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Units and Measurement

Q.1 Write the dimensions of a and b, if , where p is power, x is distance and t is time. (Marks : 1 ) Q.2 Rule out the the wrong equation on dimensional grounds: Q.6 Calculate x in the equation, (velocity)x =(pressure difference)3/2 . (density)-3/2, using dimensional analysis (Marks : 2 ) Q.7 A physical quantity P is related to four observables as follows: . If % errors in a, b, c, d are 1%, 2%, 2% and 1% respectively. Calculate % error in P. OR Q.3 In a new system of units called star units, 1 kilogram 10 kilogram, 1 metre 1 kilometre and 1 second 1 minute. What will be the value of 1 joule of energy in this new system? (Marks : 2 ) Q.4 A physical quantity 'y' is A thin copper wire of length L increases in length by 2% when heated from T1 to T2. What is the percentage change in area when a thin copper plate having dimensions (8L 4L) is heated from T1 to T2?

(Marks : 1 )

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(Marks : 2 ) calculated from . Calculate the percentage error in 'y' where the percentage error in measuring a, b and c are 4, 2 and 3 respectively. (Marks : 2 ) Q.5 Identify the physical quantity x defined as , where I is the moment of inertia, F is the force, v is the velocity, W is the work done and is the length. (Marks : 2 )

Q.8 What is a unit? How are the measurements of physical quantities expressed? (Marks : 2 ) Q.9 Describe a method to measure the distance of an inferior planet (Mercury, Venus) from the Earth and the Sun. (Marks : 2 ) Q.10 How is radar used to measure distances of nearby celestial planets like Venus? (Marks : 2 ) Q.16 Consider a simple pendulum. The period of oscillation of the simple pendulum depends on its length and acceleration due to gravity. Derive the expression for its time period. (Marks : 2 ) Q.17 A book with many printing errors contains four different formulas for the

Q.11 In the case of Venus, the angle of maximum elongation is found to be approximately . Determine the distance between Venus and the Sun and the distance between Venus and the Earth, . (Marks : 2 ) Q.12 What are the rules of combining errors for sum or

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difference of quantities? (Marks : 2 ) displacement y of a particle undergoing a certain periodic motion: (a)

Q.13 What are the rules of deducing significant figures? (b) (c) (Marks : 2 ) Q.14 How are results of a measurement expressed in scientific, unambiguous way up to correct significant figures? (Marks : 2 ) Q.15 What are the dimensional formulae of i. Density ? ii. Force ? (Marks : 2 )

(d) (a = maximum displacement of the particle, v = speed of the particle, T = time-period of motion). Rule out the wrong formulae on dimensional grounds. (Marks :2) Q.18 The parallax of a heavenly body measured from two diametrically opposite points on the equator of the earth is degrees. The radius of the earth is 6,400 km. Find the distance of the heavenly body from the centre of the earth in astronomical unit. (Marks : 2 ) Q.19 A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity.

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What is the distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit if light takes 8 min and 20 s to cover this distance? (Marks : 2 ) Q.20 If velocity, force and time are taken to be the fundamental quantities, find the dimensional formula for energy. (Marks : 2 ) Q.21 The escape velocity Q.26 Write an expression for from the surface of the earth determining the height of an inaccessible object. (Marks is given by . Check :2) the correctness of the formula. (Marks : 2 ) Q.27 For defining the measurement of the system Q.22 Write the dimensions of a and b in the the units of and are doubled, how will this effect relation ,where P is the unit of kinetic energy in power, x is distance and t is new system? (Marks : 2 ) time. (Marks : 2 ) Q.23 The escape velocity of a body is v = GxMyRz, where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the planet and R is the Q.28 Show that on the basis of dimensional analysis, the following relation is correct . , where is the

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radius of the planet. density of earth, G is the Calculate x, y and z. (Marks gravitational const., r is :2) the radius of earth and g is acceleration due to gravity. Q.24 A LASER is a source of (Marks : 2 ) very intense, monochromatic, and unidirectional beam of light. These properties of a laser light can be exploited to measure long distances. The distance of the Moon from the Earth has been already determined very precisely using a laser as a source of light. A laser light beamed at the Moon takes 2.56 s to return after reflection at the Moon's surface. How much is the radius of the lunar orbit around the Earth? (Marks : 2 ) Q.25 A jet of water of crosssectional area A and velocity v impinges normally on a stationary flat plate. The mass per unit volume of the water is . By dimensional analysis it is found that force F = K Avn. Determine the value of Q.29 The velocity v of water waves may depend on their wavelength , density of

water and acceleration due to gravity g. Use the method of dimensions to show that v2 3) g . (Marks :

Q.30 Describe the parallax method. (Marks : 3 )

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n. (Marks : 2 ) Q.31 Describe a simple method to determine the molecular size of oleic acid. (Marks : 3 ) Q.32 What do you mean by the terms error, accuracy and precision? (Marks : 3 ) Q.33 What are systematic errors? (Marks : 3 ) Q.34 What are absolute and relative errors? (Marks : 3 ) Q.35 We measure the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum. In successive measurements, the readings turn out to be 2.63 s, 2.56 s, 2.42 s, 2.71 s and 2.80 s. Calculate the absolute errors, relative error or percentage error. (Marks : 3 ) Q.36 A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J, where, . Suppose we employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals kg, the unit of length equals m, the unit of time is . Show that a calorie has a magnitude in terms of the new units. (Marks : 3 ) Q.37 A new physical quantity having dimensions of length can be constructed in terms of (G) universal gravitational constant, (c) velocity of light and (h) Planck's constant according to the dimensional analysis. What would the relation between G, c and h be? (Marks : 3 ) Q.38 The parallax of a heavenly body measured from two points

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diametrically opposite on the equator of earth is 2 minute. If the radius of the earth is 6400 km, find the distance of the heavenly body from the centre of the earth in AU, taking (Marks : 3 ) Q.39 Assuming that the period (T) of rotation of the planets around the sun which is nearly in circular orbits depends upon the radius of the orbit (r), the mass of the sun (M) and the gravitational constant (G). Show that the planets obey Kepler's third law. that is, the square of the time period of the planets is proportional to the cube of its orbital radius. (Marks : 3 ) Q.40 The nearest star to our solar system is 4.29 light years away. How much is this distance in terms of parsecs? How much parallax would this star (named

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Alpha Centauri) show when viewed from two locations of the Earth six months apart in its orbit around the Sun? Take baseline length on the Earth, six months apart = 3 x 1011 m. (Marks : 3) Q.41 The escape velocity Q.46 The following observations were made of a body is , where G is the gravitational during an experiment to determine the radius of constant, M is the mass of curvature of a concave the planet and R is the mirror using a spherometer radius of the planet. Calculate x, y and z. (Marks : : L = 4.4 cm; h = 0.085 cm. 3) The distance L between the legs of the spherometer was Q.42 In a system of units, measured using a meter the units of length, mass scale and the least count of and time are 10 centimetre, the spherometer was 0.001 10 gram, and 0.1 second cm. Calculate the maximum respectively. What is the possible error in the radius unit of force? (Marks : 3 ) Q.43 The depth x to which a bullet penetrates a body depends on the coefficient of elasticity ( ) and kinetic energy E. Establish the relation between these of curvature ( (Marks : 3 ) ).

Q.47 The velocity of a particle depends upon time according to the relation

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quantities using the method of dimensions. (Marks : 3 ) Q.44 A capacitor of capacitance C = charged to a voltage V = is calculate the dimensions of (Marks : 3 ) ?

Q.48 i. What is Principle of homogeneity of dimensions volt. Calculate the charge Q (= CV). (Marks : 3 ) in a physical equation? ii. Calculate the area enclosed by a circle of Q.45 Given specific radius 0.530 metre, to a correct number of resistance, where r significant figures. is the radius of a wire, is iii. A body measured by two the length of the wire and R people had values 5.6 is the resistance of the wire, kilogram and 5.62 kilogram. calculate the percentage Which was more accurate error in , and why? (Marks : 5 ) if R = ohm; cm, r = Q.49 An air bubble inside cm. (Marks : 3 ) water oscillates due to some explosion with time period T. If then determine the values of a, b and c. Here P, d and E are the static pressure, density and total energy of explosion of water respectively? (Marks : 5 ) Q.50 On the basis of

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dimensional analysis obtain an expression for, time period of a small drop of liquid vibrating under surface tension S, if it depends upon the density d, radius r and surface tension? (Marks : 5 )