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Roadmap for Power-Quality Standards Development

David B. Vannoy, Member, IEEE, Mark F. McGranaghan, Senior Member, IEEE, S. Mark Halpin, Fellow, IEEE, W. A. Moncrief, Senior Member, IEEE, and D. Daniel Sabin, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractPower-quality (PQ) standards provide the basis for achieving compatibility between the characteristics of the electric supply system and end-use equipment. They provide the methods for evaluating performance, dene equipment requirements, and outline relative responsibilities. This paper describes the status of important PQ standards around the world and presents a roadmap for ongoing standards development. Index TermsFlicker, harmonics, power quality (PQ), standards, transients, voltage sags, voltage unbalance.

provide consistent requirements and evaluation methods around the world. This paper examines existing IEEE and IEC standards and describes the need for ongoing development. II. R OLE OF PQ S TANDARDS PQ problems ultimately impact the end user. However, there are many other parties involved in creating, propagating, and solving PQ problems. PQ standards must provide guidelines, recommendations, and limits to help assure compatibility between end-use equipment and the system where it is applied. The following are basic needs for PQ standards. 1) Denitions, Indexes. Standards are needed to dene the indexes that are used to characterize performance and provide denitions for important PQ characteristics. 2) Measurement and monitoring procedures. Standardized methods of characterizing performance and evaluating equipment characteristics are needed. 3) Benchmarking. Understanding expected PQ characteristics for different types of systems provides the basis for establishing guidelines and limits. 4) PQ Guidelines and Limits. These standards provide the Compatibility Levels that dene the expected PQ levels. They need to be dened in three categories: 1) PQ requirements for the supply system; 2) PQ immunity for equipment; 3) PQ disturbance generation limits for equipment and end-user systems. 5) Application guidelines. Finally, the standards need to provide guidance in controlling PQ and solving problems, including methods to understand the economics of solving PQ issues at different levels. III. PQ S TANDARDS D EVELOPMENT O RGANIZATIONS The IEC is the main organization responsible for PQ standards development in the international community. IEC standards are often adopted by individual countries as actual performance requirements. IEEE also has a number of important standards development activities in the PQ area and is actively coordinating with the IEC Working Groups that are primarily responsible for PQ standards. The IEC has dened a category of standards called Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards that deal with PQ issues. They fall into the following six categories. 1) General. These provide denitions, terminology, etc. (IEC 61000-1-x). 2) Environment. Characteristics of the environment where equipment will be applied (61000-2-x).

I. I NTRODUCTION HE REQUIREMENTS of electricity customers have changed tremendously over the years. Equipment has become much more sensitive to power-quality (PQ) variations and some types of equipment can be the cause of PQ problems. Standards are needed to achieve coordination between the characteristics of the power supply system and the requirements of the end-use equipment. This is the role of PQ standards. During the past 15 years, much progress has been made in dening PQ phenomena and their effects on electrical and electronic equipment. In addition, methods have been established for measuring these phenomena and in some cases dening limits for satisfactory performance of both the power system and connected equipment. In the international community, both IEEE and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) have created a group of standards that addresses these issues from a variety of perspectives. However, there is a continuous need to dene coordination requirements, methods of assessing performance, and relative responsibilities. The IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee on Power Quality (SCC22) tracks the development of PQ standards and has created a master plan to direct standards development efforts in needed areas. In addition, SCC22 has a focus on continuing efforts to coordinate international PQ standards to
Paper PID-06-21, presented at the 2005 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference, Denver, CO, September 1214, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript submitted for review September 15, 2005 and released for publication October 5, 2006. D. B. Vannoy, deceased, was with Vannoy Consulting, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA. M. F. McGranaghan is with EPRI Solutions, Knoxville, TN 37932-3723 USA (e-mail: m.mcgranaghan@ieee.org). S. M. Halpin is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA (e-mail: halpin@eng.auburn.edu). W. A. Moncrief is with Hood-Patterson & Dewar, Norcross, GA 30071 USA (e-mail: bmoncrief@ieee.org). D. D. Sabin is with EPRI Solutions, Beverly, MA 01915-6107 USA (e-mail: d.sabin@ieee.org). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIA.2006.890017

0093-9994/$25.00 2007 IEEE

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3) Limits. Emission limits dene the allowable levels of disturbances that can be caused by equipment connected to the power system. These standards were formerly the IEC 555 series but now are numbered 61000-3-x. For instance, IEC 555-2 has now become IEC 61000-3-2. 4) Testing and Measurement Techniques. These provide detailed guidelines for measurement equipment and test procedures to assure compliance with the other parts of the standards (61000-4-x). 5) Installation and Mitigation Guidelines. These are designed to provide guidance in application of equipment, such as lters, power conditioning equipment, surge suppressors, etc., to solve PQ problems (61000-5-x). 6) Generic and Product Standards. These will dene immunity levels required for equipment in general categories or for specic types of equipment (61000-6-x). The following working groups of IEC SC77A are actively developing these standards. 1) Working Group 1Harmonics and other Low-frequency Disturbances. Focus on limits and methods of measurement for harmonics and interharmonics. 2) Working Group 2Voltage Fluctuations (icker) and other Low-Frequency Disturbances. Develops limits for voltage uctuations caused by end-user equipment and methods of measurement as appropriate. This working group will be working on an update to the document on reference impedances that can be used for evaluating the impact of equipment on the system. 3) Working Group 6Low-Frequency Immunity Tests. Develops testing procedures for evaluating equipment immunity from PQ variations. 4) Working Group 8Electromagnetic Interference Related to the Network Frequency. This group is addressing the full range of PQ phenomena on the network and the interaction issues with consumers. 5) Working Group 9PQ Measurement Methods. Currently, developing IEC 61000-4-30, an overall guide dening the requirements for PQ monitoring equipment. In the United States, standards are developed by the IEEE, American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and equipment manufacturer organizations, such as the National Electric Manufacturing Association. There are also safety-related standards, like the National Electrical Code. IEEE standards generally do not specify requirements for equipment. These standards tend to be more application oriented, like IEEE Standard 519-1992, which provides recommendations to limit harmonic distortion levels on the overall power system. The SCC22 was created in 1991 as a coordinating body for PQ standards in IEEE. Historically this committee met at both Power Engineering Society meetings and the Industry Application Society Annual Meeting to help coordinate the standards activities under way in each of these societies. In addition, SCC22 sponsored standards efforts when no Society Committee sponsor was available. Recently, a Power Quality Subcommittee was created under the Transmission and Distribution Committee of the Power Engineering Society to sponsor individual working groups and task forces that are developing

Fig. 1. Concept of compatibility level dening steady-state PQ characteristics that results in compatibility between supply system and end-use equipment.

standards. Ownership for several of the SCC22 sponsored standards Working Groups was transferred to this new Subcommittee. This new subcommittee coordinates closely with SCC 22. SCC22 membership is composed of persons actively involved in PQ standards development and represents a variety of industry segments. A listing of some of the important PQ standards activities in IEEE is provided in the Appendix. IV. S TEADY -S TATE PQ C HARACTERISTICS PQ characteristics and requirements are divided into two broad categoriessteady-state, or continuous, characteristics and disturbances. Steady-state characteristics dene the requirements for the normal voltage supplied from the power system and the relative responsibilities of the supply system and end users and equipment in maintaining the required quality of the voltage. Disturbances, on the other hand, occur randomly and different methods of describing performance and coordination requirements are needed. For steady-state PQ characteristics (voltage regulation, unbalance, harmonics, icker), the levels on the supply system are coordinated with the characteristics of equipment to dene compatibility levels. Steady-state characteristics are characterized with trends and statistical distributions of the quantity being evaluated. Understanding that these characteristics are not dened with a single value but represent a range of values with a probability distribution is very important. The concept is illustrated in Fig. 1. The concept of compatibility levels in Fig. 1 can be expanded to introduce related levels for evaluation of performance. Some important PQ levels that are described in the standards include the following. 1) Compatibility levels. These dene the basic expectation for performance of the supply system. Therefore, they can provide the basis for manufacturers to design equipment for immunity to supply system PQ variations. Requirements for regulation of the steady-state voltage have been in place for power systems around the world for many years. New standards, such as the EuroNorm EN 50160, Physical characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems dene the requirements in other PQ

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Fig. 2. Illustration of a measured trend for a PQ characteristic compared to different levels dened for assessing performance.

120/240-V system voltage. Protective devices may operate to remove the equipment from service outside of this range. European limits are specied in EN 50160 [4]. Limits for supply voltage magnitude variations are specied for lowvoltage (LV) systems. The supply voltage rms magnitude, whether line-to-neutral, or line-to-line, should be within 10% for 95% of a week. Voltage magnitudes are characterized by a measurement period of 10 min. The evaluation procedure is that 95% of the 10-min values for one week should be within the specied limits. These limits are based on the compatibility levels specied in IEC 61000-2-2 [1], 61000-2-4 [2], and 610002-8 [3] and also discussed further in [5]. In general, all 10-min mean rms values of supply voltage are expected to be within +10%/15%, excluding dips, interruptions and overvoltages. B. Voltage Unbalance The most recent version of ANSI C84.1 [11] includes recommended limits for voltage unbalance on the power system. In the ANSI Standard, unbalance is a steady-state quantity dened as the maximum deviation from the average of the three phase voltages or currents, divided by the average of the three phase voltages or currents, expressed in percent. In the international standards, unbalance is more commonly dened as the ratio of the negative sequence component to the positive sequence component. The primary source of voltage unbalance less than 2% is unbalanced single-phase loads on a three-phase circuit. Voltage unbalance can also be the result of capacitor bank anomalies, such as a blown fuse on one phase of a three-phase bank. Severe voltage unbalance (greater than 5%) can result from singlephasing conditions. Voltage unbalance is most important for three phase motor loads. ANSI C84.1 recommends that the maximum voltage unbalance measured at the meter under no load conditions should be 3%. Unbalance greater than this can result in signicant motor heating and failure if there are not unbalance protection circuits to protect the motor. The EN 50160 limit for unbalance is 2% for normal systems, based on the compatibility levels specied in IEC 61000-2-2. A limit of 3% applies on systems with single-phase loads. For evaluation, unbalance levels are characterized in 10-min periods. For compliance, 95% of these 10-min values should be within the limits in a one-week measurement period. C. Harmonics Harmonic voltage distortion results from the interaction of harmonic currents (created by nonlinear loads and other nonlinear devices on the power system) with the system impedance. The harmonic standard, IEEE Standard 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems [7], has proposed two way responsibility for controlling harmonic levels on the power system. End users must limit the harmonic currents injected onto the power system. The power supplier will control the harmonic voltage distortion by making sure system resonant conditions do not cause excessive magnication of the harmonic levels.

categories (harmonics, voltage uctuations, unbalance, interruptions, voltage dips). The requirements for system performance in these different categories are known as voltage characteristics. 2) Planning limits. Planning limits are established by utilities for comparison with actual PQ levels. Measured PQ levels that exceed the planning levels are an indication of a possible problem on the system that should be addressed. There should be some margin between planning levels and required voltage characteristics. 3) Equipment Immunity Characteristics. The equipment immunity levels should be coordinated with the voltage characteristics to make sure that the equipment can operate under the full range of possible PQ levels. There should be some margin between the equipment immunity levels and the voltage characteristics. Fig. 2 shows these levels with a trend of measured data for an actual PQ characteristic. Note that this could be any of the steady-state PQ quantitiesvoltage deviations, unbalance, harmonics, icker. It is worthwhile to consider the status of standards and needs for standards development briey in each of these categories. A. Voltage Regulation There is no such thing as steady state on the power system. Loads are continually changing and the power system is continually adjusting to these changes. All of these changes and adjustments result in voltage variations that are referred to as long duration voltage variations. These can be undervoltages or overvoltages, depending on the specic circuit conditions. Characteristics of the steady-state voltage are best expressed with long duration proles and statistics. Important characteristics include the voltage magnitude and unbalance. According to the latest draft of IEEE Standard P1159, IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Power Quality, long duration variations are considered to be present when the limits are exceeded for greater than 1 min. Most end-use equipment is not very sensitive to these voltage variations, as long as they are within reasonable limits. ANSI C84.1-1995 [11] species steady-state voltage tolerances expected on a power system. It recommends that equipment be designed to operate with acceptable performance under extreme steady-state conditions of +6% and 13% of nominal

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TABLE I HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION LIMITS FROM IEEE STANDARD 519-1992

TABLE II HARMONIC CURRENT LIMITS FOR INDIVIDUAL END USERS FROM IEEE STANDARD 519-1992 (EXPRESSED IN PERCENT OF THE RATED LOAD CURRENT IL )

Harmonic distortion levels can be characterized by the complete harmonic spectrum with magnitudes and phase angles of each individual harmonic component. It is also common to use a single quantity, the total harmonic distortion (THD), as a measure of the magnitude of harmonic distortion. For currents, the distortion values must be referred to a constant base (e.g., the rated load current or demand current) rather than the fundamental component. This provides a constant reference while the fundamental can vary over a wide range. Harmonic evaluations often involve a combination of measurements and analysis (possibly simulations). It is important to understand that harmonics are a continuous phenomena, rather than a disturbance (like a transient). Because harmonics are continuous, they are best characterized by measurements over time so that the time variations and the statistical characteristics can be determined. These characteristics describing the harmonic variations over time should be determined along with snapshots of the actual waveforms and harmonic spectrums at particular operating points. Harmonic evaluations on the utility system involve procedures to make sure that the quality of the voltage supplied to all customers is acceptable. IEEE Standard 519-1992 provides guidelines for acceptable levels of voltage distortion on the utility system (Table I). Note that recommended limits are provided for the maximum individual harmonic component and for the THD. These voltage distortion limits apply at the point of common coupling (PCC), which will be on the medium voltage system for most industrial and commercial customers. The concept of the PCC and many other questions related to the application of harmonic limits are addressed in an application guide for ap-

plying harmonic limits that is currently being nalizedIEEE Standard 519.1 [18]. Note that higher voltage distortion levels may be appropriate within the end-user facility and this is being addressed in the revision effort for IEEE Standard 519. Most end-use equipment is not affected by voltage distortion levels below 8%. In fact, the compatibility level for voltage distortion on LV and MV systems specied in IEC 61000-2-2 is 8% (this is the voltage distortion level that should be exceeded less than 5% of the time). Most harmonic problems occur at the end-user level, rather than on the utility supply system. Most nonlinear devices are located within end-user facilities and the highest voltage distortion levels occur close to the sources of harmonics. The most signicant problems occur when an end user has nonlinear loads and also has power factor correction capacitors that result in resonance conditions. In order to maintain acceptable levels of voltage distortion, harmonic current limits at the PCC are described in IEEE Standard 519 as well. These are summarized in Table II. There are a number of important concepts introduced in these current limits. For instance, the harmonic limits are dependent on the strength of the system where the customer is connected (ratio of IL to the short circuit current, ISC ). Also, a new quantity called the total demand distortion (TDD) is introduced as follows:

TDD =

n=2

2 In

IL

100%

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where In n IL magnitude of individual harmonic components (rms amps); harmonic order; maximum demand load current (rms amps).

International compatibility levels for harmonics are specied in IEC 61000-2-2. These are used to develop utility limits in EN 50160, in IEC Standard 61000-3-6 [6], and in G5/4 [8]. EN 50160 species limits for individual harmonic components up to the 25th and for the THD. The limits are not as strict as the recommended limits in IEEE Standard 519 and some efforts to coordinate these limits are under way in the next revision to IEEE Standard 519. For instance, the limit for THD is 8%. These limits are evaluated using a measurement procedure dened in IEC 61000-4-7 [19]. This involves calculating harmonic values in 3-s periods and then combining these 3-s values to obtain 10-min values. The limits should be met by 95% of the 10-min values during an assessment period of one week. One of the most important standards coordination efforts needed in the harmonics area is to achieve more of a consensus on methods and indexes for measuring and characterizing harmonic levels using statistical procedures. D. Flicker Voltage uctuations are systematic variations of the voltage or a series of random voltage changes, the magnitude of which does not normally exceed the voltage ranges specied by ANSI C84.1. These uctuations are often referred to as icker. They are characterized by the magnitude of the voltage changes and the frequency with which they occur. A plot of the rms voltage magnitude versus time can be used to illustrate the variations. The most important impact of these uctuations is that they cause variations in the light output of various lighting sources. Sensitivity curves have been developed for incandescent lighting that show how the voltage uctuations can cause unacceptable variations in the light output. These sensitivity curves were used to specify a measurement device that can characterize the potential for voltage variations to cause unacceptable light icker. This measurement device (the ickermeter) has been standardized in IEC 61000-4-15 [20] and is now the international standard for measuring voltage uctuations and icker. The original ickermeter specication was based on the effects of voltage uctuations on a 60-W incandescent light on 230-V systems. A 60-W incandescent light bulb designed for 120 V is not as sensitive to the same voltage uctuations because the lament is larger (longer time constant) to handle the higher current levels associated with the same watt rating. As a result, an additional weighting curve was developed for 120-V applications, which are more common in North America. The 120- and 230-V weighting curves are compared in Fig. 3. In North America, the icker measuring procedure should use the method standardized in IEC 61000-4-15 [20] with the 120-V weighting curve employed. This has now been formalized in an IEEE standardIEEE Standard 1453 [10].

Fig. 3. Comparison of 120- and 230-V weighting curves for ickermeter calculations.

Output from the ickermeter consists of two basic quantities. 1) The short-term icker severity Pst . A Pst value is obtained every 10 min. There are 144 Pst samples each day. Pst is a per-unitized quantity where 1 per unit represents a icker severity that should correspond approximately to objectionable icker in 40-W incandescent lights. 2) The long-term icker severity Plt . Each Plt value is calculated from 12 successive Pst values using the following formula: Plt =
3

1 12

12 j =1

3 . Pst j

Each of these two basic quantities can be characterized in terms of their statistics. The following statistical quantities are recommended in a recent report prepared by the Conference Internationale des Grands Reseaux Electriques C4.07 Task Force [23]. They should be calculated after measuring over a period of time, recommended to be at least one week. 1) Pst95% is the Pst level that is exceeded 5% of the time. This value is compared with planning levels for the system being evaluated. 2) Pst99% is the Pst level that is exceeded 1% of the time. This would be compared with planning levels with some margin (e.g., planning levels times 1.01.5). 3) Plt95% is the Plt level that is exceeded 5% of the time. This is the value that is compared to voltage characteristics (limits). IEC developed standard 61000-3-7, Assessment of Emission Limits for Fluctuating Loads in MV and HV Power Systems [9] to provide a procedure for assessing icker levels and applying limits at individual end users connected to the high-voltage (HV) system. This standard was developed in close cooperation with both the United States and Canada and includes the 120-V weighting curve described above for the North America systems.

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Fig. 4. Example of a voltage sag characterized by an rms voltage plot (and an actual waveform plot).

V. S TANDARDS FOR PQ D ISTURBANCES AND R ELIABILITY Disturbances are events that do not occur on a regular basis but can impact the performance of equipment [15]. They include transients, voltage variations (sags swells), and interruptions. Interruptions that last more than 1 min (sometimes 5 min) are usually referred to as outages and are included in reliability statistics. Short interruptions are classied with PQ variations. A. Voltage Sags and Interruptions Voltage sags fall in the category of short duration voltage variations. According to IEEE Standard 1159 and IEC denitions [13] and [14], these include variations in the fundamental frequency voltage that last less than 1 min. These variations are best characterized by plots of the rms voltage versus time (Fig. 4) but it is often sufcient to describe them by a voltage magnitude and a duration that the voltage is outside of specied thresholds. It is usually not necessary to have detailed waveform plots since the rms voltage magnitude is of primary interest. The voltage variations can be a momentary LV (voltage sag), HV (voltage swell), or loss of voltage (interruption). IEEE Standard 1159 species durations for instantaneous, momentary, and temporary disturbances. Voltage sags are typically caused by a fault somewhere on the power system. The voltage sag occurs over a signicant area while the fault is actually on the system. As soon as a fault is cleared by a protective device, voltage returns to normal on most parts of the system, except the specic line or section that is actually faulted. The typical duration for a transmission system fault is about six cycles. Distribution system faults can have signicantly longer durations, depending on the protection philosophy. The voltage magnitude during the fault will depend on the distance from the fault, the type of fault, and the system characteristics. End users can evaluate the economics of power conditioning equipment if they have information describing the expected system voltage sag performance. A complete methodology for this evaluation is provided in IEEE Standard 1346 [21]. The

expected voltage sag performance from the supply system is used in combination with equipment sensitivity characteristics to estimate the number of times per year that a process will be disrupted. Fig. 5 illustrates the contour plot method of characterizing system performance for these evaluations. There is considerable standards work under way to dene indexes for characterizing voltage sag performance. In IEEE, this paper is being coordinated by IEEE P1564 [16]. The most common index use is the system average rms (variation) frequency index (SARFI). This index represents the average number of voltage sags experienced by a end user each year with a specied characteristic. For SARFIx , the index would include all of the voltage dips where the minimum voltage was less than x. For example, SARFI70 represents the expected number of voltage sags where the minimum voltage is less than 70%. The SARFI index and other alternatives for describing voltage sag performance are being formalized in the IEEE Standard 1564 Working Group. Fig. 6 is an example of SARFI levels calculated from a survey of performance for distribution systems in the United States.

B. Transients The term transients is normally used to refer to fast changes in the system voltage or current. Transients are also in the category of disturbances, rather than steady-state variations. Transients can be measured by triggering on the abnormality involved. For transients, this could be the peak magnitude, the rate of rise, or just the change in the waveform from one cycle to the next. Transients can be divided into two subcategories, impulsive transients and oscillatory transients, depending on the characteristics. Transients are normally characterized by the actual waveform, although summary descriptors can also be developed (peak magnitude, primary frequency, rate-of-rise, etc.). Fig. 7 gives a capacitor switching transient waveform. This is one of the most important transients that is initiated on the utility supply system and can affect the operation of end-user equipment. Other important causes of transient voltages include lightning surges and switching operations within a facility. Transient problems are solved by controlling the transient at the source, changing the characteristics of the system affecting the transient or by protecting equipment so that it is not impacted. For instance, capacitor switching transients can be controlled at the source by closing the breaker contacts close to a voltage zero crossing. Magnication of the transient can be avoided by not using LV capacitors within the end-user facilities. The actual equipment can be protected with lters or surge arresters. The most well-known standard in the eld of transient overvoltage protection is ANSI/IEEE C62.41-1991, IEEE Guide for Surge Voltages in Low Voltage AC Power Circuits [12]. This standard denes the transient environment that equipment may see and provides specic test waveforms that can be used for equipment withstand testing. The transient environment is a function of the equipment or surge suppressor location within a facility as well as the expected transients from the supply system.

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Fig. 5. Contour plot method of characterizing system voltage sag performance (IEEE Standard 1346).

Fig. 8. Fig. 6. Example of voltage sag performance levels (SARFI) for distribution systems in the United States from the EPRI Distribution Power Quality project [22].

Flow of PQ standards development activities.

4) voltage unbalance (negative sequence); 5) harmonic distortion in the voltage; 6) transient voltages. There is a need for signicant additional research to establish the relationship between PQ/reliability levels and the various characteristics of the supply system. Also, the PQ/reliability characteristics need to be dened in a more statistical manner to allow more effective risk assessments by end users using statistical techniques. In turn, equipment manufacturers must be able to provide information describing the sensitivity of their equipment to these variations. With information on typical system performance based on historical and calculated data along with information on equipment sensitivity, end users will be able to perform economic evaluations of power conditioning alternatives. Standard procedures for the economic analysis will incorporate statistical risk assessment methods in the future. Ongoing monitoring efforts and case studies will provide the information to characterize system performance and to understand the susceptibility of different types of end-user systems. Monitoring of PQ should become a more standard part of the overall system monitoring (both at the utility level and the customer level). These monitoring efforts should be coordinated between the utility and the customer with emphasis

Fig. 7. Capacitor switching transient.

VI. F UTURE D IRECTION FOR PQ S TANDARDS Benchmarking efforts from around the world have provided the initial basis for dening expected PQ performance of supply systems. These performance standards should include at least: 1) interruptions (including momentary); 2) voltage sags; 3) steady-state voltage regulation;

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TABLE III

on remote monitoring and data collection systems with more automated data analysis capabilities. IEC 61000-4-30 [17] provides a good start for standardizing PQ measurements but there is a need for additional standards development for monitoring to characterize PQ for advanced applications. Analytical tools will also benet from the increased level of monitoring and characterization. Models should be improved and the tools themselves should become easier to use. There is considerable opportunity to facilitate analysis of PQ issues with standard models and modeling techniques. The overall focus needs to be on economics using a systems approach. We need to develop tools that can help nd the opti-

mum system design including power conditioning for sensitive equipment. The alternatives should include improved immunity at the equipment level, power conditioning at the equipment level, power conditioning at more centralized locations within the end-user system, and measures to improve performance on the utility system. Fig. 8 illustrates the overall ow of standards development activities in the area of PQ and reliability. Understanding of system characteristics and end-use equipment characteristics leads to tools and methods to assess performance and improve the overall performance in an optimum manner.

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VII. C ONCLUSION There has been signicant progress in the development of PQ standards. Recent efforts have been focused on harmonizing standards between IEEE and IEC and this is an ongoing process. Continued efforts to understand system PQ as a function of system characteristics and to coordinate the system characteristics with the performance of end-use equipment are under way. Both system performance and end-use equipment characteristics are being described with more standardized methods. This information will lead to improve economics of PQ management in the future.

A PPENDIX IEEE PQ S TANDARDS See Table III. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the contribution and participation of the members of the SCC22 in developing the information for this paper. R EFERENCES
[1] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 2-2: Environment Compatibility Levels for Low-Frequency Conducted Disturbances and Signaling in Public Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems, IEC 61000-2-2, ed. 2, 2002. [2] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 2-4: Environment Compatibility Levels in Industrial Plants for Low-Frequency Conducted Disturbances, IEC 61000-2-4, ed. 2, 2002. [3] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 2-12: Environment Compatibility Levels for Low-Frequency Conducted Disturbances and Signaling in Public Medium-Voltage Power Supply Systems, IEC 61000-2-12, ed. 1, 2003. [4] Voltage Characteristics of Electricity Supplied by Public Distribution Systems, EN 50160:11 1999. [5] Electricity SupplyQuality of Supply, Part 2Voltage Characteristics, Compatibility Levels, Limits and Assessment Methods, NRS 048-2:2002, Nov. 5, 2002. 2nd ed., draft 4. [6] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 3: Limits, Section 6: Assessment of Emission Limits for Harmonics in MV and HV Power Systems, IEC 61000-3-6, 1996. [7] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519-1992. [8] Planning Levels for Harmonic Voltage Distortion and the Connection of Nonlinear Equipment to Transmission Systems and Distribution Networks in the United Kingdom, Engineering Recommendation G5/4, 2001. [9] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 3: Limits, Section 7: Assessment of Emission Limits for Fluctuating Loads in MV and HV Power Systems, IEC 61000-3-7, 1996 [10] IEEE Guide for Measurement and Limits of Voltage Flicker on AC Power Systems, IEEE Standard P1453, draft 4, Jul. 2002. [11] Electrical Power Systems and EquipmentVoltage Ratings (60 Hz), ANSI C84.1-1995 (R2001). [12] IEEE Recommended Practices for Surge7 Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits, IEEE/ANSI C62.41-1991. [13] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 2-8: EnvironmentVoltage Dips and Short Interruptions on Public Electric Power Supply Systems With Statistical Measurement Results, IEC 61000-2-8, 2002. [14] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4: Testing and Measuring TechniquesSection 11: Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions, and Voltage Variations Immunity Tests, IEC 61000-4-11, 2004. [15] Specication for Semiconductor Processing Equipment Voltage Sag Immunity, SEMI F47-0200, 1999. [16] Voltage Sag Indices, IEEE Standard 1564 (Draft 4), 2003.

[17] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-30: Testing and Measuring TechniquesPower Quality Measurement Methods, IEC 61000-4-30, Jan. 1997. [18] Application Guide for Applying Harmonic Limits on Power Systems, (Final Draft for Balloting), IEEE Standard 519.1, 2004. [19] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 47: Testing and Measurement TechniquesGeneral Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation, for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto, IEC 61000-4-7, 2002. [20] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Part 4: Testing and Measurement TechniquesSection 15: FlickermeterFunctional and Design, IEC 61000-4-15, 2003. [21] IEEE Recommended Practice for Evaluating Electric Power System Compatibility With Electronic Process Equipment, IEEE Standard 1346-1998 (R2004), 2004. [22] An assessment of distribution system power quality, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, Rep. EPRI TR-106294, 1996. [23] Power quality indices and objectives, CIGRE WG C4.07 Rep. CIGRE Technical Brochure 261, Oct. 2004.

David B. Vannoy (S65M67), deceased, received the B.E.E. and M.E.E. degrees from the University of Delaware, Newark, in 1966 and 1967, respectively. He worked for over 31 years with Delmarva Power in the Engineering and Operating Departments. He was an Independent Consultant at the time this paper was developed. He managed Delmarva Powers Power Quality Group, which he developed beginning in 1987. He was Chairman of the IEEE Power Quality Standards Coordinating Committee (SCC22). Mr. Vannoy was active on numerous IEEE power-quality (PQ) standards committees and was founding President of the Delaware Valley Power Quality Group, a nonprot educational forum on PQ. He was a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Delaware.

Mark F. McGranaghan (S77M78SM04) is an Associate Vice President of EPRI Solutions, Knoxville, TN. He coordinates a wide range of services offered to electric utilities and critical industrial facilities throughout the world. These services include research projects, seminars, monitoring services, power systems analysis projects, performance benchmarking, testing services, failure analysis, and designing solutions for system performance improvement. His technical background is in the area of power system modeling and analysis. He is an expert in the areas of harmonic analysis, transient analysis, reliability, PQ improvement, and power systems monitoring applications. He has written numerous papers, is active in both IEEE and International Electrotechnical Commission standards development, and has taught power system workshops and seminars throughout the world.

S. Mark Halpin (S89M93SM02F05) received the B.E.E., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Auburn University, Auburn, AL, in 1988, 1989, and 1993, respectively. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University. His teaching interests include power systems, control systems, and network analysis. His research interests are in the areas of modeling and simulation techniques for large-scale power systems, power system transients, and computer algorithms. Dr. Halpin is active in the IEEE Power Engineering Society where he serves as the Chair of the Task Force to revise IEEE Std. 519 and in the IEEE Industry Applications Society where he serves as Chairman of the Working Group on Harmonics.

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W. A. Moncrief (M74SM82) received the B.E.E. and M.S.E.E. degrees from the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), Atlanta, in 1969 and 1972, respectively. He was with Georgia Power in System Protection, where he headed the Enhanced Power Quality Department, and then moved to the Research Center (now NEETRAC). He was a Project Manager for the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, and is currently a Professional Engineer with Hood-Patterson & Dewar, Norcross, GA. He is also on the staff of the Georgia Tech Music Department. Mr. Moncrief is the Chair of the IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) Harmonics Working Group and Vice-Chair (PES) of IEEE SCC-22. He also participates on a number of other IEEE standards committees. He also serves on the Technical Advisory Group to IEC SC77A, Electromagnetic Compatibility.

D. Daniel Sabin (S92M93SM01) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, and the M.E. degree in electric power engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. He is with EPRI Solutions, Inc., Beverly, MA, as a Manager of Monitoring Systems. His primary responsibilities involve developing PQ database software, managing, and completing PQ research projects, and providing consultation to electric utilities on PQ monitoring efforts. Mr. Sabin is the Chair of SCC22, Secretary of the IEEE Power Quality Subcommittee, Chair of the IEEE P1564 Voltage Sag Indices Task Force, and a Member of the Editorial Board for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY. He is also a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Tennessee.