Chapter 8

A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool

with Multiple Boundaries
Brandon C. Gegg, Steve C.S. Suh, and Albert C.J. Luo
Abstract The parameter study of a machine-tool with intermittent cutting is
completed for eccentricity frequency and amplitude. The effects with respect to
chip length are also incorporated, such that comparisons of the parameter maps
can be accomplished. Specic areas within the parameter maps are studied, via
switching components, to explain the complicated motions within. In such a case,
the switching characteristics are shown in relation to the eccentricity frequency.
The complexity of the periodic solution structure, with regard to the vector elds
and mapping quantities, is discussed. Furthermore, the traditional denition of a
stability boundary is extended beyond that in literature. The most useful data is the
overlay of the number of mappings and minimum switching force product record.
This aspect illustrates the extent and location of complexity in the machine-tool
model studied herein.
8.1 Introduction
The extent of parameter studies on machining systems are typically conned to
descriptions in the frequency and depth of cut plane [1]. In such a case, the
boundary for stable/unstable motions is dened. Other studies focus on the chip
seizure (stick-slip effect) interaction, where a boundary can be dened in parame-
ter space [2]. However, these motions are conned to limitations of a continuous
system. Typically, a system with multiply interconnected domains is not studied for
chip seizure or other phenomena associated with such a system. There are three
parameters studied herein: eccentricity frequency and amplitude, and chip con-
tact length. What makes this study further unique is the output dimension of the
components. There are typically at least two switching components for a simple
B.C. Gegg (

)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station,
TX 77843, USA
e-mail: barracuda@tamu.edu
A.C.J. Luo (ed.), Dynamical Systems: Discontinuity, Stochasticity and Time-Delay,
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-5754-2 8, c _Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
77
78 B.C. Gegg et al.
steady state motion. The eccentricity frequency and amplitude with initial con-
ditions yield a steady state solution that can be characterized by the switching
components characteristics; three measures are introduced. The typical character-
ization of a steady state response is noted by the magnitude of the displacement and
velocity components at a zero phase measure of the system [3]. In a similar manner,
one of the new parameters introduced herein is the magnitude of the displacement
and velocity state in each principal direction. A new quantity, referred to as MAG.,
is multiplied by the minimum of the switching force product (MFP) components
(MAG and MFP will be formally be dened herein). This unique measure in combi-
nation with the MAG. is a rst application in literature. Additionally, the complexity
is further quantied by the recording the total number of mappings (NOM), which
is also a rst application in literature. Due to varying dimensions of complexity in
this system, combinations of the NOM, MFP, and MAG. are necessary to fully un-
derstand what phenomena may be inducing complex motion. Applications of these
ideas and measures are not limited to machining. Rather, any system which contains
boundaries in their continuous systems can be modeled by discontinuous systems
theory. The ultimate implications of this study are the development of switching
components and their use within a control scheme to produce a specic type of sta-
bility in a discontinuous system. If such switching components can be monitored
in experiment, a control scheme can be adopted to manipulate these components to
avoid such an interaction [4]. However, if the goal is to continually interact with a
boundary, then avoidance of a sink boundary, or in this case a chip seizure can be
completed. As far as this study is concerned, the modeling of a machine tool with-
out control is adopted to observe the natural reaction of a system, which indeed will
point out the requirement of such an approach to achieve robust operation.
8.2 Structured Motions by the Mapping Technique
The mechanical model of 8.1 (A, B) is described by the chip adhesion dynamics,
f
0
(x. t.
0
) = 0. (CAD) (8.1)
CAD denotes chip adhesion dynamics. The dynamics of the tool with no work-piece
contact are
f
1
(x. t.
1
) = 0. (TD) (8.2)
TD denotes tool-piece dynamics. The dynamics of a reducing chip length pro-
cess are
f
2
(x. t.
2
) = 0. (NC) (8.3)
NC denotes tool and work-piece dynamics, no cutting. The dynamics of an increas-
ing chip length process are
f
3
(x. t.
3
) = 0. (CRC) (8.4)
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 79
CRC denotes tool and work-piece dynamics with cutting and reducing chip length.
The dynamics are
f
4
(x. t.
4
) = 0. (CIC) (8.5)
CIC denotes tool and work-piece dynamics with cutting and increasing chip length.
Parameters dening (
i
for i = 0. 1. 2. 3. 4) the dynamics of (8.18.5) repre-
sent such characteristics such as mass, stiffness, damping, etc. In any case of the
dynamics dened within these domains and on the boundaries, the interactions of
these systems with the domain boundaries can be clearly understood by discon-
tinuous systems theory of Luo [5]. The state of the tool is measured through the
( .. ,) representing the tangential and normal directions with respect to contact of
the work-piece (Figs. 8.1 and 8.2). Since the focus of the chip interactions are ap-
plied to the tool rake surface, the ( .. ,) coordinate system is transformed to the
( .. ,) coordinate system,
_
.
,
_
=
_
cos sin
sin cos
_ _
.
,
_
=
_
.
,
_
. (8.6)
b a
m
k
y
d
y
d
x
k
x

m
e
X

e
Y
A
D
2
O
B
Y
1
X
1
Y
eq
X
eq
x
y
F
2
(t)
F
1
(t)
F
2n
F
2t
F
P
(t)
x
y
~
~
d
2
d
1
a
D
1
Fig. 8.1 Cutting tool mechanical model: (a) external forces, (b) mechanical analogy
P
3
( y
i+1
,V,t
i+1
)
y
~
V
P
4

( y
i
,V,t
i
)
~
~
y
Fig. 8.2 Periodic
intermittent cutting motions
P
34
in the phase plane
80 B.C. Gegg et al.
The initial contact boundary of the tool and work-pieces is
(X
eq
.) sin (Y
1
Y
eq
,) cos =
1
. (8.7)
Such a boundary is related to the measure
D
1
( .. ,) = (X
eq
.) sin (Y
1
Y
eq
,) cos
1
. (8.8)
The onset of cutting boundary is
(Y
eq
,) sin (X
1
X
eq
.) cos =
2
. (8.9)
The nal boundary is considered the chip disappearance boundary; where the chip
begins to reduce in length until no effective force transmission is made through the
chip-tool interface,
1
c
,
0
(.
0
. ,
0
) = ,(.. ,). (8.10)
where 1
c
is the chip length, ,
0
is the initial tool position at the switching point
on the chip-tool rake surface friction boundary, and , is the tool position at time t
(see Fig. 8.3). x = (.. .)
T
and y = (,. ,)
T
. The normalized governing equations
characteristic of each domain or Eqs. (8.18.5) are of the form
I

r(t )
-1
{D
.i /
]

r(t )
-1
{K
.i /
] r(t ) =
_
a
.i /
cos(t ) b
.i /
t c
.i /
_
.
(8.11)
where r = ( .. ,)
T
. The damping, stiffness, periodic amplitude and constants noted
in Eq. (8.11) are dened in the appendix.
Fig. 8.3 Chip and tool-piece: (a) effective force contact and (b) route to loss of effective force
contact
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 81
8.3 Domains and Boundaries
The four domains considered in this study are noted to overlap in several areas, and
a formal comprehensive denition is necessary as in Gegg [6, 7]. Domain 1 is the
vibration of the tool-piece without contacting the work-piece,

1
(.. ,. .. ,) = {(.. ,. .. ,)[D
1
(.. ,) (0. o)]: (8.12)
domain 2 is the contact of the tool and work-piece without cutting,

2
(.. ,. .. ,) =
_
(.. ,. .. ,) [D
1
(.. ,) (o. 0)] .
(.. ,. .. ,) [D
2
(.. ,) (0. o)] .
(8.13)
or
_
(.. ,. .. ,)[D
2
(.. ,) (o. o)
and (.. ,. .. ,)[D
4
(.. ,) (o. 0)
_
if (.. ,. .. ,)[

,( .. ,) (o. V ):
_
_
_
(8.14)
domain 3 exists purely during reduced chip length,

3
(.. ,. .. ,) =
_

_
(.. ,. .. ,)[D
1
(.. ,) (o. 0)].
(.. ,. .. ,)[D
2
(.. ,) (o. 0)].
(.. ,. .. ,)[D
4
(.. ,) (0. 1
c
)].
(.. ,. .. ,)[

,( .. ,) (o. V )]:
_

_
(8.15)
and domain 4 is well dened by normal cutting,

4
(.. ,. .. ,) =
_
_
_
(.. ,. .. ,)[D
1
(.. ,) (o. 0).
(.. ,. .. ,)[D
2
(.. ,) (o. 0).
(.. ,. .. ,)[

,( .. ,) (V. o).
_
_
_
(8.16)
The boundaries created by the domains noted in the above equations are
d
12
(.. ,. .. ,) = {(.. ,. .. ,)[
12
(.. ,) =
21
(.. ,) = D
1
(.. ,) = 0]. (8.17)
d
24
(.. ,. .. ,) =
_
(.. ,. .. ,)[
24
(.. ,) =
42
(.. ,) = D
2
(v) = 0 if

,( .. ,) > V.
(.. ,. .. ,)[
24
( .. ,) =

,( .. ,) -V = 0 if D
2
(.. ,) < 0.
_
(8.18)
d
32
= (.. ,. .. ,)[
32
(.. ,. .. ,) =
_
D
4
(.. ,) = 0 if D
2
(.. ,) < 0.
D
2
(.. ,) = 0 if

,( .. ,) < V.
(8.19)
and
d
34
= (.. ,. .. ,)[
34
( .. ,) =
43
( .. ,) =

,( .. ,) V = 0 if D
2
(v) < 0.
(8.20)
82 B.C. Gegg et al.
as in Gegg [6, 7]; where V =

V ,C and C is the eccentricity frequency applied
to the work-piece. The discontinuous systems theory will now be applied to this
machine-tool through the state and domain denitions.
8.4 Motion Switch Ability Conditions
Development of the switching conditions is determined by application of discontin-
uous systems theory as in Gegg et al. [8, 9]. Accordingly, the only boundary which
has the potential to produce a sink boundary is the chip-tool friction boundary as
dened herein. The force conditions governing the passage of motion through the
boundary of (8.3) are
J
.3/
y
( x. y. t )J
.4/
y
( x. y. t ) > 0 on d
34
(passable motion). (8.21)
J
.3/
y
( x. y. t )J
.4/
y
( x. y. t ) _ 0 on d
34
(non-passable motion). (8.22)
Appearance/disappearance of passable/non-passable motion,
J
.3/
y
( x. y. t )J
.4/
y
( x. y. t ) 0 on d
34
. (8.23)
The boundary d
34
is notation referring to the chip-tool friction boundary. The
forces noted in (8.21) are derived from the state and the total forces acting on the
tool-piece; hence,
J
.i /
y
( x. y. t ) = J
.i /
D
3
( x. y. t ) =

,
.i /
(t ) = .
.i /
sin ,
.i /
cos . (8.24)
The friction boundary exhibiting completely passable vector elds is dened by
J
.3/
y
( x. y. t ) > 0. J
.4/
y
( x. y. t ) > 0 on d
34
. (8.25)
which implies,
J
.3/
y
( x. y. t )J
.4/
y
( x. y. t ) > 0 on d
34
. (8.26)
The non-passable motion through the friction boundary has switching components
J
.3/
y
( x. y. t ) > 0. J
.4/
y
( x. y. t ) < 0 on d
34
. (8.27)
which implies,
J
.3/
y
( x. y. t )J
.4/
y
( x. y. t ) < 0 on d
34
. (8.28)
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 83
Fig. 8.4 Vector elds for
passable and non-passable
with appearance and
vanishing points a specic
example

3
(3)
F
y
~

y
~
(4)
F
y
~
y
~
Observe the simulation of Fig. 8.4. The boundary is initially non-passable, but
becomes passable after motion along the boundary; where the vector eld changes
direction. Boundary four, the chip reduction boundary, is a permanently passable
boundary as noted by Gegg et al. [1012].
8.5 Parameter Study of (e, )
Consider the periodic motion,
1
34
= 1
3
1
4
. (8.29)
This motion structure implies that two switching points exist which denes a solu-
tion set. Since there are two switching points, there are two switching force products.
Hence,
FP
.1/
= J
.3;1/
y
J
.4;1/
y
.
FP
.2/
= J
.3;2/
y
J
.4;2/
y
.
_
(8.30)
The force components for this particular case are dened by domains three and four.
The boundary of these two domains is the chip/tool friction boundary. As a result
of limiting the output of the parameter study to one output for two input variables,
only one of the force products can be shown on a contour or three-dimensional
gure. A zero force product is known to be a predictive measure of the system
encountering a change in the motion structure; hence, the minimum absolute value
of the switching force products is recorded as the single output for the contour and
three-dimensional gures. In general, the force components are
FP
min
= min
_

FP
.k/

_
= min
_

J
.i;k/
y
J
.j;k/
y

_
. (8.31)
where i and are the domains bordering the chip/tool friction boundary, and k is the
kth switching force product for the steady state motion of the machine-tool system.
84 B.C. Gegg et al.
Furthermore, the magnitude of the minimum absolute value force product and the
orbit in the phase plane with respect to the switching points is a useful output.
Hence,
Mag(e. C) = min([FP
.k/
[)
_
( .
mn
)
2
( ,
pq
)
2
(

.
rs
)
2
(

,
uv
)
2
. (8.32)
where
.
mn
= max( .
m
) min( .
n
).
,
pq
= max( ,
p
) min( ,
q
).

.
rs
= max(

.
r
) min(

.
s
).

,
uv
= max(

,
u
) min(

,
v
):
_

_
(8.33)
for m. n. . q. r. s. u. v 1. w|. The parameter w is the total number of switching
points in the periodic orbit. Hence, max( .
m
) is the maximumvalue of . out of the w
switching points and so on for the remaining measures of (8.33). Consider the steady
state motion of a machine-tool where the above measures are recorded for a two
parameter (e. C) range allowing contouring and three-dimensional mesh plotting of
the minimum force product component and the magnitude of the phase orbit. The
parameters of most traditional reference in a parameter map are the frequency and
amplitude. The related parameters in this study are the eccentricity frequency C and
amplitude e. The dynamical system parameters for the following results are
m
e
m
eq
= 10
3
. J
x
= 740 Ns,mm. J
y
= 630 Ns,mm.
k
x
= k
y
= 560 kN,mm. k
1
= 1 MN,mm.
k
2
= 100 kN,mm. J
1
= J
2
= 0 Ns,mm.
and the external force and geometry parameters are

1
=
2
= 10
-3
m. j = 0.7. 1
c
= 1.0 10
-4
m. CV = 20 mm,s.
=

4
rad. = 0.1 rad. j =

4
rad.
X
1
= Y
1
= 10
-3
m. X
eq
= Y
eq
= 5 10
-3
m.
The minimum force product noted in (8.31) are shown in the form of a contour
plot in Fig. 8.5a, where the color variation is determined on a logarithmic scale. The
three-dimensional view of a mesh plot is shown in Fig. 8.5b, where the minimum
force product (MFP) is shown to vary with eccentricity amplitude and frequency,
(e. C); respectively. The use of the logarithmic scale is necessary for both the
MFP and the MAG (magnitude of (8.32)). Hence, the contour plot of Fig. 8.5a
maintains the largest MFP in the neighborhood of the natural frequency groups
of this machine-tool. The most useful components of Fig. 8.5a are the darkest
areas, which imply the potential for chip seizure motion. There are apparent dis-
continuities in the contour plot which denotes a grazing of the chip/tool friction
boundary. This phenomena causes the steady state of the machine-tool to jump to
a new orbit with an MFP of zero or nearly zero. Although the MFP, Fig. 8.5a, b,
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 85
Fig. 8.5 Minimum force product study for a machine-tool undergoing steady state motion
with eccentricity amplitude e vs. eccentricity frequency C: (a) Contoure. C| = min(FP
(k)
),
(b) min(FP
(k)
) vs. e vs. C for 1
c
= 1 (mm)
uncovers the areas in the eccentricity amplitude and frequency (e. C) range where
chip seizure may occur, this says nothing about what motion actually occurs. Hence,
the total number of mappings or domains traversed in steady state motion is recorded
in a contour plot of Fig. 8.6a. The lighter colors denote the maximum number of
mappings recorded (w = 30 for the current results). The three-dimensional mesh
plot of the number of mappings is shown in Fig. 8.6b. The number of mappings in
the steady state solution structure is very clearly noted in Fig. 8.6b. The level of
mappings noted by the number one is the motion of the tool when there is no in-
teraction with the chip/tool friction boundary. The noticeable jumps in the mesh are
the areas that have an increased number of mappings which then denote increased
86 B.C. Gegg et al.
Fig. 8.6 Number of mappings in steady state motion for a machine-tool undergoing steady state
motion with eccentricity amplitude e vs. eccentricity frequency C, for 1
c
= 1 (mm)
complexity in the system. A combination of the MFP and the NOM (number of
mappings) will provide perhaps the most useful method of determining whether the
chip seizure motion is occurring in the potential neighborhoods; see Fig. 8.7a. There
are four notable areas that are bordered by the NOMs outline. Region A is that
near the second natural frequency group, where a chip seizure motion occurs in the
steady state motion. The remaining regions (labeled by B) outlined by the NOM
are grouped nearest the rst natural frequency group. Such motions are expected
to have chip seizure in the steady state structure with associated grazing motions.
Furthermore, the use of the magnitude of the delta measure (MAG) and the MFP
is useful to show the growth and reduction of the phase orbit in several planes, see
Fig. 8.7b.
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 87
Fig. 8.7 Number of mappings overlaid on (a) minimum force product and (b) magnitude for
a machine-tool undergoing steady state motion with eccentricity amplitude e vs. eccentricity
frequency C, for 1
c
= 1 (mm)
8.6 Numerical Prediction of Eccentricity Frequency
As a result of the parameter study of Figs. 8.58.7, interest of the phase and specic
switching force components is developed. Hence, the numerical prediction of steady
state motion for this machine-tool is shown via switching phase mod(t
i
. 2) and
displacement ,(=,
t
), Fig. 8.8a, b; respectively. The range of eccentricity frequency
C 50.0. 600.0|(rad,s) is studied with the parameters,
e = 0.275 mm and 1
c
= 1.0 mm.
88 B.C. Gegg et al.
The 1
34
steady state motion dominates the largest frequency span, but is interrupted
by the 1
234
steady state motion; see Figs. 8.8 and 8.9. As noted in Gegg [12], the
route to an unstable state caused by the transient/steady state interference with chip
seizure motion is observed with decreasing eccentricity frequency C. The switching
phase components are noted to nearly ll the spectrum, implying that the motion
may be chaotic. Verication of the introduction of chip seizure motion is noted in
Fig. 8.9a, b by the switching forces and force products. Table 8.1 summarizes the
motions and changes in the steady state structure throughout the frequency range.
Fig. 8.8 Numerical and
analytical predictions of
(a) switching phase
mod(Ct
i
. 2), (b) switching
displacement , for
interrupted periodic motions
over a range of eccentricity
frequency C for
e = 0.275 mm and
1
c
= 1.0 mm
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 89
Fig. 8.9 Numerical and
analytical predictions of
(a) switching forces
J
(3)
Q ,
and J
(4)
Q ,
, and
(b) switching force product
_
J
(3)
Q ,
J
(4)
Q ,
_
for interrupted
periodic motions over a range
of eccentricity frequency C
for e = 0.275 mm and,
1
c
= 1.0 mm
Table 8.1 Summary of eccentricity frequencies for specic motions Cfor e = 0.275. 1
c
= 1.0
Mapping
structure
Eccentricity
frequency C
Grazing bifurcation
of boundary
Chip seizure
bifurcation
1
(034)
n (0.1520k. 1656k| (rad,s) D
3
: 0.1520k -
1
034
(0.1656k. 0.1970k| (rad,s) D
3
: 0.1656k (rad,s) 0.1656k (rad,s)
1
34
(0.1970k. 0.3869k| (rad,s) D
3
: 0.1970k (rad,s) 0.1970k (rad,s)
1
234
(0.3869k. 0.4923k| (rad,s) D
4
: 0.3869k (rad,s) -
1
34
(0.4923k. 0.6k| (rad,s) D
4
: 0.4923k (rad,s) 0.1970k (rad,s)
90 B.C. Gegg et al.
8.7 Summary and Conclusions
The steady state motion for a machine-tool has been studied over the three
parameters: eccentricity frequency and amplitude, and chip length. The prelim-
inary discussion of notable phenomena is developed through sketches and their
governing equations. The steady state chip seizure with a near grazing motion is
developed and observed in ensuing simulations. The parameters maps expressing
the MFP, the NOM, and the MAG were presented alone and in two combinations.
One combination shows the MFP and the NOM overlay; where the motions and
complexity can be clearly dened. The second combination shows the MAG with
the NOM overlaid to express the size of the orbit and extent the motion interacts
with the chip/tool friction boundary. These parameter maps were completed for two
chip lengths, where the motion structure could be observed for effects on the size
and location of unstable/chaotic regions. The numerical prediction of two parameter
ranges of the eccentricity frequency is completed; one for each chip length. Such
is completed to explain the onset of the complex motion noted in Figs. 8.8 and
8.9. This study claims that the measure developed herein by observing not only
a single quantity of the motion structure (which has been traditionally accepted
protocol), but all the switching component in the motion structure and summariz-
ing the motion with several output measures such as the NOM, the MFP and the
MAG. are necessary and sufcient to characterize this machine-tool system and any
interconnected dynamics of continuous systems.
Appendix
The dynamical system damping parameters for this machine-tool system with free
vibration of the tool-piece motion, domain
i
, for i = 1, are
{D
.i /
] =
_
_
J
.i /
11
J
.i /
12
J
.i /
21
J
.i /
22
_
_
. (8.34)
where
J
.i /
11
=
1
mC
J
x
. J
.i /
12
= J
.i /
21
= 0. J
.i /
22
=
1
mC
J
y
. (8.35)
The stiffness parameters in domain
i
for i = 1, are
{K
.i /
] =
_
_
k
.i /
11
k
.i /
12
k
.i /
21
k
.i /
22
_
_
. (8.36)
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 91
where
k
.i /
11
=
1
mC
2
k
x
. k
.i /
12
= k
.i /
21
= 0. k
.i /
22
=
1
mC
2
k
y
. (8.37)
The external force parameters in domain
i
, for i = 1, are
a
.i /
=
_
a
.i /
x
a
.i /
y
_
T
. b
.i /
=
_
b
.i /
x
b
.i /
y
_
T
. c
.i /
=
_
c
.i /
x
c
.i /
y
_
T
. (8.38)
where
a
.i /
x
= a
.i /
y
= b
.i /
x
= b
.i /
y
= c
.i /
x
= c
.i /
y
= 0. (8.39)
respectively. The dynamical system damping parameters for this machine-tool sys-
tem undergoing tool and work-piece in contact but no cutting, in domain
i
, for
i = 2, are
J
.i /
11
=
1
mC
J
x
J
1
sin
2
|.
J
.i /
12
=
1
mC
J
1
cos sin |.
J
.i /
21
=
1
mC
J
1
sin cos |.
J
.i /
22
=
1
mC
J
y
J
1
cos
2
|.
_

_
(8.40)
The stiffness parameters in domain
i
, for i = 2, are
k
.i /
11
=
1
mC
2
k
x
k
1
sin
2
|.
k
.i /
12
=
1
mC
2
k
1
cos sin |.
k
.i /
21
=
1
mC
2
k
1
cos sin |.
k
.i /
22
=
1
mC
2
k
y
k
1
cos
2
|.
_

_
(8.41)
The external force parameters in domain
i
, for i = 2 are
a
.i /
x
= e
m
e
m
sin j. a
.i /
y
= e
m
e
m
cos j. b
.i /
x
= b
.i /
y
= 0 (8.42)
and
c
.i /
x
=
1
mC
2
{k
1
.
+
1
sin ,
+
1
cos | sin .
c
.i /
y
=
1
mC
2
{k
1
.
+
1
sin ,
+
1
cos | cos .
_

_
(8.43)
92 B.C. Gegg et al.
respectively. The dynamical system damping parameters for this machine-tool
system undergoing tool and work-piece in contact but with cutting, in domain
i
,
for i = 3, 4, are
J
.i /
11
=
1
mC
J
x
J
1
sin
2
J
2
cos (cos (1)
i
jsin )|.
J
.i /
12
=
1
mC
J
1
cos sin J
2
sin (cos (1)
i
jsin )|.
_

_
(8.44)
and
J
.i /
21
=
1
mC
J
1
sin cos J
2
cos (sin (1)
i
jcos )|.
J
.i /
22
=
1
mC
J
y
J
1
cos
2
J
2
sin (sin (1)
i
jcos )|.
_

_
(8.45)
The stiffness parameters in domain
i
, for i = 3, 4, are
k
.i /
11
=
1
mC
2
k
x
k
1
sin
2
k
2
cos (cos (1)
.i /
jsin )|.
k
.i /
12
=
1
mC
2
k
1
cos sin k
2
sin (cos (1)
.i /
jsin )|.
_

_
(8.46)
and
k
.i /
21
=
1
mC
2
k
1
cos sin k
2
cos (sin (1)
.i /
jcos )|.
k
.i /
22
=
1
mC
2
k
y
k
1
cos
2
k
2
sin (sin (1)
.i /
jcos )|.
_

_
(8.47)
The external force parameters in domain
i
, for i = 3, 4, are
a
.i /
x
= e
m
e
m
sin j. a
.i /
y
= e
m
e
m
cos j. b
.i /
x
= b
.i /
y
= 0 (8.48)
and
c
.i /
x
=
1
mC
2

k
1
_
.
+
1
sin ,
+
1
cos
_
sin
k
2
_
.
+
2
cos ,
+
2
sin
_ _
cos (1)
.i /
jsin
__
.
c
.i /
y
=
1
mC
2

k
1
_
.
+
1
sin ,
+
1
cos
_
cos
k
2
_
.
+
2
cos ,
+
2
sin
_ _
sin (1)
.i /
jcos
__
.
_

_
(8.49)
respectively. The dynamical system damping parameters for this machine-tool
system undergoing tool and work-piece in contact but with cutting, in domain
i
,
for i = 0, are
8 A Parameter Study of a Machine Tool with Multiple Boundaries 93

J
.i /
11
=
1
2mC
_
J
2
J
1
sin
2
( ) J
x
cos
2
J
y
sin
2

_
. (8.50)
and

J
.i /
12
=

J
.i /
21
=

J
.i /
22
= 0. The stiffness parameters in domain
i
, for i = 0, are

k
.i /
11
=
1
mC
2
_
k
1
sin
2
( ) k
2
k
x
cos
2
k
y
sin
2

_
. (8.51)
and

k
.i /
12
=

k
.i /
21
=

k
.i /
22
= 0. The external force parameters in domain
i
, for
i = 0, are
a
.i /
x
= e
m
e
m
sin(j ). a
.i /
y
= 0. (8.52)

b
.i /
x
=
V
mC
_
k
1
cos( ) sin( ) (k
x
k
y
) cos sin
_
.

b
.i /
y
= 0 (8.53)
and
c
.i /
x
=
1
mC
2
_
{J
1

V k
1
(

V t
0
,
0
)| cos( )
k
1
.
+
1
sin ,
+
1
cos |] sin( )

V (J
x
J
y
)
(

V t
0

C ,
0
)(k
y
k
x
)| cos sin k
2
.
+
2
_
. (8.54)
respectively. The tilde noted parameters can be referred to in the (.. ,) coordinate
system by
a
.i /
=
_
a
.i /
x
a
.i /
y
_
T
= a
.i /
=
_
a
.i /
x
a
.i /
y
_
T
. (8.55)

b
.i /
=
_

b
.i /
x

b
.i /
y
_
T
= b
.i /
=
_
b
.i /
x
b
.i /
y
_
T
. (8.56)
and
c
.i /
=
_
c
.i /
x
c
.i /
y
_
T
= c
.i /
=
_
c
.i /
x
c
.i /
y
_
T
. (8.57)
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stable milling parameters: a Bayesian approach. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2009 interna-
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2. Chandrasekaran H, Thoors H (1994) Tribology in interrupted machining: role of interruption
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