SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Geniş zaman)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I - write I do not write do I write
you - write you do not write do you write
we - write we do not write do we write
they - write they do not write do they write
he - writes he does not write does he write
she - writes she does not write does she write
it - writes it does not write does it write

İşin mantığı: Dünya yuvarlaktır (genel) , Ateş yakar (genel) , İnsanlar acıkır ..... Gibi genel olayları ve
durumları vurgulamak için Simple Present tense kullanılır.
Simple Present tense genelde olan olay ve durumla
1.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen
rı vurgulamak için kullanılır ,bunlar; geçmişte vardı ,
2.Most animals kill only for food şu an var , gelecekte de olacak . örn : Dünyanın
3.The world is round dönmesi .
1.I study for two hours every night
Simple present tense günlük aktiviteleri ve
2.My classes begin at nine alışkanlıkları vurgulamak için de kullanılır.
3.He always eats a sandwich for lunch
Belirli fiilerin continuous tense ( şimdiki zaman )
1.I don't recognize that man
halleri olmadığından bu tens'te kullanılmaları
2.He needs a pen right now
zorunludur.
Aşaıdaki fiiler normalde continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlar
Appreciate Depend Hate Need See Understand

Believe Dislike Hear Owe Seem Want

Belong Doubt İmagine Own Seem İnclude

Care Envy Know Possess Smell

Consist Exist Like Prefer Sound

Cost Fear Love Realise Suppose

Contain Feel Mean Remember Taste

Sonu s , sh , ch , x ile biten sözcüklerin çoğulu ve fiilerin geniş zaman halleri -es takısı alırlar.

Finish Finishes
Watch Watches
Bus Buses
Box Boxes
Sonu y ile biten sözcükler - ies takısı alırlar , fakat y nin önünde sesli harf varsa sonuna sadece - s gelir

Study studies
Try tries
Baby babies
Boy boys
Sonu f veya fe ile biten sözcükler - ves takısıyla çoğul olurlar
knife knives
shellf shellves
Geniş zamnada Have fiili he , she , it için has olarak değişir.

• I have a shover everyday

• John has a shover everyday

Sıklık belirten fiiller Sımple present tens'te özneden hemen sonra gelirler

always / Never / often / Sometimes / Usually + Present simple (Geniş zaman)

• Sue always arrives at work early

• I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk

• Julia never eats breakfast

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) { ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN }
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I am writing I am not writing am I writing
you are writing you are not writing are you writing
we are writing we are not writing are we writing
they are writing they are not writing are they writing
he is writing he is not writing is he writing
she is writing she is not writing is she writing
it is writing it is not writing is it writing

Bu tens konuşma anında devam eden (süren) aktiviteleri vurgulamak için kullanılır ( ŞU AN )
• John is sleeping right now
• I need an umbrella because it is raining
• John and marry are talking on phone
Bu tens ayrıca genelde süreklilik halinde olan aktiviteleri vurgulamak için de kullanılır.
• I am taking five course this semester
• John is trying to improve his work habits
• She is writing another book this year
Sonu - e ile biten fiillerde -e düşer - ing gelir
make making
write writing
come coming
dance dancing
Sonu - ie ile biten fiiller - ying takısı alırlar
lie lying
die dying
tie tying Eğer tek heceli bir fiilin sonu ( sesli + sessiz ) harf ile bitiyorsa son sessiz
ikilenerek - ing takısı alır.
stop stopping Bu kuralın istisnası şudur : eğer bir fiilin sonu ( -y ) veya ( - w ) sesizlerinden biri
ile bitiyorsa, fiil tek heceli bile olsa son sessiz ikilenmez.
run running
get getting
swim swimming
big bigger
hot hotter
thin thinner
draw drawing
play playing
İki veya daha fazla heceli fiilerde son sessizin ikilenmesine gerek yoktur
happen happening
visit visiting
remember remembering Sonu iki sessizle biten tek heceli fiiler direkt olarak - ing takısı alırlar
help helping
work working
SIMPLE PAST ( GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN )
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I - wrote I did not write did I write
you - wrote you did not write did you write
we - wrote we did not write did we write
they - wrote they did not write did they write
he - wrote he did not write did he write
she - wrote she did not write did she write
it - wrote it did not write did it write

Simple past , geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlamış ve bitmiş bir durum veya aktiviteyi
işaret eder.

FORMÜLÜ : Özne + Verb 2 ( Fiilin 2. hali )---- yani Simple past hali

• I walked to school yesterday

• He lived in paris for ten years , but now he is living in rome
• I bought a new car three days ago

Eğer Simple past tense ile kurulmuş bir cümle (When) kalıbını içeriyorsa : when ile başlayan
cümle diğerinden önce olmuştur aşağıdaki ilk örnekte önce yağmur başladı sonra ağacın
altında durdum ifadesi anlaşılmalıdır.

• I stood under a tree when it began to rain

• when she heard a atrange noise she got up to investigate
• when I dropped my cup , the coffee spilled on my lap

Eğer geçmiş zaman (past tense) da kullanılmak istenen bir cümlenin fiili "be" ise geçmiş
zamanı belirtmek için : yine bu fiilin gecmis zaman hallerinin was , were kullanılması
zorunludur. (Düzeltme icin Serkan a Tesekürler)

•
 Positive Negative Question
I was I was not was I
You were You were not were You
we were we were not were we
they were they were not were they
he was he was not was he
she was she was not was she
it was it was not was it
Last year Rachel was 22 , so she is 23 now
• When I was a child , I was afraid of dogs
• we were hungry after the journey but we weren't tired
• the hotel was comfortable but it wasn't expensive
• was the weather good when you were on holiday
• those shoes are nice . were they expensive

• why were you late this morning

PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) ( GEÇMİŞTE SÜREKLİLİK )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I was writing I was not writing was I writing
he was writing he was not writing was he writing
she was writing she was not writing was she writing
it was writing it was not writing was it writing
we were writing we were not writing were we writing
you were writing you were not writing were you writing
they were writing they were not writing were they writing

İşin Mantığı : geçmişte süregelen bir eylem kesintiye uğruyor.

Örn: dün tam okula yürürken yağmur başladı ( yürüme eylemi sürerken , bu ylemin belirli bir
yerinde yağmur eyleminin devreye girmesi)
1. I was walking down the street when it began to 1. de Önce caddeden aşağıya
rain yürüyordum,sonra yağmur
2. While I was walking down the street,it began başladı.Örneklerde iki eylemde aynı zamanda
to rain meydana geliyor fakat biri, diğeri
başladığında ,daha önce başlayıp süreklilik
3. I was standing under a tree when it began to halin dedir.
rain
4. örnekte : Benim çalışmam 8'den önce
4. At eight o'clock last night , I was studying başladı ve 8'de ben çalışıyordum,
5. Last year at this time I was attending school muhtemelen çalışmam sonrasın dada devam
etti
6. While I was studying in one room of our Eğer iki eylem benzer şekilde süreklilik
apartment my roommate was having a party in halindeyse Past continuous cümlenin iki
the other room bölümündede kullanı labilir (baazen)
Baazı durumlarda simple past ve past
7. It rained this morning
continuous aynı anlamı verebilir (7 ve 8 deki
8. It was raining
gibi)

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ( Türkçede karşılığı yok )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I have written I have not written have I written
you have written you have not written have you written
we have written we have not written have we written
they have written they have not written have they written
he has written he has not written has he written
she has written she has not written has she written
it has written it has not written has it written

1. They have moved into a new aparttment. Present Perfect şu fikri vurgular: Şu andan
önce meyda na gelmiş veya gelmemiş birşeyi
2. Have you ever visited Mexico.
anlatırken kesin zaman ın önemli olmadığı
3. I have already seen that movie. durumlar. (Eğer belirli bir zaman var sa Simple
4. I have never seen snow past kullanılır.)
5. We have had four tests so far this semester
6. I have written my wife a letter every other day
Present perfect birde şu andan önceki bir
for the last two weeks.
aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular,her tekrarın kesin
7. I have met many people since I came here in zamanı önemli değildir
june
8. I have flown on an airplane many times
Present perfect tense ayrıca for ve since ile
9. I have been here since seven o'clock
kullanı labilir. O zaman şunu vurgular: Bir
10.We have been here for two weeks durum geçmişte başlmış şu anda da devam
11.I have had this same pair of shoes for three ediyor
years
12.I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was Since + belirli bir zaman ( since : denberi )
a child For + zamanın sürekliliği ( For : dır )
 Present Perfect Simple nin kullanımları
1.kullanımı: Geçmişte başlamış ve bugüne kadar devam eden bir zaman periyodundan
bahsediyorsak bu tensi kullanmak zorundayız. Bu zaman periyodu bütün hayatımızdaki
deneyimleri kapsayabilir. Hayatımız da herhangi bir deneyimi yaşayıp yaşamadığımız bu tens
ile sorulur.

• Have you ever been to China ( Hiç çinde bulundunmu? )

• Have you ever eaten caviar ( Hiç havyar yedinmi ? )
• I haven't been to India ( Hindistanda hiç bulunmadım )
• We have never had a car ( Hiçbir zaman arabamız olmadı )
• It's the most boring film I've ever seen . (Hayatımda gördüğüm en sıkıcı film.)

• I haven't eaten anything since breakfast ( Kahvaltıdan beri hiçbirşey yemedim )

2.kullanım: Present perfect kullanıldığında genellikle bugün ile bir bağlantı vardır. Eğer
geçmişte olmuş bir eylemin sonucu bugünü etkiliyorsa yine bu tens kullanılır.

• Where's your key ? I don't know. I 've lost it ( Şu an anahtarım yok )

• He told me his name but I 've forgotten it ( Adını söylemişti fakat unuttum )

• I can't find my bag. Have you seen it ? ( Çantamı bulamıyorum, onu gördünmü?)
3.kullanım: Geçmişle bugünü bağlayan bir köprü olarak kullanılır.
I started learninig english in september
I am still lerning english
I have lerned English since september (Eylülden beri ingilizce öğreniyorum)-üstteki iki cümleyi
birleştirdi.

Ayşe is my best friend

I met Ayşe seven years ago
I have known her for 7 years ( onu yedi yıldır tanıyorum )

I am a teacher
I started teaching 20 years ago
I have been a teacher for 20 years. ( 20 yıldır öğretmenim )

Gone (to) ve been (to) arasındaki farklılık

• Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (Jim ispanyaya gitti ve hala orada)

• Jane has been to Italy . (Jane italyaya gitti ve geri geldi )

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE )
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I have been writing I have not been writing have I been writing
you have been writing you have not been writing have you been writing
we have been writing we have not been writing have we been writing
they have been writing they have not been writing have they been writing
he has been writing he has not been writing has he been writing
she has been writing she has not been writing has she been writing
it has been writing it has not been writing has it been writing

Present Perfect continuous , yakın zamanda veya henüz sona ermiş bir aktivitenin ifadesinde
kullanılabilir
bu aktivitenin şu an ile bağlantısı vardır.
Örn : Eve gittiniz çocuğunuzun gözleri kıpkırmızı ve ne olduğunu öğreneceksiniz . What have
you been doing demeniz lazım ( What are you doing olmaz.)
Örn : A şahsı avrupa turuna çıkmış ve B şahsıyla ispanyada karşılaşıyor A' nın gideceği yerler
sıralı :
1. France 2. England 3.Spain 4. Germany 5. Italy
A: What have you been doing ? ( Ne yapıyorsun )
B: I have been traveling around Europe
(eğer A şahsı : What are you doing deseydi , B şahsı o anda ne yapıyorsa onu söylerdi ,
alışveriş yapıyo rum vs. derdi.)
A: Which countries have you visited
B: I have visited France and England and now I'm in Spain , I haven't been Germany and Italy
yet.
Right now I am sitting at my desk. Bu tens bir aktivitenin sürekliliğini vurgulamak
için kullanılır.Sözü edilen aktivite geçmişte
1. I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.
başladı ve şu an devam etmektedir. Tense bu
2. I have been sitting here for two hours anlamı zamanı simgeleyen kelimelerle veririz.
3. You have been studying for five straight Bunlar :
hourse For , Since , all morning , all day , all week.
5. I have been thinking about changing my
major. Presen perfect continuous tens zamanın
6. All of the students have been studying hard herhangi bir spesifik anlamı dışında
.Final exams start next week. kullanıldığında, genel bir aktivitenin son
7. My back hurts , so I have been sleeping on zamanlardaki sürekliliğini vurgular.
the floor lately. the bed is too soft.
8. I have lived here since 1985 Live , work , teach gibi continuous tensleri
I have been living here since 1985 olan fiillerle since veya for kullanıldığında ,
9. he has worked at the same store for ten years present perfect continuous ile present perfect
He has been working at the same store for simple arasın da pek bir fark olmaz. Yandaki
ten years örneklerde pek bir anlam farkı yoktu

Present Perfect Continuous

Bu tens ile ilgili soruları download ede bilirsiniz.
(Not: Sisiteminizde Excel kurulu olmalıdır.)
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4
PAST PERFECT TENSE ( MİŞLİ GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN )
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I had written I had not written had I written
you had written you had not written had you written
we had written we had not written had we written
they had written they had not written had they written
he had written he had not written had he written
she had written she had not written had she written
it had written it had not written had it written

1. My parents had already eaten by the time I Past perfect tense : gemişte bir aktivitenin
got home başka bir aktiviteden önce tamamlandığını
2. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it . vurgular. yani:Geç mişte oluşmuş iki eylem var
3. The thief simply walked in. Someone had fakat 1. eylem , 2.cisin den önce olmuş işte
forgotten to lock thedoor. 1.eylem past perfec tir.
4. de : önce sam ayrıldı sonra biz oraya vardık.
4. Sam had already left when we got there (yani: biz vardığımızda sam ayrılmıştı). Eğer bir
5. Sam had left before we got there cümlede before veya after kullanılıyorsa
6. Sam left before we got there genellikle past per fect tense gerekli değildir.
7. after the guests had left. I went to bed Simple past 6. ve 8. ci örneklerde belki
kullanılabilir. Not: 5-6 ve 7-8 aynı an lamdadır.
• When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had already gone home
• When we got home last night , we found that somebody had broken into the flat
• Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.
• I didn't know who she was . I had never seen her before

• The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE )
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I had been writing I had not been writing had I been writing
you had been writing you had not been writing had you been writing
we had been writing we had not been writing had we been writing
they had been writing they had not been writing had they been writing
he had been writing he had not been writing had he been writing
she had been writing she had not been writing had she been writing
it had been writing it had not been writing had it been writing

Geçmişte olmuş iki eylem var ve bunlardan önce olanın sürekliliği past perfect continuous
tense ile vurgu lanır.
1. Our game of tennis was interrupted. we'd been playing for about half an hour when it started
to rain very havily.
2. Ken give up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years.
1. The police had been looking for the criminal
for two years before they caught him
2. The patient had been waiting in the Past perfect continuous: geçmişte bir
emergency room for almost an hour before a eylemden önce başka bir eylemin süreklilik
doctor finally treated her içerisinde oldu ğunu vurgular.
3. He finally came at six o'clock I had been
waiting for him since four - thirty.
4. When judy got home, her hair was still wet Bu tens ayrıca geçmişteki bir eyleme yakın
because she had been swimming zamanlı fakat ondan daha önce olan
5.Her eyes were red because she had been bağlantısız bir eylemin sürekliliğini
crying vurgulamak için de kulanılır.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (Gelecek zaman)
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I will write I will not write will I write
you will write you will not write will you write
we will write we will not write will we write
they will write they will not write will they write
he will write he will not write will he write
she will write she will not write will she write
it will write it will not write will it write

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

I am going to write I am not going to write am I going to write
you are going to write you are not going to write are you going to write
we are going to write we are not going to write are we going to write
they are going to write they are not going to write are they going to write
he is going to write he is not going to write is he going to write
she is going to write she is not going to write is she going to write
it is going to write it is not going to write is it going to write

Konuşma anında geleceğe dönük bir eylemi ifade etmek için will kullanılır. Going to ise önceden
yapılan planlar ve niyetler için kullanılır.
Örn: biri paltosunu giydi dışarıya çıkıyor. onu gören kişi will ile soru sorar, çıkan kişinin diyelim
ki o saatte biriyle buluşması gerekiyor ( önceden planlamış ) going to ile cevap verir.
1. He will finished his work tomorrow. Will veya be going to , gelecek zamanı
2. He is going to finish his work tomorrow vurgulamak için kullanılır.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Gelecek te süreklilik)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I will be writing I will not be writing will I be writing
you will be writing you will not be writing will you be writing
we will be writing we will not be writing will we be writing
they will be writing they will not be writing will they be writing
he will be writing he will not be writing will he be writing
she will be writing she will not be writing will she be writing
it will be writing it will not be writing will it be writing

I will be doing something = birşeyler yapıyor olacağım ( bir eylemin ortasında olacağım )
Örn : The football match begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15 so during this time ,for example 8:30
, Kevin will be watching the match.
- This time tomorrow I'll be travelling through france
- In the 21 st century, people will be living to the age of 130
1. I will begin to study at seven. You will come The future continuous tense gelecek zamanda
at eight . I will be studying when you come. bir aktivitenin süreklilik halinde olacağını
2. Right now I am sitting in class . At the same vurgular.
time tomorrow I will be sitting in class.
3. Don't call me at nine , because I won't be be going to nun continuous formu:
home .I am ging to be studying at the library. be going to + be + - ing

4. Don't get impatient . She will be coming Baazen future continuous ile simple future
soon arasında çok çok az bir farklılık vardır veya
hiçbir farklılık yoktur. Özellikle gelecekteki olay
5. Don't get impatient . She will come soon
belirsiz bir zaman da meydana gelmişse.
Not : teklif sorularında mutlaka shall kullan . will kullanma
• shall we phone to see what time the film start
• shall I carry that heavy case for you

FUTURE PERFECT ( Gelecekte geçmiş )

POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I will have writen I will not have writen will I have writen
you will have writen you will not have writen will you have writen
we will have writen we will not have writen will we have writen
they will have writen they will not have writen will they have writen
he will have writen he will not have writen will he have writen
she will have writen she will not have writen will she have writen
it will have writen it will not have writen will it have writen

Future Perfect tense : Gelecekte , kesin bir zamandan önce birşeyin tamamlanmış olacağını
vurgular Örn: 1.He will have finished his exams by december.
2.Kevin's football match ends at 9:15 so after this time ,for example at 9:30 the matcah will have
finished.
3.Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning , so she will not be at home at 9
o'clock.She will have gone to work. ( sally sabahları daima 8:30 da işe gider bundan dolayı
saat 9 da evde olmayacak,işe gitmiş olacak)
4.We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema ( Geç kaldık,
biz sinema ya varana kadar film başlamış olacak.)
5.When their first child was born ,they had been married for three years. - past perfect
Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years - present perfect
Next year they will have been married for 25 years - future perfect
• I will graduate in june . I will see you in
july. By the next time I see you , I will
The future perfect tense : Gelecekte başka bir
have graduat ed
zaman veya olaydan önce tamamlanmış bir
aktiviteyi vurgular.
• I will have finished my homework by the
time I go out on a date tonight.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( Gelecekte süreklilik )
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
I will have been writing I will not have been writing will I have been writing
you will have been writing you will not have been writing will you have been writing
we will have been writing we will not have been writing will we have been writing
they will have been writing they will not have been writing will they have been writing
he will have been writing he will not have been writing will he have been writing
she will have been writing she will not have been writing will she have been writing
it will have been writing it will not have been writing will it have been writing

Future Perfect continuous : gelecekteki bir zaman diliminde bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgular .
örn: She will have been teaching here for thirty years by the time she retires next year.
örn: Margeret was born in 1950. by the year 2000, she will have been living on this earth for 50
years
1. I will go to bed at ten p.m. he will get home
The future perfect continuous ,gelecekte başka
at midnight, at midnight I will be sleeping . I
bir zaman veya olaydan önce bir eylemin
will have been sleeping for two hours by the
süreklilik içinde ola cağını vurgular.
time he gets home.
Bazen Future perfect ve Future perfect
2. When Professor jones retires next month, he
continuous aynı anlamı verir . örn: 2 ve 3 teki
will have taught for 45 years.
gibi. Ayrıca sözko nusu aktivitenin geçmiş
3. When professor jones retires next month , zamanda başlamış olabile ceği de dikkate
he will have been teaching for 45 years alınmalıdır.
1. Ann and Andy got married on june 1.st. Today is june 14 th. Ann and Andy have been married
for two weeks.By june 28 th , they will have been married for four weeks.
2. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class ,
I have been sitting here for a half an hour . By 11:00
I will have been sitting here for two hours.
3. I am getting tired of sitting in the car . Do you realize that by the time we arrive in phoenix, we
will have been driving for twenty straight hours.
4. I don't understand how those marathon runners do it . The race began over an hour ago . By
the time they reach the finish line , they will have been running steadily for more than two
hours. I don't think I can run more than two minutes.
5.We have been married for a long time . By our next anniversary , we will have been married
for 43 years.
THE PASSIVE
Simple Present :
Active : Mary helps john
Passive : john is helped by Mary
Present Continuous:
Active : Mary is helping john
Passive : john is being helped by Mary
Present Perfect:
Active : Mary has helped john
Passive : john has been helped by Mary
Simple Past:
Active : Mary helped john
Passive : john was helped by Mary
Past continuous:
Active : Mary was helping john
Passive : john was being helped by Mary
Past Perfect:
Active : Mary had helped john
Passive : john had been helped by Mary
Simple Future:
Active : Mary will help john
Passive : john will be helped by Mary
Be going to:
Active : Mary is going to help john
Passive : john is going to be helped by Mary
Future Perfect:
Active : Mary will have helped john
Passive : john will have been helped Mary
Note: The continuous forms of the present
perfect , past perfect , future and future perfect Active: Mr Miller hates people keeping him
are very rarely used in the passive.
Active :Etken (İşin özne tarafından yapıldığı
belliyse) Passive:Edilgen (İşin özne tarafından
yapıldığı belli değilse)
Verbs that can be used in the passive :
1.Most transitive verbs can be used in the
passive. A transitive verb is a verb which has
an object.
The police caught the thief
S V O The thief was
caught by police
2. Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the
passive . An intransitive verb is a verb which
does not have an object.
Rodney fell and hurt his leg.
Passive constructions with the infinitive:
Doğru olup olmadığını bilmediğimiz bir bilgi
aktar mak istediğimizde veya bu bilginin
kaynağını vermek istemediğimizde passive
yapıyı şu fiillerle kullanırız :
think ,believe , report , consider , know , say ,
expect , + infinitive.
1. Bilgi şu anki bir durumla ilgiliyse :
passive + infini tive.
örn: The queen is believed to be one of the
richest people in the world.
örn: Mr Smit is thought to be staying with
friends
2. Bilgi geçmişteki bir durumla ilgiliyse:
passive + the past infinitive ( to have + past
particip le )
örn: Cher is said to have had a face lift.
NOT: The passive of doing = being done ,
seeing = being seen.
Örnekler:
Active: I don't like people telling me what to do
Passive: I don't like being told what to do
waiting
Passive:Mr miller hates being kept waiting
 ACTIVE MODAL PASSIVE MODAL
Bob will mail it it will be mailed by bob
Bob can mail it it can be mailed by bob
Bob should mail it it should be mailed by bob
Bob ought to mail it it ought to be mailed by bob
Bob must mail it it must be mailed by bob
Bob has to mail it it has to be mailed by bob
Bob may mail it it may be mailed by bob
Bobo might mail it it might be mailed by bob

ONDITIONALS:
1. if + simple present + simple present ( Genel doğrularda )
2. if + simple present + simple future ( Gelecek için olası durumlarda )
3. if + simple past + would + infinitive ( Şu an ve gelecek için hayali durumlarda )
4. if + past pperfect + would have + past participle ( Geçmiş için hayali durumlarda )
1. if + simple present + simple present ( Genel doğrularda ):
a. if you don't water plants, they die ( bitkileri sulamazsan ölürler )
b. if Mike reads on the Train , he feels sick.
c. if you put paper on a fire , it burns quickly.
d. if the phone rings , answer it . ( talimat verildiğinde özne yok.)

2. if + simple present + simple future ( Gelecek için olası durumlarda )

a. if it doesn't rain soon , a lot of crops will die. ( Eğer yakında yağmur yağmazsa birçok
mahsul ölecek )
b. if we don't leave now , we'll miss the train.
c. if you pass your exams , I will give you a job.
d. if you don't turn that music down , you will go deaf.
e. if we leave now , we may catch the train.
f. if you come to london again , you must call and see us. ( some modal verbs can be used
instead of will)

3. if + simple past + would + infinitive ( Şu an ve gelecek için hayali durumlarda )

a. if I were a carpenter , I would build my own house ( Eğer bir marangoz olsaydım kendi evimi
yapmak isterdim )
b. you would feel healtier , if you did more exercises.
c. if people didn't drive so fast , there wouldn't be so many fatal accidents.
d. if you went to africa , you would have to have several injections.
e. if I were you , I would't drive so fast.

4. if + past pperfect + would have + past participle ( Geçmiş için hayali durumlarda )
a. if bob had asked me to keep the news a secret , I wouldn't have told anybody.
( Eğer bob haberleri gizli tutmamı istemiş olsaydı kimseye söylemezdim.)

USED TO:

1. Used to + infinitive ( Used to expresses a habit , activity , or situation that

existed in the past but which no longer exists.) - used to ; geçmişte var olan fakat şu an
olmayan alışkanlıklar,aktiviteler ve durumları vurgulamak için kullanılır.
1. My father used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day . ( babam günde 40 sigara içerdi )
2. Jack used to live in chichago.
3. Before I had a car , I used to cycle to work.
4. I didn't used to have foreign holidays . Now I go abroad every year.
5. Where did you use to go for your holidays

2. be used to + - ing ( alışkın

olmak ) 1. I must go to bed early. I'm used to having ten hours
sleep a night. ( yatağa erken gitmeliyim ,gecede 10 saat uyumaya alışkınım.)
2. Mary is used to cold weather.
3. I am used to sitting at this desk, I sit here every day.

3. get used to + - ing ( alışmak ) 1. If you come to england you will have to get used to
driving on the left hand side of the road ( ingiltereye gelirsen yolun solundan sürmeye alışmak
zorunda kalacaksın.)
2. Bob moved to alaska. After a while he got used to living in a cold climate.
3. You get used to seeing the sun every day.
4. I will never get used to getting up early.
WISHES:
Wish'i değiştirmek istediğimiz fakat kontrolümüz dışında olan veya geçmişte
kalmış olması sebebiyle değiştiremediğimiz olayları ifade ederken kullanırız.
Future: I wish + past simple:

1. She can't came tomorrow I wish she could come tomorrow

( o yarın gelemiyor) ( onun yarın gelebilmesini isterdim.)
2. She will not tell me I wish (that) she would tell me
3. He isn't going to be here I wish he were going to be here

Present: I wish + Past simple:

1. I'm not a student
( Şu an öğrenci değilim )
2. I don't know french
3. It is raining right now
4. I can't speak japanese
I wish I was a student
( keşke öğrenci olsaydım )
I wish I knew french
I wish it weren't raining right now
I wish I could speak japanese

Past : I wish + Past perfect:

1. I didn't work harder. I wish I had worked harder
( çok çalışmadım ) ( keşke geçmişte daha çok çalışsaydım )
2. John didn't come. I wish he had come
3. Mary could't come. I wish she could have come
Wish ...Would:
Genellikle bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanılır.
1. Şu anki bir durumdan şikayet ederken kullanırız:
1. A dog is barking I wish tahat dog would stop barking.
2. The road is icy I wish you wouldn't drive so fast.
2. Kontrolümüz dışındaki bir olay hakkında çok sabırsız olduğumuzda
You're waiting for the bus I wish the bus would come.
Not1: if only genellikle wish in yerine kullanılabilirve bir anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz.
örn: if only Sue was here . She'd know what to do. (keşke sue burada olsaydı o ne yapması
gerektiğini bilirdi).
Not2: I wish I would OLMAZ
CAUSATIVE VERBS :

1. I made my brother carry my suitcase ( YAPTIRIM, başka seçeneği yok.)

2. I had my brother carry suitcase ( RİCA, rica ettim diye yaptı.)
3. I got my brother to carry my suitcase ( İKNA etmeyi başarma.)

Not 1: make ve have den sonra fiilerin simple formunun, get den sonra ise infinitive ( to ' lu )
hallerinin kullanılması gerekir.
Not 2: Have ve get den sonra past participle kullanılırsa, bu; cümleye passive anlam verir ve
bu gibi haller de have ve get arasında pek bir anlam farkı yoktur, Normalde have ,get den biraz
daha formaldir.
1. I made my brother carry my suitcase ( YAPTIRIM, başka seçeneği yok.)
1. Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room.
2. The doctor made the patient stay in bed.
3. I made my son wash the windows before he could go outside.
2. I had my brother carry suitcase ( RİCA, rica ettim diye yaptı.)
1. I had the plumber repair the leak.
2. Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.
3. I hade my watch repaired. (passive)
3. I got my brother to carry my suitcase ( İKNA etmeyi başarma.)
1. The students got the teacher to dismiss class early.
2. Sam was reluctant , but we finally got him to play his guitar for us.
3. I got my watch repaired (passive)

örn: I really must get my eyes tested . I'm sure I need glasses.
örn: Get your hair cut.
örn: Sad movies make me cry.

REPORTED SPEECH:
TOM: I'm feeling ill
Tom'un söylediğini 3. kişiye anlatmanın iki yolu var:
1. Tom said ` I'm feeling ill ` (Direkt olarak cümleyi almak) - Yazarken; mutlaka iki tırnak arasına
al
2. Tom said that he was feeling ill ( Cümleyi bir derece past'lamak )
Cümleyi bir derece pastlamak:
DIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED SPEECH:
Present simple: Past simple:
I'm a nurse , she said She said she was a nurse
Present continuous: Past continuous:
I'm not going , he said He said he wasn't going
Past simple: Past Perfect:
Tony did it , she said She said Tony had done it
Present perfect: Past perfect:
I haven't read it , she said She said she hadn't read it
Past continuous: Past perfect continuous:
I was lying , he said He said he had been lying
Will: Would:
I will get it , she said She said she would get it
Can: Could:
I can speak french , he said He said he could speak french
May: Might:
I may be late , she said She said she might be late
Must: had to:
I must go , he said he said he had to go
NOT: Past perfect , Might , Ought to , Could , Should , Would - Bunlar Reported speech te
değişmezler.
Direct Speech: Reported Speech:
I he,she
today that day
tomorrow the next day , the following day
the day before , the previous
yesterday
day
two days before , two days
two days ago
earlier
now then
here there
come go
this the or it
that the or it
these the
those the
NOT: Reporting advice , commands , requests and warnings these kind of speech using the
verbs :
advice, tell ,ask and warn + Personal object pronoun + infinitive.
1.You really should stop (advice)
She adviced me to stop
2.Don't interrupt me (Command)
He told me not to interrupt him
3.Could you close the door please (Request)
She asked me to close the door
4.if you tell anyone , I will.... (warning)
She warned me not to tell anyone
RELATIVE CLAUSES:
Bir relative clause bize cümle içinde açıklayıcı bir bilgi verir.
Cansızlar ve Hayvanlar
İnsanlar için
için
Who
Which
That
That
örn: A building was destroyed in the fire .It has now been rebuilt
The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilt.
örn: Some people were arrested. They have now been released
The people who/that were arrested have now been released.
Who , that , which' i baazen hiç kullanmasak ta olur
Who,that,which ' ten sonra ÖZNESİ olan bir cümle başlıyorsa ; who,that,which ' i hiç yazmasak
ta olur. Fakat who,that,which bir öznenin yerine kullanılıyorsa mutlaka yazmak zorundayız, bir
nesnenin yerine kullanılıyorlarsa yazmasak ta olur.
1.The woman who I wanted to see was away. 1.The woman I wanted to see was away.
2.Have you found the keys that you lost 2.Have you found the keys you lost
3.The dress that Ann bought doesn't fit her 3.The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very
very well well
Örn: The woman lives next door. She is a doctor
The woman who lives next door is a doctor ( She düştü yani: özne düştü burada who veya that
mutlaka yazılmalıdır.)
Örn: Have you found the keys? you lost them.
Have you found the keys which you lost ( them düştü yani : nesne düştü )
Have you found the keys you lost.

We use WHOSE in relative clause instead of his / her / their

1. We saw some people whose car had broken down

their
2. A widow is a woman whose husband is dead
her
3. I met a man whose sister knows you
her
You can use WHERE in relative clause to talk about a place
1. The hotel - we stayed there - wasn't very clean
The hotel where we stayed wasn't very clean
WHAT = the thing (s) that
1. Did you hear what they said ( the things that they said )
2. Tell me what you want and I ' ll try to get it for you.
3. I don't agree with what you 've just said.
4. I don't trust him. I don't believe anything that he says (what kullanılmaz)
I don't believe anything he says.
What kullanılmış olsaydı : anything the thing that he says. OLMAZ
5. They give their children everything that they want. (what kullanılmaz)
They give their children everything they want.
what kullanılmış olsa : everything the thing that they want. OLMAZ
WHOM
Whom sadece yazı ingilizcesinde kullanılır ve who , that , which ' in hiç yazılmasa da ( who bir
nesnenin yerine kullanılmışsa ) olduğu durumlarda who nun yerine whom kullanılır.
örn: The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday
The woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.
The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday.
Whom preposition larla da kullanılır ( to whom , from whom , with whom....)
The woman with whom he fell in love , left him after a few weeks ( he fell in love with her. )
İki tür relative clause vardır:
type 1 : The woman who lives next door is a doctor. ( Burada who kadın hakkında bize bilgi
veriyor.)
type 2 : My brother jim , who lives in london, is a doctor. ( Buradaki who my brother'i
açıklamıyor çünkü zaaten onun jim olduğu verilmiş ---- işte bu tip relative clauseler , extra
information veren tiptekilerdir.ve bunlar: iki virgül arasına alınırlar , extra information ,
Extra information veren relative clauselerin özellikleri:
1. Bunlarda that kullanılmaz. yani:
Kişiler için sadece who ,
Nesneler için sadece which kullanılır.
2. who ve which' i mutlaka kulllanmak zorundasın , ihmal edemezsin.
3. Where , whose ,whom kullanışları yine aynıdır.
örn: john , who speaks french , works as a tourist guide
örn: Colin told me about his new job , which he is enjoying very much ,
örn: We stayed at the Grand hotel , which Ann recommended to us ,
örn: This morning I met Diane , whom / who I hadn't seen for ages ,
In extra information clauses . You can use a preposition before whom and which ( to whom /
with whom / about which / for which.....)
örn: Fortunately we had a map , without which we would have got lost
örn: This is mr carter ; who I was telling you about.
NOT: Konuşma ingilizcesinde ise prepositionlar genellikle relative clausenin verb (fiil) in den
sonra gelir.
all of , most of , non of , neither of , any of , either of , some of , many of + whom (people)
, much of (a) few of , both of , half of , each of , one of , two of + which (things)
örn : Marry has three brothers , All of them are married
Mary has three brothers , All of whom are married.
örn: Two men , neither of whom I had ever seen before , come into my office.
örn: They ' ve got three cars , two of which they never use.