TASK Michelle De Mesa

Year 12 Biology

DIFFERENT GENOTYPES AND ALLELES FREQUENCIES

Interlocking of Fingers

Research Question How has the genotype frequency changed between two generations when compared and what is the allele frequency of placement of thumbs when fingers interlocked? What is defined as the dominant and recessive trait between the two generations of Fijians? Aim To investigate the relationship between two different generations and compare the incidence of different genotypes and alleles frequencies responsible for defining the placement of thumbs when fingers are interlocked. Introduction and Hypothesis For every trait, there are 2 copies of each gene contained. In humans, we get these genes from our parents, one from our mother and one from our father, these are known as alleles. Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive but in order to get these traits, we only need one pair. In a heterozygous genotype, our traits, of the phenotype is seen because of the dominant gene. In a homozygous genotype, it is recessive. Microevolution occurs on a small scale, within a single population. It is a change in gene frequency within a population of organisms, this group of organisms would share a common gene pool. Microevolution change happens because of migration of emigration (gene flow) For those who place their left thumb over their right thumb when their fingers are interlocked, they are known to have dominant genes, either containing one or two. Those who place their right thumb over their left thumb have two recessive genes. Thus saying, placing the left thumb on top is dominant which I think will be most common in my results. I am conducting my experiment within a population of the same gene pool (Fijians) so I dont expect to see a big difference between the traits of placement of thumbs as they would share a common gene pool. Hardy Weinberg Principle In this principle, it is stated that both allele and genotype frequencies remain constant in populations. This meaning that both in equilibrium upon generation to generation and this only changes when disturbing influences are introduced. Changes happen to allele frequencies within the gene pool because of the selection pressures. The formula for this principle is: , Where p is the frequency of the dominant allele (homozygous), and q is the frequency of the recessive allele (heterozygous)

Variables Variable Independent Dependent Controlled Identity Interlocking of fingers and placement of thumbs 2 different generations Species Race Number of people in each generation Writing hand Allele frequencies How it is manipulated Left thumb over right thumb Right thumb over left thumb Ages 0-20 Ages 40-60 Homo Sapiens Fijians 100 Left, Right, ambidextrous

Uncontrolled

Equipment Pen Paper for tallying results Clipboard 100 Fijians aged between 0-20 100 Fijians aged between 40-60

Method 1. To each person you ask (making sure theyre Fijian), fit them into either category A, aged 0-20, or Category B, aged 40-60 2. Ask them to interlock their fingers and observe the placement of their thumbs (either left over right, or right over left) 3. Tally the results 4. Do this till you have 100 of each generation 5. Analyze the data you have collected 6. Do a Chi square test 7. Create a punnet square test 8. Observe the gene distribution in both generations and determine whether trait is dominant and recessive

Raw Data Left Over Right Right over Left Ages 0-20 59 41 Ages 40-60 83 17 Total 142 58

COMPARISON BETWEEN 2 DIFFERENT GENERATIONS

left/right right/left
83 59 41

0-20

40-60

COMPARISON BETWEEN DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE TRAIT

0-20 40-60

83

17 59 41

LEFT/RIGHT

RIGHT/LEFT

17

Processed Data

Dominant trait: p (left over right) Recessive trait: q (right over left) Total

Generation One (0-20yrs old) 0.59 0.41 1 Hardy Weinberg Equation: p2+2pq+q2=1

Generation Two (40-60yrs old) 0.83 0.17 1

P2 Generation One (0-20yrs old) Generation Two (40-60yrs old) 0.592 =0.3481 0.832 = 0.6889

2pq 2x0.59x0.41 =0.4838 2x0.83x0.17 =0.2822

q2 0.412 =0.1681 0.172 = 0.0289

p2+2pq+q2 1 1

Bibliography: http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/40998.aspx http://www.blinn.edu/socialscience/ldthomas/feldman/handouts/0203hand.htm http://www.slideshare.net/zahra1219/dominant-and-recessive-traits-in-humans-12045727 https://sites.google.com/site/rnpodarst10th2011grp13/dominant-and-recessivetraits/common-dominant-and-recessive

http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/jiwilliams/Human_Traits.htm http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_36