Professional Documents
Culture Documents
vol. LlH No. 41 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, OCTOBER І З , 1985 25 cente
lia and New Zealand, and throughout (Continued on page 12) A well-wisher greets the newly consecrated bishop.
the free world in places settled by
Ukrainian Orthodox faithful.
The episcopal ordination was follow–
ed by the new bishop's greeting to the
faithful and the well-wishers expressing
their joy on this festive occasion.
At 1:30 p.m. a banquet and concert
were held in honor of Bishop Antony in
the main hall of the Home of Ukrainian
Culture of the Ukrainian Orthodox
Church of the U.S.A. Representatives
of Ukrainian community, youth and
church organizations bestowed greet–
ings upon the newly ordained spiritual
leader during the afternoon event which
was attended by more than 450 faithful.
Serving as toastmasters of the ban–
quet were. William Pastuszek and Petro
Hursky, who led the program in both
the English and Ukrainian languages.
The very Rev. Protopriest Paul Hryny–
shyn delivered opening remarks and
introduced the hierarchs and clergy-
present at the celebration.
During the concert segment of the
afternoon program, soprano Zinovia
Staroshchak performed Ukrainian
selections. She was accompanied on the
piano by Taras Rudenko. a seminarian
at St. Sophia Ukrainian O r t h o d o x
Seminary in South Bound Brook.
v i o l i n i s t Raphael Wenke played a
number of compositions: he wasaccom–
panied by pianist Daria Hordynsky–
Karanovych. Completing the Sunday The new bishop with Metropolitan Mstyslav and the Scharba family after the consecration. To the left of Bishop Anton)
afternoon program was soprano Ok– stands his mother, Dorothy, to the right, his father, John.
Commentary
LETTERS TO THE ED1TOR
Oversimplification leads to errors see a Ukrainian flag. Eleven years ago it
in use of historical labels Lauds Mostovych was the same. The only place it exists is
in the United States of America, and
by Dr. George Kulchytsky accepted C hristianit) lrom Byzantium on recollections other free nations, which are not many
and by the 1 lth century. Kiev could in number.
Dear Editor: By the way, not only does the law
Oversimplification and sweeping boast of 400 churches and eight market-
generalizations are perhaps the worst places. Us rulers ^became related to 1 read with great interest Dr. mandate the American flag be flown
enemies ol a true historian. Unfor– almost every royal house of Europeand Leonidas Mostovych's article with flags of other nations when flown
lunately, our school texts seems to one of them, Yaroslav the Wise, was "Recollections: former prisoner recalls on our land and territories, but it must
freely indulge in such oversimplifica– known as the "father-in-law of Europe." life and death in Nazi camps" which also fly higher when displayed with
tions when dealing with the question of But. in spite of its wealth and culture, appeared in the September 8 issue of more than one other flag.
Kievan-Rus' began to decline. Constant
Kievan R us.'choosing to label i f Kievan The Ukrainian Weekly. What caught І don't know where you come from,
Russia." To assume that Kiev, the power struggles, wars against bar– my attention was the mention of the but you certainly are not among the
capital of Ukraine, has something to dobarians (volodymyr Monomakh alone author's camp number. І had recently majority of new immigrant Ukrainians
fought over 70 battles against them finished reading O. Dansky's book that we have met.
with Russia, is to assume that since their
capital is Russian the Ukrainians, of during his reign), and the loss of the "Khochu Zhyty!" (1 Want to Live), the Shame on vou.
profitable trade routes left Kievan Rus' cover of which features a Nazi concen– Helen Slovik
necessity, must also be Russian. This
extremely vulnerable to the Mongolian tration camp prisoner with the number
kind of logic is similar to the notion that McAdoo, Pa.
horde which soon swept across Asia and U 57373 sewn to his shirt. This number
the "peoples of the Soviet Union are all is only 20 away from Dr. Mostovych's
Russian." then into Europe. number. The events described in the
The purpose of this brief article is to
explain away some of the semantic sins
Even before the Mongolian invasion, article are all included in Mr. Dansky's
the city of Kiev, which Russian histo–
Questions writer's
book. Additionally, "Khochu Zhyty!"
of our textbooks and provide a better
understanding of the terms Rus'. Rus–
rians call the "mother of Russian cities," documents numerous other events from
was attacked from the north, from what
opinion on flag
the lives and deaths of Ukrainian
sia, Muscovy, Ukraine and Byelorussia. was to become the nucleus of the p r i s o n e r s in the A u s c h w i t z , Dear Editor:
Russian state. Led by Prince Andrew
The area directly above the Black Sea Mauthausen and Ebensee concentra–
Bogolubski of Suzdal, Kiev was vanda– tion camps. in reference to the letter to the editor
is today called Ukraine, it is this area
lized for the first time and its treasures in the Sunday. September 8, issue of
that has a tradition of close contact with
carried away to the north in 1169. The The Holocaust has recently become a The Ukrainian Weekly signed irene
the ancient Greeks as well as continuous
act is rightly regarded by Ukrainian very popular subject, in reading the Motyl-Mudretzkyj of Sunnyside, N.Y.:
warfare against the barbarian tribes
historians as the act that would give popular press, one could easily get the The writer questions display of our
that streamed into Europe from Asia.
birth to northern separation and later impression that only a certain ethnic U.S. flag, it is just tough that irene
By the fourth century A.D., this region
the creation of the Muscovite, or group was the target of Nazi horror and doesn't like the American laws of
was held by the Antae Federation which
Russian state. terror. "Recollections: ..."and "Khochu displaying the American flag, in no
is considered the ancestor state of the Zhyty!" plainly show that other groups,
When the first Mongolian attack country of the world does she or could
Ukrainians. Continuous warfare against
the Goths led to the decline of the came in 1223, all of the princes except in this case Ukrainians, also endured she enjoy the freedom she has in Ame–
federation but not its disappearance. those of the north (Russia) rallied to terrible atrocities at the hands of the rica, from where did she come and why
Antae tribes continued their indepen– the defense of Kiev. The second Mongo– Nazis. І suspect that O. Dansky's book, did she come to America? if she doesn't
dent existence until the ninth century,lian attack against Kiev came in 1240 published in 1946 by the Ukrainska like-America, why "doesn't she takeTfie"
vydavnycha Spilka in Munich may be next boat or plane back to the country
when they were once again welded and saw its complete devastation. Most one of the earliest published accounts of
former Rus' territories, including the the Nazi concentration camps, whether from which she came? They can keep
together by the varangians (vikings)
north, fell to the Mongols. Rus' proper, Ukrainian or otherwise, it is personal her. She doesn4 appreciate America.
into the powerful Kievan Rus' state.
The city of Kiev, which recently primarily the Ukrainian territory, accounts like these that can bring to Remember, irene, you are in America
commemorated its 1,500th anniversary, remained under the Mongols for a very light other Holocausts. Thank you, Dr. and you do and obey our laws, it is your
was founded on the Dnieper River and short time and was soon included in the duty for the honor of living in our
Mostovych. country. My parents came here in 1906
thus was a natural political and econo– Polish-Lithuanian state. The northern
areas, today Russia proper, remained
mic center of the region even before the ihorSlabicky and my grandfather in 1895, they were
coming of the varangians. it lay on-theunder the Mongols for over 200 years Newport, R.l. only to happy to come here, stay here,
trade route leading "from the varan– and its princes served the Mongol khan obey the laws of the land and lost no
gians to the Greeks" and consequently as tax collectors and administrators. time becoming naturalized citizens of
became extremely wealthy. Once the While Kievan Rus' proper was incor–
porated into the Western world, the
Responds to letter this wonderful land that accepted them
with open arms. Never did they stop
varangians arrived, they established the
ruling dynasty of the Rurikites named north (viadimir-Suzdal, Moscow, etc.)
remained in the cultural bondage of the
on U.S. flag talking about the sight of the Statue of
Liberty when they visited it.
after its founder, Rurik. Gradually, the
rulers assimilated into the local Antaeeast. Dear Editor: They never went back to the country
population and expanded their control The Kievan Rus' state was a multi- they came from, nor did they desire to
over all of present-day Ukraine and national state, and thus it is to be My comments are addressed to irene do so. it offered them nothing but war.
later even north to present-day Russia. expected that, like all multinational Motyl-Mudretzkyj. constant oppression, domination, hun–
states, it would fall apart in time of
The center of the Rus" state as it was І read your letter in The Ukrainian ger, a mere form of existence to keep
known was in Kiev, and thus historical stress. Thus, out of this empire emerged Weekly regarding the displaying of the body and soul together. Thank God.
chronicles refer to it as Kievan Rus'. the Ukrainian nation with its capital in American flag with the Ukrainian flag they had theirdeep faith in God which
Kiev, the Byelorussian state, with its at various Ukrainian ceremonies. І read
The nucleus of this state was to be found helped them to survive.
in present-day Ukraine and the lands capital in Minsk, and the Muscovite, it, and could not believe my eyes, is this N. Postupack
there were regarded as most important later Russian state, with its capital in for real? Weatherly, Pa.
and bestowed upon royal sons in accor– Moscow. Our parents came from Ukraine, and
dance with their seniority. Lands in the Ever since 1240, for over 400 years. they respected the United States and its
north, or present-day Russia, were less Ukraine and Byelorussia had little, if flag long before it became law in 1953 Suggests staging
desirable and rarely fought over (with any, contact with the north, or present- that Old Glory be raised with other
the exception of Novgorod). day Russia. But today the north is given national flags. They were grateful for rock concert
By the 10th century. Kievan-Rus credit for all the accomplishments of the the freedoms they enjoyed. True, they
south, and there is a flagrant attempt to worked hard, but they were free to Dear Editor:
practice their religion, to go wherever
' Dr. George Kulchytsky is on the even label the south as "Kievan Russia" І am not of Ukrainian heritage but І
they chose. And they showed their
faculty of the history department of and Russia as the "elder brother" of the have been subscribing to your paper
(Continued on page 15) respect for this great nation unques–
Youngstown State University in Ohio. because it gives some first-hand infor–
tioningly wherever they had gathered as
a Ukrainian people. The American flag mation on what is taking place in the
in memoriam: vasyl Stus does not detract from any "communal
identity." if not for America, you would
Soviet Union and the countries it
occupies, in my opinion these people
have been neglected and forgotten by
have no identity. Not only can you
by Patricia Scott Oelkers display "your" country's flag without the free world. Because your people are
fear and reprisal; but also that of the concerned, 1 am submitting the follow–
He is not dead, though humankind may swear it, country that opened its arms and ing idea for your consideration.
Though many stopped to mourn him on that day. welcomed you and your family. This І believe as a whole the American
He did not die though God's bright, holy angels country is not "Big Brother," you (or people do not really understand the
Came silently and bore his soul away. your parents) left Big Brother. This suffering which has been going on in the
country has guaranteed you rights Soviet Union for the past 60 years. They
that you did not have in "your" coun– did not really understand the famine in
He cannot die because his words will linger. trv Africa until the recent international
A vast legacy for all was left behind. - rock concert took place.
Though forged in pain - itself a prison - if this expression of loyalty is so І would like to see a similar interna–
it is a sword to rend the shackles of the mind demeaning to you. try raising "your iional Tv event held in the name of
country's" flag in your former homeland. (Continued on page 15)
We were in Ukraine in July ana did not
THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, OCTOBER І З , 1985 No. 41
Performers from u Down Under" bring Ukrainian song and dance to New
by Mykhailo Bociurkiw
NEW YORK - Two Ukrainian
performing groups from Australia
performed here on October 5 as part of
a UNA-sponsored concert tour of the
United States.
Some 800 people came to Washing-
ton lrving High School to applaud a
performance of Ukrainian music, song
and dance presented by the Tchaika
Choir of Melbourne and the veselka
Ukrainian Dancers of Sydney.
Solo appearances by bass Jaroslav
Liszczynskyj and baritone valery Botte,
and a piano performance by Anna
Krywenko also drew lively applause
from the audience.
The Saturday afternoon concert was
the ninth in a 13-city Canada-U.S. tour
that is taking the ensembles of singers
and dancers across the continent.
York City
veselka, Tchaika tour UNA headquarters
J E R S E Y C1TY, N.J. - Members wood-carved H ulsul dish and a book
of the Tchaika Ukrainian Choir and about the Ukrainian community in
veselka Dance Ensemble - two Australia. A second dish was pre–
groups from Australia who are on a sented to Mr. Sochan and a copy of
UNA-sponsored tour of the United the book was forwarded to Svoboda
States — visited the headquarters of editor-in-chief Zenon Snylyk.
the Ukrainian National Association T h a t s a m e a f t e r n o o n , the per–
here on October 5. formers appeared at a concert at–
The entourage of singers, dancers tended by some 800 people at New
and musicians was served a buffet Y o r k ' s W a s h i n g t o n i r v i n g High
lunch and given a tour of the 15-story School.
UNA office building At a reception held at the Ukrai–
UNA Supreme Secretary Walter nian Sports Club after the concert,
Sochan greeted the performers on Mr. Sochan congratulated the troupes
behalf of the UNA and spoke briefly for their performance and thanked
about the history of the 91-year-old them for visiting the United States.
organization. As a gesture of thanks and goodwill.
Later, Ulana Diachuk, supreme Mr. Sochan invited the reception
treasurer of the UNA, told the per– guests to join him in the singing ol
formers that the Australian delega– " M n o h a y a L i t a " f o r t h e Australians
tion at the United N a t i o n s had The performers returned the gesture
invited both groups to perform at the with the singing of "Mnohaya Lita."
U . N . b u i l d i n g in New York on Concert administrator Peter Kar–
October 9. dash dedicated the song to the New
Tour administrator Peter Kardash Y o r k D i s t r i c t C o m m i t t e e of the
thanked the UNA for undertaking UNA and voiced his thanks to the
the s p o n s o r s h i p of the l o u r . He A u s t r a l i a n s ' Ukrainian American
presented Mrs. D i a c h u k with a hosts.
Choir members sell Tchaika records and tapes UNA Supreme Treasurer l i a n a Diachuk thanks performers.
No 4 1
i o ^ ^ ^ T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, OCTOBER ІЗ, 1 9 8 5 „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ .
Son of Amadeus
Fondly dedicated to Myrosia and Sviatoslav Hordvnsk
PART tomyr. Thereafter and until 1821 he Franz Xaver Mozart (Lithograph by P .
undertook an extended concert tour as Karol Lipinski Piller, Lviv, after a drawing by Haus–
if Beethoven had fathered a son who pianist t h r o u g h P o l a n d , G e r m a n y , stein.)
subsequently were to organize musical Austria. ltaly, Switzerland and other Xaver later founded an educational ln– tore onorario."
education in. let's say, Kiev, somehow І locales. stitute of Singing. At the time Franz Xaver died (Carls-
think that son would soon become an b a d , 1844) t h e world of music w a s
object of extensive scholarship. But St. Cecilia Society Stimulating effect rapidly changing. Haydn, Beethoven
Beethoven left such family achieve– and Franz Xaver's teachers, Hummel
ments to another genius, Wolfgang in 1822 Franz Xaver returned to Altogether Franz Xaver lived in Lviv and Salieri, had passed into the ordered
Amadeus Mozart, whose younger son teach in Lviv. T o this end he was hired and environs for a total of 27 years (with annals of history. But new luminaries
founded music education not in Kiev, by the family of the provincial coun– interruptions) and is generally credited such as Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Rossini
but in Lviv. For some reason, outside sellor Baroni Cawalcabo and he lived with o r g a n i z i n g musical e d u c a t i o n and many others were rapidly rearrang–
there (today the street is named after
s c h o l a r l y circles his s t o r y r e m a i n s there. His activities had a stimulating ing the musical map of Europe. At the
almost unknown. Pavlik Morozov). 6 effect on the musical life in Lviv in the time Franz Xaver passed on, in Galicia
in Ukrainian musicology there are To improve the quality of singing in first half of the 19th century. verbytsky was an established compo–
only brief references to Mozart's son, Lviv, in 1826 Franz Xaver founded the While in Galicia, Franz Xaver com– ser, Lavrivsky was just 22 years old
namely in the work of Wasyl Wytwy– St. Cecilia Choir (later, also a music posed a number of vocal and instru– vorobkevych was 8 and vakhnianyn
cky, Maria Zahaykevych and others. society called Cacilien - vercin). 7 The mental works, among these two canta– merely 2, but each was destined to leave
However, much research on the legacy members had good voices and were, tas, two concerti for piano and orche– a mark on the music of western U–
of Mozart's son is now being conducted reportedly, Austrian officials who met stra, sonatas for violin and cello (with kraine.
by the Lviv'scholar D.P. Kolbin. every week for rehearsals. 8 piano), and many works for piano.
The St. Cecilia Choir gave regular The brilliant pianistic figurations pro– 1. "The New Grove Dictionary of Music
What's in a name? concerts in which sometimes 300 perfor– and Musicians," edited by Stanley Sadie
minent in Franz Xaver's music reveal (London. 1980), vol. 12, p. 754.
mers took part. The choir, conducted by the influence of his teacher, Hummel, 2. ibid. See also D. Kolbin's "Lvivsky
He w a s c h r i s t e n e d F r a n z X a v e r Franz Xaver, performed works by his and the classic vienna school. The more Mozart" in Muzyka (Kiev), No. 4, 1972, p.
Wolfgang Mozart, but he signed his father, Haydn a n d his own composi– relaxed quality and richer sonority of 33. Kolbin indicates December 1808as the
works "W.A. Mozart, Fils," i.e. Wolf- tions. it is important to report on the his piano writing, as reflected especially date of Franz Xaver's arrival in Galicia.
gang A m a d e u s M o z a r t , t h e s o n , to very first performance of the St. Cecilia in his Piano Concerto No. 2, however, 3. Kolbin, op. cit.
capitalize on his father's fame. Due to Choir which took place December 5, hint a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c R o m a n t i c 4. "The New Grove..."
his long stay in Lviv, he is sometimes 1826, on the 35th anniversary of the piano style of Chopin and Liszt. 5. "The New Grove..." and Kolbin, op.
referred to as the Lemberg or Lviv d e a t h of W . A . M o z a r t , t h e e l d e r . cit.
Mozart, in this study we will refer to Accompanied by an orchestra, the choir Honorary title 6. Kolbin, op. cit.
him as Franz Xaver. performed Mozart's "Requiem" under 7. L. Mazepa, "Pershe muzychne to–
varystvo u Lvovi" (The First Music Asso–
Contemporary musicologist Wasyl the baton of the eminent Polish musi– in 1838, Franz Xaver left Lviv and re- ciation in Lviv), in Muzyka (Kiev), No. 1,
Wytwycky thinks our interest in Franz cian Karol Lipinski.' This first concert settled in vienna. We do not know the 1977, p. 27-28.
Xaver should be apparent for several t o o k place in t h e C a t h e d r a l of S t . reason for this action, it is true that in 8. ibid.
reasons: first, the very top position of George and was immensely successful Western Europe he was more appre– 9. ibid. Lipinski, a violinist virtuoso of
his father in the world of music; second. as reported by contemporary Lviv and ciated. For his accomplishments, in European fame, became known in Galicia
10
his long activity on Ukrainian territory; vienna press. December 1842 the Congregazione ed later as an arranger of a large number of
and. finally, his interest in the Ukrai– To improve still further the perfor– Accademica S a n t a Cecilia in R o m e Ukrainian folk songs.
nian folk song. mances of the St. Cecilia Choir, Franz titled Franz Xaver "Maestro composi– 10. L. Mazepa, op. cit.
Starts career
To Galicia
WLL AVAILABLE
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vol 1 - The Age of Royalty
hereby informs all organizations and individuals that the administration vol 2 - The Age of Heroism
will not accept any advertisements tin English)
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if previous bills are not paid. Only S2.00 each at the:
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j
12 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, OCTOBER І З , 1985 No. 41
t
Manor opens learning center
JENK.1NTOWN, Pa. - Manor Ju– different routes. One is by recognizing
nior College, has opened a new Learn– that they need help in a particular
ing Center to aid students in improving course: another is on the suggestion of
their study skills and to maintain their an instructor, and the third is through a
We Wish to inform our relatives, friends and Ukrainian community high standard of academic excellence. mandatory referral by an instructor, in
that the remains of The center, coordinated by Dr. the last case, a student must attend the
Madeline Seltzer, chairperson of the center in order to pass a course.
EUHEN1A SKASK1W liberal arts division and English depart–
ment, and Marvlou Delizia, director of
Dr. Seltzer explained that Manor's
new center is a dream come true and has
from the house of Durbak counseling, began operation on Sep– been fashioned after learning labs at
tember 16. other colleges. She also said that by
were desinterred from Glen Spey Cemetery of Glen Spey, New York and reintombed in
Ukrainian National Monument-Mausoleum. 4111 Pennsylvania Avenue S.E.. Washing- Students come to the center for helping students in the center, there is a
ton, O.C. Religious Services were performed by Rev. Fr. Bohdan Skaskiw and Rev. Fr. additional help with writing and read– greater chance that they will be able to
Joseph Denyschuk on September 19. 1985. ing and other coursework problems, successfully attain their academic goals.
1N ETERNAL REMEMBRANCE. explained Dr. Seltzer. Long-range The Learning Center is open from 9
plans include a tutor for every course a.m. to 3 p.m., Monday to Thursday,
offered at Manor, Dr. Seltzer said. and by appointment on evenings and
The center is staffed by Robert Ott, weekends.
English instructor at Manor, and Manor Junior College is a two-year
FOR ONL v 2Ф PER DAY Donna Macphee, a part-time center college offering associate degrees in
employee. Student volunteers from the business, secretarial science, allied
you can t e insured for faculty and Manor's student honor health fields, computer science and the
S5,000 societies will tutor at the Learning liberal arts.
under an Center. For more information on Manor call
Students come to the center by three (215) 885-2360.
ACCIDENTAL DEATH
and
DISMEMBERMENT CERTIFICATE Famine documentary...
five hours of good material down to 55
minutes, and that he had to work with 2
of the (Continued from page 1) million feet of film from five countries.
UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATION One member of the audience asked He stressed that in the making of the
The low, low premiums for new ADD Certificates, Mr. Nowytski if he was convinced by film he was concerned first of all with
issued after Oct. 1, 1983. are as follows: the materials that the famine was a "what was being done to human beings,"
deliberate attempt to eradicate Ukrai– rather than any political interpretations
S6 50 Annually nian nationalism. Mr. Nowytski replied of the famine.
S3 35 Semi-annually that when he makes a film he has to be
S175 Quarterly convinced beyond the shadow of a The next day, Mr. Nowtyski told The
.60 Monthly Weekly of an interesting coincidence:
doubt. "1 believe the evidence points out later on the day of the press screening
Premiums are the same for all members, age 16-55. that it was a deliberate attempt to Mr. Bcucrror-riad told him that his
eliminate those people perceived as a grandfather was a Ukrainian named
threat (to the Soviet system)." he said. Boris Osherowilch, who emigrated
Another questioner said he was from Kiev to Paris in 1905.
disturbed by the English-language
МАТЕРІ, БАТЬКИ, voice-over, and said that he found it too "Harvest of Despair." which was
melodramtic. Mr. Nowytski answered produced by the Toronto-based Ukrai–
БАБУСІ, ДІДУСІ! that he had instructed the actors to keep nian Famine Research Committee with
the tone of their voice-overs neutral, but the assistance of the National Film
that "a couple of them were so moved Board of Canada, is one of 27 films
Ваші діти - внуки, що далеко поза рідним д о м о м (by the eyewitness accounts) that they being shown during the 23rd New York
с т у д і ю ю т ь , відбувають військову службу, чи мають broke down in the translation booth." Film Festival.
інші зайняття та обов'язки He added. "They're human, too." Also in town for the film festival were
During the course of the press confe– Jurij Darewych and Bohdan Onyschuk
не втратять зв'язку з життям української rence, Mr. Nowytski also revealed that of the Ukrainian Famine Research
he found it extremely difficult to edit Committee.
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Залучую чек, поштовий переказ на суму 3
soon negated by a similar treaty signed of Muscovite statements as gospel truth U t t v Pushok'Oy Hubochky OpenechkyKokhjnya Kvitka
Pryrody
by the.Ukrainians with Sweden in 1656. by m a n y W e s t e r n h i s t o r i a n s , in an ' ' IKRAIHKN лшият aaxs a -
W h a t e v e n t u a l l y allowed the Mus– article written in 1915 he cautioned TTTboden Mode CmteT" RECORDS S TAPES
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SHAKE, RATTLE 3.
4.
5.
Discussion of fall Organizational Campaign.
Adoption of membership campaign plan for balance of 1985.
General UNA topics.
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