CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter deals with the review of related literature and studies that

are relevant to the study. The ideas presented herein amplify the concepts and variables included. Radio is still the most popular source of news and entertainment in the Philippines, despite stiff competition from television and the increasing popularity of the internet. The most powerful radio networks blanket the entire country with the help of relay transmitters in provincial cities and affiliate stations that relay much of their programming.

Philippine FM Broadcasting Standards Parameters Freq. Band No. of Channels BW per Channel Permitted BW Channel Spacing Center Freq Stability Baseband Freq Type of Modulation Type of Emission Guardband Antenna Polarization Type of Receiver Intermediate Freq Freq Deviation Pre-Emphasis Pilot Subcarrier

88-108 MHz 25 200 kHz 240 kHz (monophone) 800 kHz 2 kHz 50-15000 Hz FM F3E 25 kHz above USB and below LSB Horizontal or circular Superheterodyne 10.7 MHz 75 kHz (for 100% mod) 75s time constant 19 kHz

Classes Of Stations Station Class A Class B Class C Class D Authorized Power Not xceeding 15 kW Not xceeding 10 kW Not xceeding 1 kW Not xceeding 10 W

Campus Radios in the Philippines

School University of the PhilippinesDiliman University of the PhilippinesVisayas University of the PhilippinesVisayas University of the Philippines-Los Baos Iloilo State College of Fisheries (ISCOF) University of Northern Philippines Cagayan State University Lyceum of Aparri Isabela State University Nueva Vizcaya State University Wesleyan University of the Philippines Central Luzon State University Colegio de San Jose Holy Angel University Angeles University Pampanga Agricultural College Aurora Polytechnic College Bataan Peninsula State University De La Salle University Trace College, Inc. Colegio de San Juan de Letran Call-sign DZUP DYUP DYUP DZLB DYIS DWLT DWTG PU DWSA DWNS DWUP DWFA DWAP DWHA DWAU DWEE PA PU DWSU DZTC DZSL Frequency 1602 AM 873 AM 102.7 FM 1116 AM 106.7 FM 100.5 FM 102.1 FM 98.5 FM 99.5 FM 96.5 FM 89.7 FM 107.3 FM 88.7 FM 97.5 FM 104.1 FM 107.1 FM 92.1 FM 87.5 FM 95.9 FM 92.7 FM 103.9 FM Location Diliman, Quezon City Miagao, Iloilo Miagao, Iloilo Los Baos, Laguna Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo Tamag, Vigan City Gonzaga, Cagayan Aparri, Cagayan Cabagan, Isabela Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Cabanatuan City Muoz, Nueva Ecija Malolos, Bulacan Angeles, Pampanga Angeles, Pampanga Magalang, Pampanga Baler, Aurora Balanga, Bataan Dasmarias, Cavite Los Baos, Laguna Calamba, Laguna

 Calamba De La Salle Lipa Batangas State University State Polytechnic University Mabini Colleges Ateneo de Naga University University of San Agustin Vicente Foundation University Samar State University University of Eastern Philippines Andres Bonifacio College

DWDS DWPB DYUN DZBA PU DYOZ DYFU DYSY DYNS DXAA

106.1 FM 107.3 FM 89.3 FM 106.1 FM 94.3 FM 100.7 FM 101.3 FM 102.9 FM 102.9 FM 92.5 FM

Lipa, Batangas Batangas, Batangas Abolan, Palawan Daet, Camarines Norte Naga City Ge. Luna St., Iloilo City Dumaguete City Catbalogan, Samar Catarman, Samar Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte

Source: National Telecommunications Commission FM Radio Stations per Region as of June 2012

Despite the fact that FM has superior noise rejection qualities, noise still interferes with an FM signal. This is particularly true for the high-frequency components in the modulating signal. Since noise is primarily sharp spikes of energy, it contains a considerable number of harmonics and other high- frequency components. These high frequencies can at times be larger in amplitude than the high-frequency content of the modulating signal. This causes a form of frequency distortion that can make the signal unintelligible.

KBP opposes plan to add 25 new FM stations. September 2002, The National Telecommunications Commission is studying the possibility of adding 25 new radio stations on the Metro Manila frequency modulation band, a move that the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas is strongly opposing. While the NTC is swamped with requests for frequency from holders of congressional

franchises to operate radio stations, the KBP believes the Metro Manila FM band is already too crowded. NTC chief Eliseo Rio Jr. admitted that the regulatory body was torn between the KBP and the frequency applicants, but its primary concern was still the welfare of consumers. It is explained that adding new FM stations in Metro Manila would reduce the frequency difference between two stations from the existing 0.8 megahertz to just 0.4 megahertz. Existing Metro Manila FM stations 93.1 and 93.9, for instance, have a spacing of 0.8 megahertz. Narrowing the spacing by half will then increase the risk of one station's signal interfering with that of another. The KBP says the present standards should be retained because most radios are not sensitive enough to distinguish between two stations that have a narrow 0.4megahertz spacing between them. Consumers who own low-end transistor radios will not be able to get clear signals from the stations they like to listen to because adjacent stations' signals will always be interfering with one another. More FM stations with narrower spacing in between could only work for high-end digital radios and components. Adding more stations will be good for consumers, on one hand, because they will have more choices. But it will be bad because they would then have to buy more expensive and more sophisticated radios to be able to clearly listen to all the stations. In a congressional resolution, Rep. J. Mayo Almario sought an inquiry into the NTC's policy on granting radio frequency to franchise holders. It said a number of franchise holders had not started operating because they had not yet been granted the necessary frequency to do so. Franchise holders have, at most, two years after getting

their franchises to start operating or they would lose these franchises. These franchise holders can't operate in Metro Manila because it's already too crowded. They can operate in the provinces using the same frequency. In the United States, the standard spacing is 0.4 megahertz, but the Asian standard is still the existing 0.8 megahertz.

NTC moves to open FM radio industry to new players. December 2002, The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is set to open the country's FM radio industry to more players in a bid to fully optimize the use of limited radio frequencies and draw in more investments. A proposed memorandum circular has already been drafted amending the rules on FM technical standards but has yet to be signed by the new NTC officials led by Commissioner Armi Jane R. Borje. Existing rules allow a limited number of players to operate on the FM band, especially in Metro Manila. Under existing rules, the FM radio spectrum is separated in such a way as to prevent signal interference between radio stations. The present gap between two stations is 800 kilohertz. This standard gap was based on guidelines submitted by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP). But with the advancement of technology, the NTC admitted that closer frequency separation was now possible. Due to advances in technology, digital or hybrid sound broadcasting systems of high quality have been made available permitting greater spectrum efficiency than conventional FM sound broadcasting.

Former NTC chief Eliseo Rio Jr. said 400 kHz was already a safe distance between two stations operating in the safe city, assuming that their equipment were state-of-the-art and would not lead to overlapping sounds over the radio. It is stated in the draft memorandum cirular that FM broadcast stations using digital and/or hybrid technology shall be allowed to operate in the same city or nearby cities with a frequency separation of not less than 400 kHz. In a statement (Philippine Star, January 2003) Media One vice-president for legal Sheila Quien said shortening the frequency gap to 400 kilohertz (kHz) from 800 kHz between stations will open the FM band to more players. To date, only a few broadcasting firms operate in the FM band. Ms. Quien said KBP's main argument the change would cause signal interference was unfounded. In fact, it seeks to mislead the NTC. Other countries have long adopted the 400kHz gap using analog technology that is already in use here in the country. As a matter of fact, Media Ones NTC-supervised test broadcast last August 2002 showed no interference with other FM stations as they imply. Late last year, Media One was granted a permit by NTC to broadcast on FM but former NTC commissioner Eliseo M. Rio, Jr. reversed his decision and ordered Media One to stop transmitting after an adjacent station reportedly objected to the test broadcast.

Narrower FM band spacing poses increased aviation hazard March 2003, The Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) has put the National Communications Commission (NTC) on notice that reducing the frequency

separation of FM stations in Metro Manila from 800 Khz to 400 Khz will seriously compromise aviation safety in the country. In a meeting with NTC Commissioner Armi Jane Borje, the KBP delegation composed of its president Jose Antonio K. Veloso, Engineer Romeo Q. Yabut, KBP technical standards committee chairman Rudolph E. Jularbal, KBP legal committee chairman, and Metro Manila FM operators, apprised the NTC that by narrowing the frequency spacing between FM stations, the resulting intermodulation products that interfere with radio frequencies used in aviation

communication and instruments is geometrically increased. This, according to Yabut, poses a serious danger to aviation safety. Jularbal of the KBP added that while KBP members are potential recipients of frequencies that can be made available, KBP members themselves are opposing the move since it is inimical to the public interest, safety and welfare. The KBP urged the NTC to conduct a careful and thorough study on the implications of the reduction of the current 800 Khz separation that is a standard adopted not only by the NTC but also by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), on recommendation of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

Philippines: NTC sets rules for digital radio. Last September 2004, The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is preparing a set of guidelines on the introduction of digital FM broadcasting technology in the country. According to the Kapisanan ng mga Broadcaster ng Pilipinas (KBP), the first test broadcast of digital radio on the FM band in the Philippines could take place this year.

At present, FM radio companies operate at a frequency spacing of 800 kilohertz (kHz). Company owners claim that a shift to digital technology would allow for a spacing of at least 400 kHz, which means that more frequencies will be made available to new operators that could eventually result in cut-throat competition in an industry already beset with financial difficulties. However, NTC officials explained that as envisioned, there will be no new frequencies that will be opened up during the transition period. The present digital technology on FM broadcasting which allows the use of digital and analogue side by side requires that present frequency holders utilize their existing frequencies as well as those on both sides of the analogue signal or the sidebands. This means that the NTC will be maintaining the 800 kHz frequency spacing probably until such time that everybody shifts entirely to digital. Right now, not everybody can shift to digital. The NTC guidelines that are being prepared will set out the procedure on how to apply with the commission for the use of digital FM broadcasting or a migration from analogue to digital.

Inaugural tests of Digital Technology to begin in Manila Broadcast World Philippines, a leading broadcast equipment supplier, will conduct the test broadcast using the In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) technology. Since 2003, Broadcast World has been proposing to undertake a digital test broadcast using an existing FM station in Metro Manila. According to the KBP, IBOC is considered to be the most promising technology for the transition to digital of Philippine FM radio broadcasting, which mainly uses US

equipment. The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has mandated the transition to digital broadcasting and has approved the IBOC technology as a standard. IBOC allows a station to broadcast digitally using the same frequency it uses for its analogue broadcast. The KBP said that this is important because it could still take some time before digitally-equipped radio receivers become widely available locally. IBOC technology permits "hybrid" operations, the simultaneous transmission of analogue and digital signals with a single AM and FM channel. According to system supporters, IBOC technology will provide near CD-quality sound on FM channels and FM quality on AM channels.

HD Radio For The Philippine Shores HD Radio Technology is being tested and adopted in more than a dozen countries throughout the world, due in large part to its ability to deliver digital quality sound and services while leveraging existing analog spectrum. There are more stations broadcasting today with HD Radio Technology around the world than DAB. High definition digital radio, or branded as HD Radio, is a next generation digital radio platform developed from United States Of America (U.S.A.). The term HD is currently mean as hybrid digital mainly due to the combined analog and digital radio transmission, but with separate carrier signal of assigned radio frequency to prevent from interference of both analog FM/AM radio receiver and HD digital radio receiver. HD Radio uses a standard IBOC or IBAC modulation beside a separate 15 KHz analog FM carrier channeling and 9 KHz analog AM carrier channeling, with a rate of about 64 kbps to 128 kbps of HDC audio codec format.

The digital radio transition using HD Radio as well as other types of digital radio platform may not be easy. There were many factors about possible disadvantages of adopting it on both the radio broadcasters and the consumers, mainly due to lack of promotional and informative activities, as well as its possible defects on both transmission and receivers. Firstly, if analog radio broadcasting would discontinue, then most low-budgeted veteran analog radio stations and their engineers would lose their job if they did not re-educate to know how to operate HD Radio transmission. Secondly, most consumers may not able to buy HD Radio receivers due to high-price of its fewer advanced digital circuitry compared to cheaper-priced analog radio receiver unit. And thirdly, the digital sound volume of AAC audio codec content streaming on HD radio was only limited, so therefore most HD radio unit must have an extra volume control in order to boost loudness, aside for adjusting a volume control on most stereo audio unit. In the Philippines, FM radio station DWKC 93.9 MHz in Manila owned by Radio Mindanao Network (RMN) was the first station to experiment the platform to broadcast across Metro Manila started in 2005. DWKC 93.9 in Manila inaugurated the technology in the Philippines with three HD Radio digital audio channels along with its existing analog signal. The station uses high-level combining with an existing 35 kW analog transmitter, a new Nautel 1 kW HD Radio transmitter, with the digital exciter, importer and exporter providing the digital signal component. DWRR 101.9 MHz FM Manila owned by ABS-CBN was followed suit for HD Radio test broacast in 2009, and later DWDM 95.5 MHz FM Manila owned by Eagle Broadcasting Corporation (a known subsidiary of Iglesia Ni Cristo Network Incorporated) for HD Radio test broadcast in 2011. The commercial rollout of HD Radio

broadcast and HD Radio receiver in the Philippines would be available only if both analog FM and analog AM radio broadcast will shut down (even if those stations have a qualified graduating ECE students to operate an installed HD Radio unit) following the analog TV broadcast switch-off on December 31, 2015. The countrys National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) are s till finalizing its regulations for digital FM radio operations. Despite this, several Manila-based stations have already committed to roll out the technology. Network owners are ready to shell out money indeed, but its clear that the market is yet to be ready. HD-R receivers come at a hefty price (around US$100 to $150 or PHP 4000 to PHP 6000). This is why radio, HD Radio, and mobile phone makers are working together to have cell phones manufactured with built-in HDR chipsets by 2012. Already prevalent in car manufacturing, the digital technology promises to give listeners clearer signals and more programming choices. With rising energy costs in the country however, full embrace of this digital technology might still be further delayed. The industry here have been broadcasting in analog since the first station in 1922 and audiences here, still heavily rely on the medium for news, information and entertainment. While HD Radio still seems to be far from sight, listeners are hoping that with this upgrade, stations would consider further augmenting the quality of their broadcast content.

Orayan, Rhenne-Ann A. Bobadilla, Renz Benhar O. Rivera, Jerald B. CEIT-05-702P Engr. J. Aruta