Functions

Function Notation
If f and g name two functions, the following rules apply: 1. (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) 2. (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) 3. (f / g)(x) = f (x) if and only if g(x) 0 g(x) 4. (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) = f (g(x))

Domain and Range

Domain: all the possible values of x o Mathematical Impossibilities for Domain: A fraction having a denominator of zero Any even numbered root of a negative number Range: all the possible values of y

Even Functions
A function f is even if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f The graph of an even function has symmetry across the y-axis

Odd Functions
A function f is odd if f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f The graph of an odd function has symmetry across the origin

Linear Functions
Linear functions are polynomials in which the largest exponent is 1 o Lines that are closer to the horizontal have fractional slopes o Lines that are closer to the vertical have slopes greater than 1 or less than -1 The graph of a linear function is always a straight line Slope of a Line: m = y2 y1 x2 x1 Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + b Point-Slope Form: (y y1) = m(x x1) Parallel lines have the same slope

Perpendicular lines have slopes whose product is 1 (negative reciprocals) Distance between two points: d = (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2 The midpoint of a segment: M = x1 + x2 y1 + y2 2 , 2 Perpendicular distance between a point and a line: d = | Ax1 + By1 + C | A2 + B2 The angle between two lines, l1 and l2 : Tan = m1 m2 1 + m1m2 o m1 is the slope of l1, and m2 is the slope of l2 o If tan > 0, then is the acute angle formed by the two lines o If tan < 0, then is the obtuse angle formed by the two lines o In order to find the other angle formed by the two lines, subtract the angle you already have from 180 o Whenever tan = (a / 0), where a is an arbitrary constant, = 90

Graphing Linear Inequalities If an inequality is greater than or equal to or less than or equal to, then the line is drawn as a solid line If an inequality is greater than or less than, then the line is drawn as a dotted line

Quadratic Functions
Quadratic functions are polynomials in which the largest exponent is 2 The graph of a quadratic function is always a parabola Quadratic Formula: x = b b2 4ac (roots of a quadratic function) 2a 2 Discriminant: b 4ac 2 o If b 4ac > 0, then the equation has two distinct roots 2 o If b 4ac = 0, then the equation has a double root 2 o If b 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real roots The sum of the two zeros (real or imaginary) of a quadratic function equals (b / a) The product of the two zeros (real or imaginary) of a quadratic function equals (c / a)

Movement of a Function
In relation to f (x): f (x) + c is shifted upward c units f (x) c is shifted downward c units f (x + c) is shifted to the left c units f (x c) is shifted to the right c units f (x) is flipped upside down over the x-axis f (x) is flipped left-right over the y-axis f (x) is the result of flipping upward all of the parts of the graph that appear below the x-axis

f ( x) is the result of flipping to the right all of the parts of the graph that appear to the left of the y-axis

Line Tests
Vertical-Line Test: Any vertical line drawn can intersect a function only once. If a vertical line intersects a graph more than once, the graph isnt a function Horizontal-Line Test: Any horizontal line drawn can intersect a function with an inverse only once. If a horizontal line intersects a function more than once, the domain of the function must be limited in order for the function to have an inverse

Degrees of Functions
The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of any term in the polynomial The degree determines at most how many roots the polynomial will have o These roots can be distinct or identical An nth-degree function has a maximum of n roots and a maximum of (n 1) extreme values in its graph

Inverse Functions
The inverse of a function f is denoted by f -1(x) f (g(x)) = x o The above statement states that f (x) and g(x) are inverse functions o The above statement can also be written as g(x) = f -1(x) f (x) f -1(x) = f -1(x) f (x) = x f -1 is not necessarily a function If f (a) = b, then f -1(b) = a The graph of f -1 is the reflection of the graph of f about the line y = x Algebraically, the equation of f -1 can be found by interchanging x and y in the function f and solving for y f -1 can always be made a function by limiting the domain of f Switch the letter of variable restriction when taking the inverse of f

Extra Tips
Any graph that has symmetry across the x-axis isnt a function because it fails the vertical-line test