Character count.

Flag bytes with byte stuffing.

Starting and ending flags, with bit stuffing.
Physical layer coding violations.
Calculation of the polynomial code checksum.
Continued
Some definitions needed in the protocols to follow.
These are located in the file protocol.h.
Some definitions
needed in the
protocols to follow.
These are located in
the file protocol.h.
1. The network layer on A gives packet 1 to its data link layer. The
packet is correctly received at B and passed to the network layer on
B. B sends an acknowledgement frame back to A.
2. The acknowledgement frame gets lost completely. It just never arrives
at all.
3. The data link layer on A eventually times out. Not having received an
acknowledgement, it (incorrectly) assumes that its data frame was acknowledgement, it (incorrectly) assumes that its data frame was
lost or damaged and sends the frame containing packet 1 again.
4. The duplicate frame also arrives at the data link layer on B perfectly
and is unwittingly passed to the network layer there. If A is sending a
file to B, part of the file will be duplicated (i.e., the copy of the file
made by B will be incorrect and the error will not have been detected).
In other words, the protocol will fail.
A positive
acknowledgement
with retransmission
protocol.
Continued
A positive acknowledgement with retransmission protocol.
In the previous protocols, data frames were transmitted in one direction
only.
In most practical situations, there is a need for transmitting data in both
directions. One way of achieving full-duplex data transmission is to
have two separate communication channels and use each one for
simplex data traffic.
The technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgements
so that they can be hooked onto the next outgoing data frame is
known as piggybacking
Continued
Continued
Continued
Continued
Continued
Continued
Continued
The Address field is primarily of importance on lines with multiple terminals,
where it is used to identify one of the terminals.
The Control field is used for sequence numbers, acknowledgements, and
other purposes
The Data field may contain any information
The Checksum field is a cyclic redundancy code
The minimum frame contains three fields and totals 32 bits
There are three kinds of frames: Information, Supervisory, and Unnumbered
The protocol uses a sliding window, with a 8bit sequence number ( 7
unacknowledged frames)
The Seq field is the frame sequence number.
The Next field is a piggybacked acknowledgement
Poll/Iinal is used when a computer is polling a group of terminals. When used as P,
the computer is inviting the terminal to send data. All the frames sent by the terminal,
except the final one, have the P/I bit set to P. The final one is set to I.
A supervisory frame.
Type 0 is an acknowledgement frame (RECEIVE READY) used to
indicate the next frame expected
Type 1 is a negative acknowledgement frame (REJECT). It is used to
indicate that a transmission error has been detected
Type 2 is RECEIVE NOT READY. It acknowledges all frames up to but
not including Next, just as RECEIVE READY does, but it tells the sender to
stop sending
Type 3 is the SELECTIVE REJECT. It calls for retransmission of only the
frame specified
An Unnumbered frame
It is sometimes used for control purposes but can also carry data when
unreliable connectionless service is called for.