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Loading-Force Relationship
Tension Load: As the ends of material are pulled apart to make the material longer, the load is called a tension load Compression Load: As the ends of material are pushed in to make the material smaller, the load is called a compression load.
Tension
Compression
Normal Force: The loads acting perpendicular to the cut surface (structural member cross section), generate normal forces
Shear Force: The loads acting parallel to the cut surface (structural member cross section), generate shear forces
= =
P = stress A
= =
2P P = 2A A
= normal strain
P A 2 = = 2L L
=P
EA EA = PL L
Pi L i Ai E i
L : original distance between the points P ( x ) : force at the section located at x from one end A( x ) : cross section of the bar as a function of x E : elastic modulus of the material
= dx
Design
n Factor of safety actual strength n= >1 required strength
Loading
Geometry
If = n= P V and = , A A =
fail
Strength of Materials
Beams
Extremely common structural element
Loads on Beams
Point loads, from concentrated loads or other beams Distributed loads, from anything continuous
Distributed Load
Point Load
Reactions
Bending
Shear
C T Bending
Shear
Definition of a Truss
What is a truss a truss is an assembly of linear members connected together to form a triangle or triangles that convert all external forces into axial compression or tension in its members
Single or number of triangles a triangle is the simplest stable shape Joints assumed frictionless hinges (pins) loads placed at joints
Find all the loads and reactions (like a beam) Then use freebody concept to isolate one piece at a time Isolate a joint (Method of Joints finds forces in ALL member) Isolate part of the truss (Method of Sections is useful to find forces in specific members, but not all)
This joint in equilibrium This piece of truss in equilibrium
Divide the structure into two sections and draw free body diagram for one The section should have no more than 3 unknown forces With only three members cut by the section, the equations for static equilibrium may be applied to determine the unknown member forces, including FBD.
A roller/rocker support allows rotation as well as translation along the surface upon which the roller rests. A pin/hinge support does not allow translation but allows rotation. A fixed/clamped support does not allow translation or rotation.
Shear Force
Shear Force: is the algebraic sum of the vertical forces acting to the left or right of the cut section Positive directions are denoted by an internal shear force that causes clockwise rotation of the member on which it acts Loads that are opposite to these are considered negative
Positive shear
R.H down L.H up
Negative shear
L.H down R.H up
Bending Moment
Bending Moment: is the algebraic sum of the moment of the forces to the left or to the right of the section taken about the section Positive directions are denoted by an internal moment that causes compression, or pushing on the upper arm of the member Loads that are opposite to these are considered negative
Sagging
POSITIVE (happy)
Hogging
NEGATIVE (sad)
L V = +P/2
V = +P
Vmax = +P
V = -P/2
Mmax = PL
Mmax = PL/4
M (x) EI
d 2 y M (x ) = = 2 EI dx 1 dy M (x )dx + C 1 = dx EI 1 M (x )dx dx + C 1 x + C 2 y= EI 1
y=
1 EI
( M (x )dx )dx + C x + C
1
y A = 0, y B = 0
dy dx =0
A
- Cantilever beam, y A = 0, A
Continuity condition at specific locations, for instance at points where regions of integration meet