rC 6759 ability of Deepwater Pipelines Under Combined Loading L. Karamanos and J.L. Tassoulas, U.

of Texas

%pyrlght f 981, Offshore TaohnologyConference Iris paper was presented at the 23rd Annual OTC in Houston, Texas, May 6-9, 1891. %is paper wae selected for presentation by the OTO Program Committee followingreview of informationoontalnad in an ebstraot submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, ISpresentad, have not been reviewad by the Offshore Technology Conference and are auf@t to correction by the author(a).The material, aa presented, does not necessarily reflect my positionof the Offehore Teohnolo&!y Conference or ita officers. Permission to copy is restricted to an ebstraot of not more then 800 words. Illustratlonemay not be oopied. The @etractshould contain mnsplcuous acknowledgment of where arid by whom the paper la presented.

ABSTRACT
The paper investigates a nonlinear the response of relatively Results from analyses

Towards safe deep-water pipeline instaUation, Shell Development Company and Battelle Columbus Laboratories performed analytical and experimental investigations of the phenomenon. Results gave rise to the wellknown Shell (Murphey and Langner15) and Battelle (Johns and McConnelllO) formulas, widely used in offshore-pipeline (Shell) (Battelle) design: :+
ffi)z/3

thick tubes under external pressure and bending, using finite element formulation. two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional

show good agreement with the available experiment al data. A stability criterion applicable to any loading pat h is adopted and results for three loadlng paths are presented. Finally, results of three-dimensional calcu-

+=1
+ (*)2/3 = I

#..(1) . ..(2)

lations indicate that curvature reported in previous experimental studies may be an ambiguous measure of bending. Some useful suggestions are made, concerning this matter. Sherrnanlg presented extensive experimental work

for a variety of D/t values and showed that for D/t less then 35, limit-moment instability, rather than bifurcation instability, controls the behavior. Stephens et aL20 the reported a finite-difference treatment of the pure bendGelling investigated

INTRODUCTION
This work was motivated by the design of deepwater offshore pipelines. During the installation process, pipes are subjecbed to both external presure and bending that may lead to buckling. The stability anaJysis of relatively thick tubes under such loading is treated in this paper. The first analytical work on pure bending of tubes is due to Brazier3 who examined the elastic case. Further work was conducted by Adesl and Reissner and Weinitschke18, who considered the inelastic behavior of pipe material. Reissner17 was first to analyze tubes under bending and pressure. References and illustrations at end of paper.

ing case of thin elastic tubes. tion with trigonometric

bending of pressurized pipes using a Garerkin formulafunctions for both limit moment and bifurcation instability. Notable analytical studies of the phenomenon were also presented by Fabkn6, who treated elastic buckling and, later, extended his formulation to include inelastic effects 7. Extensive experimental reported and analytical results were by KyriaMdes and Shaw13 and Corona and KyriaMdes 45 . The experiments were small-scale tests on relatively thick aluminium and steel tubes, whereas the analytical technique made use of a Galerkin formulation with trigonometric functions. Analytical results and experimental data were found to be in good agreement. The main contribution of these papers was the observation that collapse under combined pressure and

545

STABILITY

OF DEEP-WATER

PIPELINES I

UNDER COMBINED

LOADING

OTC 6759

bending is sensitive to the loading path. The path dependence of pipe response was also verified in the recent work of Fowler8, who performed large-scale tests on pipes which are used in deep-water applications. The purpose of the present study is the analytical support of concurrent experimental work at The Unideveloped in versity of Texas at Austin. The tetilque

the end sections of the segment. In addition, a simplified two-dimensional analysis based on the cross section is used. Kinematic constraints are applied in order to remain constant ensure that curvature and ovahzation

along the pipe. In both cases, kinematic constraints are employed through auxiliary elements whkh are described in detail by Karamanosl 1. A contribution an arbitrary loading of this work is the adoption sequence. In the most of a st abllit y criterion in order to investigate failure along gener~ This

the course of this investigation accounts for geometric and material nonlinearities, and is capable of simulating pipes of arbitrary thickness. Moreover, it permits examination of loading paths where both loading parameters are simultaneously increased (such as the radial loading case). A notable result of three-dimensional calculations carried out using the technique is that the actual curvat ure at collapse is not nearly constant along the pipe specimen. This suggests that reported curvature from experiments may be an ambiguous measure of bending. Our analysis is aimed at clarifying this point.

case, both Ioadlng parameters are increased simultaneously and their interaction is achieved by monitoring work: W = Ap AV + AMA$ where Ap, AV, AM . . . ...(3) must be considered. the sign of the second-order

and Ao denote the increments Of during a step of the

pressure, volume enclosed by the pipe segment, moment and relative end rotation computed analysis. While W is positive the pipe is stable. Loss of stability occurs where W changes sign. Note that this description of large deformation uscriterion can be applied to any loading path.

TECHNIQUE
A Lagrangian

ing the convected-coordhate formulat ion presented by Needleman16 is adopted. Constitutive equations relating the Jaumann rate of Kirchhoff stress to the rate of deformation on the basis of the Jz-flow theory of plasticity with isotropic haxdening are employed for the description of material behavior. The numerical solution of the governing equations is performed by the finite element method. finite element, The dlscretization originally of the pipe makes use nonlinear shell for linear analysis of a 9-node, multilayered, isoparametric, developed Three pipes are considered in this work. Pipes ~ and II have been tested in experiments and analyzed using a different technique by Corona and Kyriakides. They are both relatively thick pipes with a D/t ratio equal to 34.7 and 18.2 respectively. Since the D/t ratio is less than 40, it is expected that collapse will be caused by extensive Ovalization. Therefore, the possibility of bifurcation buckling is not considered. The material is st sinless steel and its nominal stress-strain relationship is approximate ed by a Ramberg- Osgood curve:

DESCRIPTION

OF PIPES

ANALYZED

by Ahmad et al.2 A reduced integration (2 by 2 array of Gauss-Legendre points) is employed on every lamina of the element. Although underintegrated elements are, in modes of deforgeneral, likely to give rise to spurious

mation, the present element performs remarkably well, since spurious modes are eliminated using appropriate boundary conditions. An important feature of the technique is the use of an auxiliary pressure node so as to overcome points of limit pressure slong equilibrium paths of tubes. There is one degree of freedom for this node: the increment of pressure Ap. The load associated with the node is by the the volume-like parameter AV which can be recognized as a measure of the change of volume occupied pipe. Thus, one cam prescribe the volume-like change and determine the required increase or decrease in pressure. This is important in tracing the equilibrium Complete path around limit points of pressure. description

C=;(l+;(oo

3%-1)

. . . . . . (4)

as suggested by Corona and Kyri&ldes41s. 224 and 283 MPa II respectively.

The VdUeS of

the material constants are E = 186 and 204 GPa, CO= and n =9.67 and 10.7 for pipes I and yield stresses. This difference There is a slight difference between the

axial and circumferential

is ignored in the present ardysis. The yield stresses are reported 4s to be av = 259 and 314 MPa for pipes I and II respectively. Pipe tions. t = III is a candidate mm). for deep-water The material applicamm), by Its dimensions 0.59 in (14.986 are D = 12.75 in (323.85 strees-strain

of the pressure node is found in the work of Katsounas and TSSSOdaS12 . The experimental dimensional procedure is simulated in a threeKnematic constraints setting. For this purpose, a nine-diameter-

is X 52

long pipe segment is analyzed.

steel with a nominal

curve (provided

are imposed so as to model two rigid plates welded on

Langner14) as shown in Fig. 1.

?C 6759

S.A. KARAMAN

AND J.L. TASSOULAS periment al data. For pipe I, three moment-curvature

RESULTS
Results are presented in the form of interaction

curves me Preby

sented in Fig. 8 for different values of pressure. For the case of pure bending, the behavior is characterized a very large plastic plateau where curvature increases under almost constant moment. limit moment is not significadly For p/p,o = 0.20 the afFected, but the ulti-

pressure versus curvature dlagrarns. The reported curvature is calculated by dividing the relative end rotation (0) by the initial length of pipe generators. sure and curvature are normalized by PC. = 2aut/D kI = t/D2 respectively. Three loading paths were considerecL
q

Pres~d

mate curvature value is reduced to half the value calculated for pure bending, and the curve arround the limit point becomes sharper. For P/P.. = 0.44, the ultimate moment is half the limit moment under pure bending, whereas ultimate curvature is almost eight times In this case, pipe behavior becomes britsmaller. tle with sudden moment-curvature collapse. Finally, Fig. 9 shows the for the pure bending case of pipe 111.

k +

p path, in which bending

curvature is im-

posed up to some level and then is kept constant while pressure is applied. GP -+ k path, where the pressure is first raised to a certain value and then is kept constant while the curvature is increased.
q

radial path, where both loading parameters (presare increased simultaneously and

sure and curvature) proportionally.

CONCLUSIONS
A nonlineax finite element technique was used to investigate the stability of inelastic tubes under combined pressure and bending. The tecfilque takes into account geometric as well as material nordinearities, while the use of a multilayered filt e element enables the simulation of tubes of arbitrary thklmess. A pressure node facilitates the transition over limit points of pressure. Results were presented in the form of interaction curves and found to be in good agreement with the available experimental data. It was also found that the

For the three pipes, the collapse envelopes are presented in Figs. 2, 3 and 4 for two-dimensional analysis. It is important to note that the p + k path (which follows the installation process most closely) is apprwently the most critical one. The envelope for the radial path is between the other two envelopes, something reasonable from the physical point of view. It is also notable that the Shell pipeline formula is a generally good approximation of the collapse envelopes. However, for pipe III, this empirical formula seems to be unconservative in the low-pressure region and rather conservative in the high-pressure region. Furthermore, Fig. 5 shows that two-dimensional results are quite close to the experimental Fig. dlmensional data. 6 indicates good agreement between threereanalysis and the available experimental

Shell pipeline formula is a generally good approximation of the collapse envelopes. A stability criterion was introduced in order to de-

tect failure along any loading path. The criterion was applied to three loading sequences with meaningful results. Finally, three-dimensional results indicated that during experiments curvature does not remain constant along the pipe. Comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional results, suggests that the average curvature over a five-diameter pipe segment about the middle section can be used to report experimental data.

sults for pipes I and II. Nevertheless, when compared with two-dimensional results, three-dimensional results seem to underestimate the ultimate capacity. This is due to the fact that curvature is not constant along the deformed pipe because of the boundary conditions imposed by the end plates which are welded on the pipe. Moreover, the stiff boundary conditions are responsible for some fluctuations of curvature near the ends. In all cases examined, calculated maximum ctu-vature (km.=) ( ksD ). occurs In gen-

NOMENCLATURE
k k max k ave curvature maximum curvature along the pipe in 3D analysis average curvature along a five-dkunet er segment of the pipe along the middle section in 3D analysis kz D ksD kc kI curvature form 2D analysis curvature calculated from relative end rot ation in 3D analysis constant curvature-like and Batt elle formulas constant curvature-like increment of pressure parameter equal to t/D2 value used in Shell

in the middle section and is greater than the curvature from relative end rotations eral, the change of curvature along the pipe is more

pronounced at high levels of relative end rotation. In the special case of pure bendkig (Fig. 7), the difference between km.= and ksD is quite significant (22.5%, and 8.4~o for pipes 1,11 and III respectively). 16.8% For lower

values of curvature this difference is not as noticeable. On the other hand, it has been found that curvature from two-dimensional analysis (kz~) is very close to the average curvature (kc.=) of a five-diameter pipe length analabout the middle section from three-dimensional benting

ysis. This suggests that k=., is a good measure of pipe defmm%tibn hnd Cmlhl he Usecl in reporting ex54 7

Ap

4 AV

STABILITY

OF DEEP-WATER

PIPELINE

1NIM3R COMBINED

LOADING

OTC 6759 collapse of long tubes and pressure loads. Proceedings, Hous-

increment of volume enclosed by the pipe segment increment of moment increment of relative end rot at ion outside pipe diameter Youngs modulus pipe thickness second-order external work formula axial strain used in Ramberg-Osgood pressure

7. Fabkm, O. Elastic-pl~tic under combined bending Ocean Engineering, 8. Fowler, J. R., Lsrge

AM A(3
D E t

V. 8 (1981), pp. 295-330. scale tests.

Seminar on Collapae of Offshore Pipelines, ton, Texas (1990).

w E
P Pc pco C (S*
Uy

9. Gellin, S. The plastic buckling of long cylindrical shells under pure bending. Int. J. Solids Structures V.lCJ (1980), PP. 397-407. 10. Johns, T. G. and McConnell, D. P. Response stability of elastoplastic bined bending and ings, 11 th PiPeline ton, Texas (1983). 11. Karsmanos, S. A. M. S. structures. 12. Katsmmm, and

pressure-like parameter used in Shell and Battelle formal= constant pressure-like parameter equal
tIO

circular pipes under com-

external pressure. ProceedTechno iogy Conference ~ HousStability problems of tubul~ Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engrg., ele-

2~Yt/D formula formula

axial stress used in Ramberg-Osgood yield parameter of Ramgerg-Osgood yield stress relative end rotation

The University of Texas, Austin, Texas (1991). A. T. and Taasoulas, J. L. Fhite ment analysis of propagating buckles in deep-water Report, Oflshore Technology Research pipelines. Center, (1989). The University of Texas, Austin, Texaa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research reported in this paper was sponsored by the Offshore Technology Research Center, a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center. Computational resources were provided by the Center for High Performance Texas. Computing of The University of

13. KyriaKdes, S. and Shaw, P. K. Response and stability of elasto-plastic circular pipes under combined bending and external pressure Int. J. Solids structures V: 18 (1982), PP. 957-973. 14. Langner, C. G. Private communication (1990). 15. Wurphey, C. E. and Langner, C. G. Ultimate hsngth under bending collapse and fatigue. $th International Offshore and Arctic Engineering

REFERENCES
4des, C. S. Bending strength of tubing in the plaa1. & V. 24 (1957), t;ic range. J. Aeronautical Sciences, ?P. 605610. 1 2. Al-mad, S., Irons, B. M. and Zienckiewicz, O. C. lfAn~Ysis of thi& ~d thki shell structures by curved finite elements. Numerical Methods pp. 419-451. 3. Brazier, L. G. On the flexure of thin cylindrical shells and other thin sections. Proceedings, Royal Society, A, V. 166 (1927), pp.104-114. 4. Corona, E. and Kyri&ldes, S. Collapse of pipelines under combined bending and external presProceedings, International Conference on sure. the ~ehaviou? of Oflsho?e Structures, V. 3 (1988), pp. 953-964, Trondheim, Norway. S. On the collapse of 5. Corona, E. and Kyriakides, International Journal for V. 2 (1970), in Engineering,

$ymposium, V. 1 (1985), pp, 467-477. Needleman, A. Finite elements for finite strain 16. plasticity problems., Plasticity of Metals at Fiand CO~Put@ nite StTain: Theory, Ezperimenti tion, edited by E. H. Lee and R. L. Mallett, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Tkoy, New York (1982), pp. 387-436. 17. Reissner, E. On finite bending ASME J. Applied Mech. tubes. of pressurized V. 26 (1959),

pp. 386-392. 18. Reissner, E. and Weinitschke, H. J. Fhite pure bending of circular cylindrical tubes. @aTterly of Applied Mathematics, V. 10 (1963), pp. 305-319. 19. Sherman, 1), R. Test of circular steel tubes in bending ASCE J. Stwct. Div. V. 102 (1976), ST1l, pp. 2181-2195.

20. Stephens, W. B., St=es,

J.) ~., Jr. ZULd Mm-

roth, B. 0, Collapse of long cylindrical shells under combined bending and pressure loads. AIAA Journal, V. 13(1) (1976), pp. 20-25.

inelastic tubes under combined bending and pressure. Int, J. Solids Structures V. 24 (1988), pp. 505-535. 6. Fabian, O. Collapse of cylindrical, elastic tubes under combined bending, pressure ~d axi~ loads. Int. J. 1270.

Solids Structwes

V. 13 (1977),

pp.1257-

&l 0.7

ppe
2D o.6f

amafysis

~ ~ -----

k-ppatk p-kpath radiafpath

Shenfonmda

40 0.4 -

u $
X-52 03 -

steel material of ppe III

02. t 0.1\ 8 N, \ 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

2 k e

o~ 0.0 0.2 03 0.4

0.1

2.0

normalized for X-52 steel.

Figure analysis. 2. Collapse

curvature
(2D)

Figure

1. Unitwhl stress-strain -

envelopes for pipe I from twxiimensid

12 4 1.0 P-KM III 2D l?JdJSiS

? a ~ k 08

~ -----

k-ppatk p-kpdh rrrarfpnth

slmnf~ .-.
0.6 -

w 8 .= :
2 c

*.>

..

0.4 -

02 -

0.0

normalized curvature
Figure 4.

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

normalized

curvature Collapse envelops for pipe III from two-dimensiond (2D) analysk.

Figure

3. COII.ye

envelopes for pipe II from two-dimensional (2D)

analysis.

0.7

1.0

0.6

pipe Z u &. p expenments q p. k experiments Q_ &-p 2D _CFp-& 2D

I
0.8 q

\
0.6

lam

pipe ZZ Q k. p expenments q p. k experiments Ok-p 2D Q_ p-k 2D

h ~ f

0.4

R w .g 0.3 % E g 0.2-

0.4

I
q

0.2

0.1 -

0.00.0

01

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.()

normalized curvature

normalized curvature

I
Figure 5. Comparison experimental between results from two-dimensiond (2D) analysis and data for pipes I and II [Corona and Kyriakides4].

1.0

pipe Z
u

pipe 11
s

I
expenments expenments 3D 3D

(
q

k. p experiments + p. k experiments
3D

0.8
q

m
q

+&-p

+p.

k 3D
0.6

mm

a k. p q p. k u k-p O p-k

I 0.4
q

0.2
q

t o. 1.2 1.6 2.0 o 1 0.4

1 0.8

1 1.2

At
w

1.6

2.0

0.4

0.8

normalized curvature

normalized curvature

Figure

6. Compfison

between restdts from three-dimensiond

(3D)

analysis

and experimental

&t a for pipes I and II [Corona and Kyriakides4].

550

1.8 r . 1.6 E

I . .

1.4 pipe I pure bending

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

pipe length ( m )

1.0 0.000

1 0.020

I
0.100

0.040

0.060

0.O8O

0.120

0.140

pipe length ( m )

0.003 v ~ 0.002 .b *

pipe ZZZ pure bending

I

e 3 Q
0.000 o

r
20

I
30

t
40

1
50

10

pipe length ( in )

Figure

7. Variation

of curvature along pipes 1,11 and 111 for the pure bending case.

551

0.25 7 f
2

0.20 t

FI

PIP

= 0.20 co

= 0.00 PIP co

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

Y
7
t
= 0.44 PIP c0
I

1.4 .4 .8 1-0
-1

1.0

.,

0.0

0.2

0,4

1.2

c*rvature ( m
Figure

8.Moment-curvature

curves for three different pressure levek ( 3D) analysis].

of pipe I [three-dimensiond

0.5 -

0.3pipe 111 20.

pure bending L = 108.0 in

0.11 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0

1.5
-1

2.

25

3.0

curvature ( in

Figure

9. Moment-curvature

curves for the pure bending case (3D) analysis].

of pipe HI [three-dimensional

552