Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 19191934

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Comparative performance of combined gas turbine systems under three dierent blade cooling schemes
Yousef S.H. Najjar
a b

a,*

, Abdullah S. Alghamdi b, Mohammad H. Al-Beirutty

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jordan University for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Received 15 January 2003; accepted 7 December 2003 Available online 24 January 2004

Abstract Recent advances in gas turbine development have led to wider usage of combined power plant for electrical power generation, and made it possible to reach a thermal eciency of 5560%. This was a result of introducing higher turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and other factors. However, this temperature is restricted by the metallurgical limit of turbine blades of about 800 C. Thus, need arises to design ecient cooling systems to cool the turbine components subjected to such high temperatures. The performance of a combined system with dierent cooling techniques in the high temperature section of the turbine is evaluated. A general model of the combined system is developed and used to compare the performance relevant to the three main schemes of blade cooling, namely air-cooling, open-circuit steam cooling (OCSC) and closed-loop steam cooling (CLSC). The performance results of the combined system are expressed in terms of overall eciency and specic power as functions of three primary variables and some other secondary variables, which depend on the considered type of cooling. The primary variables are the TIT, compressor pressure ratio Rc , and the cooling mass ratio Uc . The secondary variables are related to the geometry, aerothermodynamics, and heat transfer parameters of the gas turbine blades. The specic power and eciency of the gas turbine are found to be sensitive to the type of cooling technique used. The combined system with CLSC is found to outperforms the OCSC system in specic power and overall eciency. Thus, it is clear that more power is created when the cooling steam in the closed-loop is not thrown away. Under the given conditions the power of the lower steam cycle with CLSC is increased by 6%, accompanied by 19% rise in cycle eciency relative to OCSC at similar conditions. The CLSC results in 11% enhancement in power and 3.2% in eciency relative to air-cooling. The CLSC is less sensitive to variations of operating variables at part load. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-962-2-7201000x22569; fax: +962-2-7100836. E-mail address: y_najjar@hotmail.com (Y.S.H. Najjar).

1359-4311/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2003.12.002

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Keywords: Performance; Combined systems; Gas turbines; Blade cooling-air; Steam

1. Introduction There is a strong demand for an ecient and clean power generation system to meet the recent energy saving requirements and environmental regulations. A combined cycle power plant is one of the best solutions to fulll this demand. Its performance depends on the collective performances of both the topping gas turbine engine and the bottoming steam cycle. The gas turbine power output and eciency increase with the turbine inlet temperature (TIT). However, the maximum value of TIT is restricted by metallurgical limits of turbine blade material, which should be kept at about 800 C in order to protect the blades from damage. The TIT could be raised above this limit by using especially high temperature materials or cooling the hot turbine components with a suitable coolant. This denitely penalizes the turbine work, but it is more than compensated by the gains in power output and eciency. Toshiba Corporation has been studying a 1500 C class gas turbine [1]. Two-percent better eciency than competitive cycle designs could reect a saving of $3040 million in fuel costs over a typical 30-year life of a 400500 MW plant [2]. The goal of 60% eciency became achievable by Westinghouse and others through an improvement in operating process parameters for both gas turbine and steam turbine, and raising of TIT to 1700 K [3,4]. The use of ceramic materials in gas turbines obviates the need for elaborate cooling passages. Much eort has been expended on the development of silicon nitride and silicon carbide materials for small turbine blades. However, the need to operate the gas turbines at high TIT requires materials of excellent high temperature properties, in addition to the advanced technologies for cooling the hot parts of the engine [5]. Most gas turbines use air as a coolant for vanes and blades [6]. However, there are some studies on alternative coolants such as water, and steam [7,8]. The use of superheated steam as a coolant can provide some performance advantages, since steam is a more eective cooling medium than air in that it can absorb more heat. Blade temperature is expected to be lower than conventionally air-cooled components, and the steam raised in a waste-heat boiler may expand with the combustion gases, it increases the turbine mass ow and also provides a certain amount of heat addition. Most of current developments in gas turbine engines utilize air or steam for cooling. However, steam cooling of turbine blades is expected to allow the turbine inlet temperature to be increased beyond the temperature at which the turbine material can be used without cooling or with air-cooling [9], thus increasing the cycle eciency and power output. In this work, it is intended to study the following combined gas turbine systems: 1. Combined system with air-cooling. 2. Combined system with open-circuit steam cooling (OCSC). 3. Combined system with closed-loop steam cooling (CLSC). In the CLSC system, as the steam passes through the turbine blading, it picks up heat from the hot components; hence its temperature increases. As steam leaves the cooled component, it enters

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Nomenclature bd blow down BRT blade relative temperature specic heat at constant pressure, kJ/kg C Cp enthalpy of combustion for the fuel, kJ/kg Hc heat loss factor hlf HRSG heat recovery steam generator HP high pressure IP intermediate pressure LP low pressure m mass ow rate, kg/s P pressure, bar r pressure ratio compressor pressure ratio Rc s.f.c specic fuel consumption, kg/kW h T temperature, K TIT turbine inlet temperature, K Tb , T b blade metal temperature at any span-wise position, K inlet coolant temperature at blade root, K Tcr eective gas temperature along blade prole, K Tg t specic volume, m3 /kg W specic power output, kW DP pressure loss, kPa DT temperature dierence, K Note: bars over the symbols denote mean values along blade span Greek ec Uc c g letters cooling eectiveness cooling mass ratio ratio of specic heats eciency, %

Subscripts o stagnation property 1,2, etc. station number along the ow diagram a air, ambient, axial component ac air-cooling ap approach point act actual value b blade, boiler c compressor, coolant cc combustion chamber

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cond creh ec ev f fwh g gc gt hp hr hreh hp;o ip;o i o ov m p pl ph pp rec s sat sc st sup t tc th un

condenser cold reheat process economizer evaporator fuel, property of saturated liquid feed water heater gas, property of saturated vapor gas path with coolant ow gas turbine high pressure heat rejected from the gas turbine hot reheat process HP steam delivery pressure IP steam delivery pressure state of a substance entering a control volume state of a substance exiting a control volume overall mean, mechanical pump pump of low pressure pump of high pressure pinch point heat recovered in the boiler stage, isentropic property, steam saturation state steam cooling steam turbine superheater turbine, tip radius cooled turbine theoretical value unused heat

into the combined cycle steam turbine loop to do more work. The steam is not thrown away such as in OCSC, it exits after cooling at nearly reheat conditions and joins the hot reheat steam from heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to drive the IP/LP steam turbine section [2,4,9]. Fig. 1 shows a schematic drawing of a closed-loop steam-cooled combined gas turbine system derived from sketch in [2]. Since no cooling steam is ejected from the airfoils, aside from a small amount of steam leakage through the rotor seals, there is very little inuence of the cooling steam on the airfoil ow elds. Also, the reduction in gas path temperature is minimized, since the convective

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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of combined cycle with closed-loop steam cooling.

heat ux across the airfoils is relatively small. Typically, in the CLSC system, the reduction in gas path temperature is only about 68 C whereas, with air-cooling mixing reduces the gas path temperature by approximately 5683 C [3]. The OCSC is relatively less desirable, and has some disadvantages such as: 1. The stagnation pressure loss due to friction and aerodynamic losses resulting from the ejection of the cooling steam from the airfoil into the gas path with consequent irreversible mixing. 2. Internal losses, as the cooling steam is pumped to a pressure signicantly higher than that of the pressure of the gas path where it is injected. 3. The cooling steam is lost for ever with the stack gases. New treated make-up water must be supplied to the boiler to compensate for it. Thus the CLSC system has clearly apparent relative merits.

2. Performance analysis The intended cooling is suggested to be internal cooling by air or steam using cooling passages of constant cross-sectional area, passing span-wise from root to tip of the gas turbine blades.

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Fig. 2. Temperature prole for HRSG of the combined cycle with closed-loop stem cooling.

Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram for the combined cycle with CLSC. Fig. 2 shows the temperature prole for the HRSG. The corresponding drawings for the air and OCSC resemble to a high degree these gures except for minor dierences. Thereby, they have been omitted for brevity. The general model of a combined cycle will be used to compare the performance parameters of the three systems using air or steam as a coolant. In this model, performance parameters depend on many variables, in addition to the type of coolant. These variables are the compressor pressure ratio Rc , turbine inlet temperature TIT and inlet coolant temperature Tcr . Consequently, comparative study of the inuence of dierent cooling schemes on the thermal eciency and specic power of the combined cycle will be presented. 2.1. Combined system with closed-loop steam cooling There are distinct dierences in the physical properties of steam and air, which aect heat transfer and cooling characteristics of gas turbine blades. Steam, as a coolant is considerably better, especially in specic heat, conductivity. Since steam has higher specic heat than air, its heat carrying capacity is greater than that of air, and it will be seen that steam cooling shows better performance. The detailed drawing of the combined system with CLSC is given in Fig. 2. In this system, steam is used in two ways: rst to cool the gas turbine blades and to create more power and

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improve eciency, and second to improve the performance of the IP/LP steam turbines by putting the picked-up heat back into the lower cycle. Steam exhausts from the HP steam turbine at intermediate pressure and splits in two streams. The main stream is returned to the HRSG for reheating as hot reheat steam. The remainder of the exhaust steam from HP goes to cool the gas turbine. After cooling the gas turbine, this steam returns at nearly hot reheat condition and joins the hot reheated steam from the HRSG to drive the IP/LP steam turbine section to generate more power. The CLSC scheme involves heat and pressure losses but it avoids mixing and pumping losses associated with the OCSC. The steam is passed through passageways within the blade assemblies and through the blades themselves, then it is collected and sent back to the steam cycle as hot steam. Thereby, the convective heat transfer is the only mode of heat transfer. Since steam is not thrown away and no steam is ejected from the airfoils, there is very little inuence of the cooling steam on the airfoil ow eld, and hence mixing losses are minimized. In addition, the reduction in gas path temperature is minimized, since the convective heat ux across the airfoils is relatively small. Fig. 3 shows the temperature prole in the heat recovery boiler including the reheat process, at the design point of TIT 1624 K and Rc 10. Performance at o-design and part load was calculated using a specially designed computer program over wide range of the operating variables shown in Table 1. The salient equations used in performance calculations are briey shown in Appendix A. 2.2. Combined system with air-cooling With air-cooling, the combined system will give the required performance when running at the design point, TIT 1624 K and Rc 10, in addition to the thermodynamic states of the pressure
40 38 Wov , MW 36 34 32 30 7 8 9 Rc 10 11 12
air cooling open-circuit steam closed-loop steam

Fig. 3. Variation of total specic power with Rc .

Table 1 Range of operating variables for the combined cycle with CLSC Design point TIT, K Rc 1324 7 1424 8 1524 9 1624 10 1724 11

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and temperature, P ; T around this system at design conditions. The performance over wide range of operating conditions was carried out by a specially designed computer program. 2.3. Combined system with open-circuit steam cooling In this case, the steam for cooling of turbine blades is extracted from the lower cycle after it has expanded in the HP steam turbine. Using superheated steam as a coolant can provide some performance advantages. In OCSC, the coolant mixes with the gas ow after removing the heat from the blades. In this process, the mixing and expansion losses are proportional to the coolant ow. Consequently, there is a strong incentive to minimize the coolant-to-gas mass ow ratio, [8,10,11]. Since the cooling steam is exhausted with the gas ow to the boiler, some of the heat in the exhaust steam will be converted to useful power in the lower cycle. Performance was calculated using a specially designed computer program. The following assumptions were considered in the computations for the three systems: 1. Ambient conditions: Ta 25 C, Pa 1 bar and ma 52:51 kg/s. 2. Diesel fuel: Hc 42517 kJ/kg. 3. Pressure losses: (a) combustion chamber, DPcc 2% of compressor delivery pressure P02 , (b) economizer, DPec 3% of boiler inlet pressure Pb;i , (c) evaporator, DPev 2:5% of Pec and in superheater, Psup 2:4% of Pev , (d) hot reheat steam, DPhreh 8:4% of HP steam delivery pressure Php;o , (e) cold reheat steam, DPcreh 5% of IP steam delivery pressure Pip;o . 4. Eciencies: gm 0:99, gcc 0:98, isentropic eciency for the steam turbines gst 0:86 and for the pumps, gp 0:8. 5. Boiler conditions: gb 0:8, feed water enters the boiler at Pb;i 6:5 MPa (Tsat 280 C) and Tb;i 120 C and steam leaves the boiler at Tb;o 550 C T12 . 6. Reheat processes: after expansion in HP steam turbine to P13 , the steam is reheated to T15 460 C, (hot reheated steam). After expansion in IP steam turbine to P16 , the steam is reheated to T17 380 C, (cold reheated steam). 7. Feed water heater: open type, and direct contact with the steam. The pressure in the feed water heater is Pfwh 200 kPa and the water leaves it as saturated liquid, but the remaining steam in the LP turbine expands to 10 kPa.

3. Discussion of results Steam is a better coolant than air. Specic heat of air remains almost constant over a wide range from 260 to 1316 C varying from 1.005 to 1.214 kJ/kg K, while the specic heat of steam changes with both pressure and temperature. The specic heat of steam for gas turbine blade cooling varies from 3.559 kJ/kg K at 4.1 MPa and 260 C to 2.638 kJ/kg K at 0.69 MPa and 1093 C [12]. Thus, substituting air by steam as a coolant appreciably increases the specic power and cycle eciency.

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Engine performance, namely overall specic power and overall cycle eciency are calculated at the design point and over a wide range of operating variables (Table 1): Rc , TIT and cooling mass ratio Uc . The variation of performance with Rc is shown in Figs. 3 and 4 for the three systems of cooling. The combined system with CLSC gives the best values of specic power and overall eciency compared with air-cooling, whereas the OCSC lies in-between. This is due to the fact that CLSC does not aect the expansion gases path and that steam has better heat carrying capacity than air, moreover, because the coolant is recirculated to improve the performance of the lower cycle. An increase of about 11% in specic power with CLSC over air-cooling at the same value of TIT is seen from Fig. 3. Furthermore, the overall specic fuel consumption decreases by about 2.6% at design point. In Fig. 4, the eciency of the system with air-cooling initially increases with Rc and later on decreases, which may be due to the fact that increasing Rc will increase the gas turbine output, but the positive work gain fails to compensate for the compressor work increase, and hence the eciency decreases. Figs. 5 and 6 compare the performance results for the three cooling techniques as function of turbine inlet temperature, TIT. They show strong dependence of specic power and eciency on TIT. CLSC system yields comparable performance with OCSC.
53.5 53 efficiency, % 52.5 52 51.5 51 50.5 7 8 9 Rc 10 11 12

air cooling open-circuit steam closed-loop steam

Fig. 4. Variation of overall eciency with Rc .

air cooling open-circuit steam closed-loop steam

48 43 Wov , MW 38 33 28 23 18 1324

1424

1524 TIT

1624 K

1724

1824

Fig. 5. Variation of total specic power with TIT.

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56 54 52 efficiency, % 50 48 46 44 42 40 1324 1424 1524 TIT 1624 K 1724 1824
air cooling open-circuit steam closed-loop steam

Fig. 6. Variation of overall eciency with TIT.

38 37 36 Wov , MW 35 34 33 32 0 2 4 6 Cooling ratio, % 8 10

air cooling open-circuit steam closed-loop steam

Fig. 7. Variation of total specic power with cooling ratio.

54 53.5 efficiency, % 53 52.5 52 51.5 51 0 2 4 6 8 Cooling ratio, % 10

air cooling open-circuit steam closed-loop steam

Fig. 8. Variation of overall eciency with cooling ratio.

Y.S.H. Najjar et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 19191934 Table 2 Comparison of operating variables and performance parameters for the system with cooled gas turbine Combined system with air-cooling Compression ratio, Rc GT inlet temperature, TIT Outlet stagnation temperature, T04 Inlet stagnation pressure, P03 Outlet stagnation pressure, P04 Cooling mass ratio, Uc Inlet cooling temperature, Tcr Mass ow rate of air, ma Mass ow rate of fuel, mf Mass ow rate of gas, mg Mass ow rate of coolant, mac Mass ow of whole gas, mgc Mass ow rate of steam, ms Blade relative temperature, BRT Cooling eectiveness, Blade surface temperature, Tb grid Heat recovered in the boiler Heat rejected from GT, Qhr Total unused heat, Qun Exhaust gas temperature, T7 GT net power, Wgt GT fuel consumption, sfcgt GT eciency, ggt Rankine cycle net power, Wr Rankine cycle eciency, gr Overall specic power, Wov Overall fuel consumption, sfcov Overall eciency, gov 10 1624 K 1061.8 K 9.8 bar 1.04 bar 8.0267% 348.27 C 52.51 kg/s 1.505 kg/s 50 kg/s 4.0133 kg/s 54.013 kg/s 11.37 kg/s 0.451 0.549 800 C 39.1 MW 46 MW 6.90 MW 142.5 C 18.23 MW 0.297 kg/kW h 28.48% 14.56 MW 37.33% 32.79 MW 0.165 kg/kW h 51.23% Combined system with OCSC 10 1624 K 1061.8 K 9.8 bar 1.04 bar 3.912% 348.27 C 52.51 kg/s 1.630 kg/s 54.14 kg/s 2.118 kg/s 56.26 kg/s 12.43 kg/s 0.451 0.549 800 C 41.9 MW 49.5 MW 7.60 MW 146.1 C 22.24 MW 0.2638 kg/kW h 32.09% 14.04 MW 33.48% 36.28 MW 0.162 kg/kW h 52.35%

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Combined system with CLSC 10 1624 K 1052.1 K 9.8 bar 1.04 bar 2.527% 348.27 C 52.51 kg/s 1.630 kg/s 54.14 kg/s 1.368 kg/s 54.14 kg/s 11.36 kg/s 0.451 0.549 800 C 37.3 MW 45.5 MW 8.2 MW 165.3 C 21.82 MW 0.2689 kg/kW h 31.5% 14.83 MW 39.75% 36.65 MW 0.160 kg/kW h 52.89%

The study also indicates that the coolant (steam) ow required could be kept relatively small, and this is shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Hence, it becomes clear that increasing the coolant quantity for example in the air-cooling system gives the lowest values of specic power and eciency due to the direct loss of turbine work caused by a corresponding compressor work and the reduction in turbine mass ow, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. The performance results of OCSC and CLSC systems show favorable results compared with aircooling, due to the high specic heat of steam. In the OCSC, more steam is generated using the waste heat from the gas turbine, the quantity of the generated steam in the heat recovery steam generator increases by 9% compared with air-cooling at the same conditions. Table 2 shows the comparative performance of the three systems for the same Rc , TIT, and blade surface temperature Tb . However, the overall eciency gov in general is about 53%, which is less than the 60% achieved by General Electric [2]. This is mainly due to the use of diesel fuel (Hc 42; 517 kJ/kg) instead of natural gas (Hc 49; 500 kJ/kg), TIT 1624 K instead of 1703 K with GE, Rc 10 instead of 23; and Tb 800 C with Uc 2:5% instead of Tb $ 850 C with coating material and less Uc .

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In conclusion, the performance results for the three combined systems at similar operating conditions of (Rc 10 and TIT 1624 K) are summarized as follows: Cooling scheme Air-cooling OCSC CLSC Uc , % 8.0267 3.912 2.527 Wov , MW 32.79 36.28 36.65 s:f :c:ov , kg/kW h 0.165 0.162 0.160 gov , % 51.23 52.35 52.89

By further analysis, one can nd the relative eect of operating variables on performance, to decide the trade-os in research and development. This is shown in the table below, which contains the relative eect of 10% reduction in the operating variables of Rc , TIT, and Uc on the performance parameters (Wov and gov ) for the three schemes: Air DW , % Rc TIT Uc +2.20 )24.0 +0.86 Dg , % +0.14 )7.11 +0.11 OCSC DW , % +1.65 )23.5 )0.13 Dg, % )0.31 )6.12 )0.13 CLSC DW , % +1.6 )22.4 )0.04 Dg, % )0.29 )5.10 )0.06

is clear that 10% reduction in TIT gives the highest eect on performance parameters. Thus, a reduction of TIT will signicantly decrease the overall specic power and therefore the overall eciency. On the other side, the relative eect of 10% reduction in Uc on performance is insignicant. With CLSC, the relative eect of 10% reduction in the operating variables on the performance parameters is the lowest, which can be considered as an advantage of the system with CLSC over the previous systems and overcomes a serious drawback for any gas turbine system, which is the dramatic drop in performance at part load. As displayed, the eect of the reduction of Uc is relatively small, since the coolant is not exhausted.

4. Conclusions 1. Three dierent cooling techniques are suggested for the gas turbine. Gas turbine cycle eciency and the specic power are found to be sensitive to the type of cooling technique used. 2. CLSC of gas turbine blades gives much better overall performance than air-cooling, and OCSC: (a) Under the conditions considered in this work, specic power of the combined system with CLSC is enhanced by 11% accompanied by 3.2% rise in overall eciency compared with air-cooling at similar operating conditions. (b) Increasing of cooling-air negatively aects gas turbine performance. For an increase of 10% cooling-air, the combined power decreases by 2.3%. (c) CLSC is less sensitive to variation of operating variables at part load. With air-cooling, the combined specic power drops by 24% and the eciency by 7.1% due to 10% reduction in

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TIT. In contrast, with CLSC, 10% reduction in TIT leads to decrease in specic power by 22% and by 5.1% in eciency.

Appendix A A.1. Salient equations used in the thermal analysis relevant to combined cycle with air-cooling Compressor (12): &  ' Rc 1 gc 0:91 13 300 n1=n 1 T02 T01 T01 R c where  n1 n 
c

ca 1 ca



1 gc

Wtc ma Cp a T02 T01 =gm Combustion chamber (23): cooling effectiveness; e T03c Tb T03c Tcr Tb Tcr T03c Tcr

and blade relative temperature; BRT 1 e fth fact Cp a12 T02 298 Cp a13 T03c 298 Cp a13 T03c 298 h13 T03c 298 Hc fth gcc

mac Uc mg mf ma mac fact hence _am _ ac 1 fact _ g m m Turbine (34) [13]: gt 0:9 rt 1 250

wt mg Cp g T03c T04c

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where 

n1 n


t

cg 1 cg

! gtc

Performance parameters for gas turbine cycle: Wn Wt Wtc s:f :c: ggt _ f 3600 m Wn

Wn _ mf Hc

Heat recovery boiler (812): T6 Tsat DTpp T9 Tsat DTap HP steam (1213): gst h12 h13 h12 h13s and h13 h12 gst h12 h13s

Hot reheat steam (1415): and T7 T6 Qec Qreh2 mgc Cp g hlf

The total heat recovered in the boiler (812): Qrec mgc Cp g T4 T7 hlf The total heat loss to surrounding, unused heat (4-a): Qun mgc Cp g T7 Ta 0:01 Qrec HP turbine (1213): _ s h12 h13 Whp m Low pressure pump (2021): Wpl t20 P21 P20 gp

_ pl m _ s 1 Xfw Wpl W High pressure pump (228): Wph t22 P8 P22 gp

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hence _ ph m _ s Wph W I/LP steam turbine (1519): _ s h15 h16 h17 h18 1 Xfw h18 h19 WI =LP m hence; the total network of rankine cycle is _ st W _ hp W _ I =LP W _ ph W _ pl W Overall network: Wov Wgt Wst Overall specic fuel consumption: s:f :c:ov _ f 3600 m Wov

Overall eciency: gov hence gov gh gl gh gl tun gl A.2. Equations relevant to the combined cycle steam cooling Combustion chamber (23): msc Uc 100 mg msc Uc mg mf ma fact Turbine (34): _ g Cp av T03c T04c Wt m where Cp av _ sc Cp s _ g Cpg m m _ sc _gm m and mg ma mf Wov 32786 100 51:23 100 _ f Hc 1:5053 42517 m

Heat recovery boiler (812): _ gc m _gm _ sc m

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Evaporator and superheater (912): _s m _ sc h15 h14 Q12 m h12 h9 bd h10 h9 h15 h14

Evaporator (911): _ s h11 h9 bd h10 h9 Qev m Economizer (89): _ s 1 bd h9 h8 Qec m Low/high pressure pump (2022): _ pl m _sm _ sc 1 Xfwh Wpl W _ ph m _sm _ sc Wph W HP and I/LP steam turbine (1219): _ s h12 h13 Whp m _ I=LP m _sm _ sc h15 h16 h17 h18 1 Xfwh h18 h19 W References
[1] H. Nomoto, A. Koga, A. Ito, Y. Fukuyama, F. Otomo, S. Shibuya, M. Sato, Y. Kobayashi, H. Matsuzaki, The advanced cooling technology for the 1500 C class gas turbine: steam-cooled vanes and air-cooled blades, ASME Transactions, Journal for Gas Turbine and Power 119 (1997) 624632. [2] R. Farmer, K. Fulton, Design 60% net eciency in frame 7/9 H steam-cooled CCGT, Gas Turbine World (1995) 1220. [3] M.S. Briesch, R.L. Bannister, I.S. Diakunchak, D.J. Huber, A combined cycle designed to achieve greater than 60 percent eciency, ASME Transactions, Journal for Gas Turbine and Power 177 (1995) 734741. [4] R.L. Bannister, N.S. Cheruvu, D.A. Little, G. Mc-Quiggan, Development requirements for an advanced gas turbine system, ASME Transactions, Journal for Gas Turbine and Power 117 (1995) 724733. [5] M. Sato, Y. Kobayashi, S. Aoki, H. Matsuzaki, Y. Tsukuda, E. Akita, Final report of the key technology development program for a next-generation high temperature gas turbine, ASME Transactions Journal for Gas Turbine and Power 119 (1997) 617623. [6] D.G. Ainley, Internal air cooling for turbine blades, Reports and Memoranda No. 3013, 1955. [7] O. Singh, R. Yadav, Performance analysis with dierent means of cooling in a combined cycle, ASME Paper No. 95-GT-451, 1995. [8] J.F. Louis, K. Hiraoka, M.A. Elmasri, A comparative study of the inuence of dierent means of turbine cooling on gas turbine performance, ASME Paper No. 83-GT-180, 1983. [9] H. Cohen, G.F.C. Rogers, H.I.H. Saravanamuttoo, Gas Turbine Theory, 1987, pp. 294297. [10] S. Amagasa, K. Shimomura, M. Kodowaki, K. Takeishi, H. Kawai, S. Aoki, K. Aoyama, Study on the turbine vane and blade for a 1500 C class industrial gas turbine, ASME Transactions, Journal for Gas Turbine and Power 116 (1994) 597604. [11] W.R. Hawthorne, Thermodynamics of cooled turbines, Part 1, ASME Paper No. 55-A-186, 1955. [12] P.E. Rice, Steam-cooled balding in a combined reheat gas turbine reheat steam turbine cycle, Part 1performance evaluation, ASME Paper No. 79-JPGC-GT-2, 1979. [13] D.G. Wilson, The Design of High Eciency Turbomachinery and Gas Turbines, second ed., The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998.