CHAPTER 1 1) GROUP DISCUSSION A) The mineral nutrients for plants. How are these replenished in the soil?

Answer- The 13 mineral nutrients, which come from the soil, are dissolved in water and absorbed through a plant's roots. There are not always enough of these nutrients in the soil for a plant to grow healthy. This is why many farmers and gardeners use fertilizers to add the nutrients to the soil. The mineral nutrients are divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. 2) GROUP ACTIVITY
A) Visit a zoo. list the animals present there. Find out the food they eat and classify

them on the basis of the mode of nutrition. Answer-list of animals: (a) Herbivorous-they eat only grass,plants. E.g-elephant,camal (b) Carnivorous-they eat only meat.e.g-lion,tiger (c) Omnivorous-they eat both plants and meat. E.g-crow,dog Classification: Modes of nutrition Organism have different modes of nutrition. They are classified into two major groups on the basis of mode of their taking food. 1. Autotrophic nutrition: Auto means self and trophein means to nourish. In this mode of nutrition, organism synthesize their own food in their own bodies from simpler inorganic substances. Such organism are known as autotrophs. Autotrophic nutrition is further classified into two types depending on the source of energy used. (i) Photoautotrophic nutrition: All green plants, certain protists and photosynthesis bacteria have this mode of nutrition. They can directly use the solar

energy in the presence of chlorophyll to make their organic food from simpler inorganic substances,i.e., water and carbon dioxide. The green pigment present in them is oftrapping the solar energy . This energy is used for synthesis of food from raw materials- carbon dioxide, water and some minerals. These organisms are known as photoautotrophs. (ii) Chemoautotrophic nutrition or chemosynthesis: certain bacteria can make organic food from simpler organic substances without using an solar energy. They use energy produced by the breakdown of these inorganic substances. This process is known as chemosynthesis and their mode of nutrition as chemoautotrophic nutrition. These organism are known as chemoautotrophs. For examples, sulphur bacteria and iron bacteria. 2. Heterotrophic nutrition: Hetro a greek word means different. In this mode of nutrition, the nutritions are taken from others. All, animals, fungi, many bacteria and some non-organic plants cannot make their own food. Such organisms are known as heterotrophs. Thus, heterotrophs nutrition may be defined as a type nutrition in which energy is obtained from the digestion of organic matter, of plant and animal source. In this mode of nutrition, first organic is digestion of organic matter, of plants and animals sources. b) Perform any experimental activity given in thechapter. The Leaf A beautiful green summer leaf. Warm summer days. The sun is shining. The leaves are just hanging there, doing nothing but looking pretty and wiggling in the wind. Wrong! It looks peaceful, but those leaves are busy. At speeds almost beyond our comprehension, thousands of chemical reactions and processes are occuring every second, inside thousands of cells. Busy, busy, busy, making stuff - carbohydrates that will be the building blocks to make more plant cells and the energy source for all the plant cell processes. This is photosynthesis. Where does all this "photosynthesizing" take place? Do all the leaf cells do it? Do they have to go to school to learn how? Naw, not all the leaf cells do it; and somehow, like most other living things, they just know how to do what they do without going to school. (In the case of plant cells, it's more like being programmed than "knowing".)

Keep scrolling down to get an overview of the places and parts in a typical leaf where photosynthesis gets done. Then keep scrolling down, or click on the specific words if you are the skipping type, to get a more detailed look at the leaf parts and names and processes involved with turning solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide, into food. 3) SEMINAR: a) collect information about a plant called Rafflesia found in Sumatra. Answer: Several species of Rafflesia grow in the jungles of Southeast Asia,all of them threatened or endangered. Raffesia arnoldii is the largest; its blossom attains a diameter of nearly a meter and can weigh up to 11 Kg. Not only is it the worlds largest flower, it is one of the most bizarre and improbable organisms on the planet. It produces no leaves, steams or roots but lives as a parssite on the Tetrastigmavine, which grows oniy in primary (undisturbed) rainforest. Only the flower or bud can be seen; the rest of the plant exists only as filaments within its unfortunate host. The blossom is pollinated by flies attracted by its scent,which resembles that of carrion. The Rafflesia is rare and fairly hard to locate. It is especially difficult to see in bloom;the buds take many months to develop and the blossom lasts for just a few days. How many of these strange plants still survive is unknown,but the last of them can be expectedto vanish as the remaining primary forests of Borneo and Sumatra are burned.ud can be seen; the rest of the plant exists only as filaments within its unfortunate host. The blossom is pollinated by flies attracted by its scent, which resembles that of carrion. PICTURE: