Question No.1 A. A. What are the uncommon items of three phase locos as compared to the conventional locos.

What are the advantages of 3 phase locos over conventional locos ?

Ans:(A) The following uncommon items are listed of 3 phase locos compared to conv. Locos. (i) Traction Motor. 3phase AC Induction Motor over DC series motor in conventional loco .Traction Motors are Torque Arm suspended in place of nose pad suspension in conventional loco (ii) Bogies of 3phase loco are designed to withstand the stresses and vibration by providing lateral buffers and dampers, vertical dampers, Yaw (longitudinal) dampers , and rebound limit chains. Primary suspension as axle mounted vertical hydraulic dampers and helical springs. This flexicoil arrangement permits lateral movement of axle, longitudianal control of the axle and the transmission of tractive and braking effort to the bogie frame. Spheribloc rubber bushes in guide rods allow the axle lateral movement without undue restriction. Secondary suspension also provided by coil springs and vertical hydraulic dampers between the bogie frame and body. Flexifloat arrangement of the secondary suspension allows the loco body to move both lateral and vertically within the limits. Traction Link transmits the tractive forces to the loco body. (iii) Transformer It is a simple Step-down Transformer with different operating voltages where the conventional loco has Tap Changing transformer along with the Tap Changer equipments. (iv) Traction Power Converter (SR) It is a electronic circuit which converts the single phase AC line voltage (OHE) into 3phase AC output voltage. This output voltage and frequency are variable as per the demand from the cab driver. It is controlled by electronic control of Gate Turn off (GTO) thyristor. (v) BUR (Auxiliary Conveter) - It converts single phase AC to 3phase AC, it works like a SI Unit and Arno in the conventional locos but it has a load sharing facilities in case of any BUR fault out of the three BURs. It is controlled by Gate Turn off (GTO) thyristor. (vi) Pneumatic Panel - It a single pneumatic panel all the brake system functions are monitored by the brake electronic. Auto Brake (A-9) which is electrically controlled from the driving cab and not by Air as in the conventional loco (vii) Harmonic Filter :- Line harmonic filter ,which reduces/suppresses the high frequency harmonics to avoid disturbances in signaling. (viii) Battery It is a Ni-Cd battery which is alkaline battery as Lead Acid battery in the conventional locos. (ix) FDU Fire Detection Unit in 3 phase locos, This unit detect the smoke from the machine room and buzzer will sound. (x) Vigilance Unit It alerts the loco crew time to time within 60 seconds, It has to be acknowledged otherwise loco will go in dead-man mode. (xi) DDS- Diagnostic Data Sets:- Any fault occurred in the locomotive are detected by the electronic monitoring and signaling system .This DDS gives an overview of all disturbances that lead to a corresponding display message on the driver screen and sorted by Message Identification No.(ID).

(B)

The following advantages of 3 phase locos over conventional locos (i) The size of traction motor for the same output power is much less in case of a 3 phase induction motor as compared to DC motor. Therefore with the permissible axle load and available space in a bogie , realization of a much higher powered locomotive is possible. (ii) Maintenance cost of a 3 phase locomotive is less ,due to absence of brush-gear /commutator in the traction motors and switchgears in the power circuit. Induction motors are very robust. locomotive is higher. Consequently reliability of a 3 phase

(iii) (iv)

The rated power of D.C. motor locomotive reduces beyond the field weakening range. In case of 3 phase locomotives full power is available upto the maximum speed. Overload capabilities in 3 phase locomotives are more liberal. Regeneration of power is available in 3 phase locomotive. Regenerative braking effort is available from the full speed till dead stop. Consequently the overall efficiency of operation is higher. Due to superior drop characteristics of speed V/s torque and the fact that the motor speed is limited by the synchronous speed , a much improved adhesion is available and thus higher tractive efforts can be realized within the permissible axle load limits. 3 phase locomotive operates at near unity power factor throughout the speed range except at very low speeds. Due to lesser weight of the traction motor, the un-sprung masses are low. This reduces track forces and consequently minimizes wear on rails and disturbance in track geometry.

(v) (vi)

(vii)

(viii) (ix)

Q.2 Describe briefly the speed control obtained in locomotive having (i) DC TM (ii) 3 Phase AC TM. DC TM 1) DC Series motor is used in DC locomotives in which speed is controlled by line voltage variation by MP. 2) It is varied by GR (Tap Changer) notch by- notch progression and regression . when the voltage up/down , the TM speed increase / decrease correspondingly by Master Controller (MP) 3)The maximum speed can be achieved by field weakening by MPS. 4)Electrical braking obtained by Dynamic brake. 3 Phase AC TM 1)3-phase AC induction motors is controlled by VVVF (variable voltage, variable frequency ) by TE/BE throttle. 2)The speed is automatically controlled by electronic system. There are three regions of speed control. i) Constant Torque region In this region the voltage and frequency (E/f) ratio is maintained constant. Thus constant flux is produced hence constant torque is maintained. 0-30 % speed can be achieved ii) Constant H P region This region voltage is fixed at the maximum and frequency is varied above 60 Hz , 30-98% speed can be achieved. The torque is varied inversely proportional to the speed hence constant HP iii) Field Weakening region In this region only the frequency is varies up to 132 Hz Where torque is directly proportional to the square of the voltage. The maximum speed can be achieved. 3)Electrical braking by regenerative braking. Ns = 120f/p N = Ns (1-S) Where Ns Synchronous speed N Actual speed., S = Slip

N IL/ where IL = Load Current, = Flux/pole, Torque x IL

Q. 3 1) 2)

3)

4) 5)

6)

7)

Describe briefly advantage of 3-phase TM over single phase motor. 3-Phase Motor Single Phase Motor 3 phase motors are designed 1) Single phase motor to operate from 3 phase supply is supplied from single phase supply Stator is provided with 2) Constructionally star /Delta connected winding and a .this motor is more or less similar to Squirrel cage Rotor 3 phase induction motor except that a stator is provided with a single phase distributed winding and a squirrel The revolving magnetic cage rotor . field which is produced when a 3 3) when the motor is phase stator winding is fed from 3 fed from single phase supply to its phase supply. stator winding ,produces flux (or field ) which is only alternating (i.e one which alternate along one space axis only ) It is not a synchronously revolving (or rotating) flux as in case of 3 phase stator winding fed from 3 phase supply. Speed can be changed by 4) Speed can be changing the voltage or frequency changed by regulator,autotransformer,etc it is self starting motor 5) An alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel cage rotor can not produce rotation (only a revolving flux can) that is why single phase motor is not self starting To make single phase induction motor self starting it is temporarily converted into a two phase motor during starting period for this purpose the stator of single phase motor is provided with an extra winding known as starting winding ( or auxiliary) In addition to the main or running winding with 900 phase shifting. Hence the motor behave like two phase motor these two currents in the two phase produces revolving magnetic flux and hence make the motor self the direction of rotation can starting. be changed by changing the phase sequence of supply line. 6) Direction of rotation of motor can be reversed by Constant torque & constant reversing either the running or HP and varying speed can be starting winding leads but both must achieved by electronic control This not be reversed. motor can be used above 1000 HP 7) The single phase hence this motor is suitable for heavy motor are capacitor start or split load applications. phase motor. It is fractional KW

8) is higher

Efficiency and power factor

motors.

8)

Efficiency and power factor is less