stops Conversation Rev traffic Ch Rev traffic Ch Fwd traffic Ch Fwd traffic Ch Fwd/Rev traffic Ch Access Channel Paging Channel Rev traffic Ch Fwd traffic Ch

BTS
Receives origination message Sets up Traffic Channel, starts sending null traffic data Acquires reverse traffic Ch Sends BS Acknowledgement Receives data from Mobile Receives the message Sends Alert with info msg Called subscriber answers, alert tone off. Conversation

CALL PROCESSING (Base Station to Mobile Station) Mobile Terminated call

BS Sends page message Receive Paging Response Sets up traffic ch Starts sending null Traffic data Sends channel assignment Acquires rev tfc ch sends bs ack order Sends alert with info msg Receives connect order Conversation Fwd traffic Ch Fwd traffic Ch Rev traffic Ch Fwd/Rev traffic Ch Paging Channel Access Channel Paging Ch Rev traffic Ch MS Receives page message Sends paging Response message Receives traffic data frames Sets up reverse traffic ch, sends traffic channel preamble Process primary traffic data Starts ringing, user answers, stops ringing Sends connect order Conversation

Mobile initiated call disconnect

MS Rev Tfc Ch Detects user initiated , sends Release order BS

Enters system determination sub state, of mobile station initialization state

Fwd Tfc Ch

Sends release order

Base Station initiated call disconnect

BS MS

Detects user initiated , sends Release order

Fwd Tfc Ch

Rev Tfc Ch

Enters system determination sub state, of mobile station initialization state

CALL PROCESSING DURING SOFT HAND OFF Mobile Station < User conversation using A > Pilot B level exceeds T_ADD sends pilot strength Measurement Report RTCH Base Station < User conversation using A > A receives measurement report, B starts sending data

Receives hand off direction FTCH message ( Starts using active set A&B) Sends hand off completion message Hand off drop timer for pilot A expires RTCH RTCH

acquires reverse traffic channel, A and B send hand off direction message to use A&B A&B receive completion message A&B receive measurement report Continued.

CALL PROCESSING DURING SOFT HAND OFF Mobile Station Mobile sends measurement report Receives hand off direction message Sends hand off completion message RTCH FTCH Base Station

A&B send hand off direction message to use pilot B only A&B receive completion message A stops transmitting on fwd ch and receiving on rev traffic channel

RTCH

F/RTCH < User conversation using B >

< User conversation using B >