PART 1

a) Write a history on logarithm. History of Logarithms

From Napier to Euler

The method of logarithms was publicly propounded by John Napier in 1614, in a book titled Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio(Description of the Wonderful Rule of Logarithms). Joost Brgi independently invented logarithms but published six years after Napier. Johannes Kepler, who used logarithm tables extensively to compile his Ephemeris and therefore dedicated it to Napier, remarked:

...the accent in calculation led Justus Byrgius [Joost Brgi] on the way to these very logarithms many years before Napier's system appeared; but ...instead of rearing up his child for the public benefit he deserted it in the birth. Johannes Kepler, Rudolphine Tables (1627) By repeated subtractions Napier calculated (1 107)L for L ranging from 1 to 100. The result for L=100 is approximately0.99999 = 1 105. Napier then calculated the products of these numbers with 107(1 105)L for L from 1 to 50, and did similarly with0.9998 (1 105)20 and 0.9 0.99520. These computations, which occupied 20 years, allowed him to give, for any number N from 5 to 10 million, the number L that solves the equation

Napier first called L an "artificial number", but later introduced the word "logarithm" to mean a number that indicates a ratio: (logos) meaning proportion, and (arithmos) meaning number. In modern notation, the relation to natural logarithms is

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where the very close approximation corresponds to the observation that

The invention was quickly and widely met with acclaim. The works of Bonaventura Cavalieri (Italy), Edmund Wingate (France), Xue Fengzuo (China), and Johannes Kepler's Chilias logarithmorum (Germany) helped spread the concept further.
In 1647 Grgoire de Saint-Vincent related logarithms to the quadrature of the hyperbola, by pointing out that the area f(t) under the hyperbola from x = 1 to x = t satisfies

The natural logarithm was first described by Nicholas Mercator in his work Logarithmotechnia published in 1668, although the mathematics teacher John Speidell had already in 1619 compiled a table on the natural logarithm. Around 1730, Leonhard Eulerdefined the exponential function and the natural logarithm by

Euler also showed that the two functions are inverse to one another.

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b) Find and explain the applications of logarithm in two different fields of study. Explanation of each application should include the following I. The field of study chosen. II. Examples of problem solving related to the field of study Application of Logarithms 1. Probability theory and statistics

Three probability density functions (PDF) of random variables with log-normal distributions. The location parameter , which is zero for all three of the PDFs shown, is the mean of the logarithm of the random variable, not the mean of the variable itself.

Distribution of first digits (in %, red bars) in the population of the 237 countries of the world. Black dots indicate the distribution predicted by Benford's law. Logarithms arise in probability theory: the law of large numbers dictates that, for a fair coin, as the number of coin-tosses increases to infinity, the observed proportion of heads approaches onehalf. The fluctuations of this proportion about one-half are described by the law of the iterated logarithm. Logarithms also occur in log-normal distributions. When the logarithm of a random variable has a normal distribution, the variable is said to have a log-normal distribution. Log-normal distributions are encountered in many fields, wherever a variable is formed as the product of many independent positive random variables, for example in the study of turbulence. Logarithms are used for maximum-likelihood estimation of parametric statistical models. For such a model, the likelihood functiondepends on at least one parameter that must be estimated. A

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maximum of the likelihood function occurs at the same parameter-value as a maximum of the logarithm of the likelihood (the "log likelihood"), because the logarithm is an increasing function. The log-likelihood is easier to maximize, especially for the multiplied likelihoods for independent random variables. Benford's law describes the occurrence of digits in many data sets, such as heights of buildings. According to Benford's law, the probability that the first decimal-digit of an item in the data sample is d (from 1 to 9) equals log10(d + 1) log10(d), regardless of the unit of measurement. Thus, about 30% of the data can be expected to have 1 as first digit, 18% start with 2, etc. Auditors examine deviations from Benford's law to detect fraudulent accounting.

2. Fractals

The Sierpinski triangle (at the right) is constructed by repeatedly replacingequilateral triangles by three smaller ones. Logarithms occur in definitions of the dimension of fractals. Fractals are geometric objects that areself-similar: small parts reproduce, at least roughly, the entire global structure. The Sierpinski triangle(pictured) can be covered by three copies of itself, each having sides half the original length. This makes the Hausdorff dimension of this structure log(3)/log(2) 1.58. Another logarithm-based notion of dimension is obtained by counting the number of boxes needed to cover the fractal in question.

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PART 2
The volume, V, in cm3, of a solid sphere and its diameter, D, in cm, are related by the equation , where m and n are constants. Find the value of m and n by conducting the activities below. I. II. III. Choose 6 different spheres with diameters between 1cm to 8cm. The diameter of the 6 spheres using a pair of vernier calipers. Find the volume of each sphere using water displacement method. Tabulate the values of diameter, D, in cm and its corresponding volume, V, cm 3.

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Find the volume of sphere using water displacement method.

A method of finding the volume of a sphere with minimal calculations is to use the Water Displacement Method: 1. Fill a beaker or graduated cylinder with enough water to completely immerse the sphere in. 2. Record the baseline initial measurement 3. Drop the sphere in 4. Record final measurement 5. Subtract the initial volume from the final volume ~ this is the volume of the sphere!

Value of diameter,D and Volume Diameter,D ( D1 = 1.0 D2 =2.8 D3 =4.0 D4 =5.2 D5 =6.6 D6 =7.8 Volume, V ( V1= 0.5 V2= 11.5 V3= 34.0 V4= 74.0 V5= 151.0 V6= 250.0

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Diameter,D ( D1 = 1.0 D2 =2.8 D3 =4.0 D4 =5.2 D5 =6.6 D6 =7.8

Volume, V ( V1= 0.5 V2= 11.5 V3= 34.0 V4= 74.0 V5= 151.0 V6= 250.0

D2 = 2.8 D5 =6.6

V2= 11.5 V5= 151.0

We can solve by simultaneous method Substitute the values in the equation

We obtain, ----------(1) ----------(2) -----------(3) Substitute (3) into (2)

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-----------(4) Substitute (4) into (3)

Therefore,

and

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PART 3 3(A) D 1.0 2.8 4.0 5.2 6.6 7.8 v 0.5 11.5 34.0 74.0 151.0 250.0

300

250

y = 0.505x3.025

200 Volume, V

150

100

50

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diameter, D

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3(B)

log D

log V 0 -0.30103 0.447158 1.060698 0.60206 1.531479 0.716003 1.869232 0.819544 2.178977 0.892095 2.39794

2.5

y = 3.025x - 0.2967

1.5 log V 1 0.5 0 0 -0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Diameter, D

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3c) From the graph, find

3

2.5

y = 3.025x - 0.2967

1.5 log V 1 0.5 0 0 -0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Diameter, D

1. The value of m and of n, thus express V in terms of D.

log D

(nearest whole number)

log V 0 -0.30103 0.447158 1.060698 0.60206 1.531479 0.716003 1.869232 0.819544 2.178977 0.892095 2.39794

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2. Volume of the sphere when diameter is 5cm Since graph is logV against logD, we need to transfer, D=5cm int0 logD=log5=0.6989
3

2.5

y = 3.025x - 0.2967

1.5 log V 1 0.5 0 0 -0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Diameter, D

We get

3. The radius of the sphere when the volume is Change to logv=log180=2.25, From the graph, we get

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FURTHER EXPLORATION
a)

-------(1) (1)=(2)

------------(2)

-------------------cancel

on both sides

b) Another method to find value of

is using Monte Carlo simulation or Archimedes method of Exhaustion

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REFLECTION

Symbols used in this project using Microsoft word equation insert tool really help me so much here are some of the symbol I use.

300 250 Volume, V 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Diameter, D y = 0.505x3.025

3 2.5 2 log V 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 -0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Diameter, D y = 3.025x - 0.2967

I really learn how to use Microsoft excel and word to do graph, insert equation and a lot more.

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