GLOBAL NOTES

This test covers material from World History Perspective on the Past chapters 10-
19

Chapter 10
High Middle Ages: 1000-1300, Age of Faith
three field system: led to immediate increase in food production
burghers: Middle class members in towns
bourgeoisie: French burghers
guild: Assosciation of people who worked at the same occupation.
Monasteries: Centers of learning led by Cluny in France
Benedictine rule: Adopted by Duke of Aquitane in Cluny, stricter rules
Lay investiture: A layman performing church initiation ceremonies.
Gregory VII: Leader of reformers, became pope, banned lay investiture clashed with
Henry IV and excommunicated him
Henry IV: German emperor Clashed with Gregory VII over lay investiture
Concordat of Worms: Compromise between church and german emperor that said that
the church alone could grant bishop his office but emperor could grant him lands
that went with office
Canossa: Henry IV is kept waiting in the snow for 3 days before finally being
forgiven. Great victory for pope over kings.
Interdict: Papal weapon which said that no church ceremonies could be performed on
the rulers land.
Tithe: Church tax
Simony: Buying and selling of church offices
Heresy: Beliefs different from that of the Church
Inquisition: Organisation of experts whose job was to find and judge heretics
Francis of Assisi: Leader of a second order of friars
Gothic style architecture: Pointed ribbed vaults, Flying Buttresses, pointed
arches. Largest is Notre Dame
William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy that invaded England at battle of
Hastings. Established ruling class of French speaking nobles, kept 1/5 of England
for himself, made England most centralized feudal kingdom in Europe.
Battle of Hastings: William the conqueror invades England defeating King Harold
1066
Henry II of England: Strengthened royal courts of justice introduced use of jury
and traveling royal judges, took power from feudal courts
common law: Unified body of law.
Thomas Aquinas: Scholar that wrote 21 volume work called Summa Theologiae used
logic and reason to show truth of church answers to philosophical questions.
Chivalry: Code of ideals that knights were expected to live up to. Knights had to
fight bravely for defense of three masters. Heavenly lord, earthly lord, chosen
lady. Aid the poor, defend the weak.
The Crusades: series of Holy Wars to recapture holy lands from islam. First
crusade won Jerusalem brutally. Rest largely failed. Crusade 4 venician merchants
sacked constantinople
Pope Urban II: Pope that called first crusade. Hoped to Reunite Byantine and Roman
Catholics
Saladin: Chivalrous muslim king that signed 3 year treaty with Richard I and
became extremely respected.
Holy Land: Area of Israel and Palestine
Consequences of the Crusades: Fourth crusade led to ugly permanent split between
Eastern orthodox and Roman Catholic. Decline of Papal prestige and power, decline
of power of nobles, Decline in Byzantine power, increase in religious intolerance,
increase in trade. End of crusades marked beginning of end of Middle ages.

Chapter 11
Joan of Arc: French peasant girl, saw visions, turned tide of 100 year war by
turning prince charles into a king, and defeating English at battle of Orleans,
breaking seigre of Orleans, captured and killed when Charles VII abandoned her
Magna Carta: Document resulting from baron revolt. Signed by John softsword,
Guareanteed rights like no taxation without representation, and jury trial and
protection by law known as due process, made king subject to his own laws, called
limited monarchy
Parliament: First called by Edward I who saw advantages of including burgesses in
meetings. Edwad needed taxes to protect his remaining French lands, summoned 2
burgesses from each borough and 2 knights from each county. First Parliament in
1295 called Model Parliament. Eventually separated into house of commons and house
of lords. Weakened feudal power.
Louis IX of France: Created Supreme Court of France called Parlement of Paris,
could overturn local courts. Further weakened feudal ties
nation-state: Group of people who occupy definite territory and are united under
one government , Culturally unison and sense of loyalty.
Pope Boniface VIII: Tried to force rulers of Europe to obey him. Issued official
bull stating that kings were not to tax the clergy, aimed at Philip IV who ignored
it. Passed Unam Sanctum, in response Philip IV sent small army to Italy to kidnap
the pope and bring him to France for trial. Died of shock, led to large decline in
Paplal power
Unam Sanctam: decree by Boniface VIII which declared 2 powers on earth. Temporal
and Spiritual, spiritual always had power over temporal
“Babylonian Captivity”: Philip IV’s capturing of the papacy and electing Clement V
who moved papacy to Avignon in 1309
Avignon: City on Borders of France where pope Clement V moved papacy for 67 years.
Great Schism: The period in which the church split into two popes.French supported
Avignon, English germans and Italians supported rome.
John Wycliffe: English scholar who challenged church, taught that the true head of
the church was Jesus Christ not pope, taught that the clergy like jesus should own
no land or wealth. The bible alone, not the pope was the final authority for
Christian life. Translate New Testamen into English.Tried to be charged with
heresybut riots forced him to be freed, diesd peacefully in 1384
John Huss: Bohemian that taught that bible was higher than pope, became spokesman
for Czech national feeling and religious reform, preached his sermons in Czech,
excommunicated in 1414 but called to council of Constance with safe conduct
however once huss was there he was seized and tried as a heretic and burned
“little ice age”: Period of Temperature drop around 1300. reduced food supply
Black Death: Brought from Asia by Genoese ships in 1347 killed 1/3 of European
population, Decline in population caused costly peasant revolt.
Hundred Years’ War: fought between England and France over land claims, fought
mostly on French soil. Deathblow to Fuedal warfare, drove England out of France.
Led to growing national feeling called nationalism. Kings went from feudal lords
to heroes,
Longbow: Gave England early advantage in hundred year war, allowed commoner
English footsoldiers to dominate trained soldiers.
Cannons: Blasted through feudal castle walls.
Nationalism: Feeling of loyalty to ones own lands and people
War of the Roses: Period of English civil war where two branches of royal family
claimed English throne. Fought between dukes of York and Lancaster ended by death
of Richard III, last medieval king
Henry VII (Tudor): new monarch, chief ministers of middle class, used local
landowners called justices of peace. Had parliament outlaw private armies
Court of the Star Chamber: used by Henry tudor to destroy overly powerful
subjects, violated ideas of fairness and justice but accepted because it kept
peace
Isabella and Ferdinand: Married rulers of Castille and Aragon respectively,
brought their kingdoms into close alliance.
Reconquista: rekindled effort to drive muslims out of spain. Linked religion with
spanish nationalism. Disastrous for not Christian Spaniards, led to revival of
inquisition and expulsion of jews.
Conquest of Granada: Ferdinand and Isabella set out to conquer final Muslim
Kingdom Granada, successful in 1492.
Ivan III of Russia: Made Russia a true empire, called himself czar. Freed Moscow
from muslim yoke in 1480 when Ivan III refused to pay muslim tribute. Ivan the
great.
Ivan the IV “The Terrible”: Married Anastasia won victories against Mongols, and
gave Russia code of laws, in 1560 Anastasia died, ivan accused boyars of killing
her and organized oprichniki to hunt them down, killed his intelligent older son
and heir
Boyars: Russian nobles.
St. Basilís Cathedral: Built by Ivan IV in Moscow to celebrate victories over
Mongols.

Chapter 12
Sui dynasty: 589-618 Sui Wen-Ti took over north and conquered South China, united
china under strong central government. Yang-Ti built great canal. Yang-ti
overworked and overtaxed peasants resultingin overthrow of the Sui
Grand Canal: Tied together Yellow and Yangtze rivers built by Yang-Ti united North
and South China politically and economically.
Tang dynasty: Capital was Ch’ang-an Founded by T’ai-tsung, (618-907). Wu Chao was
only woman to rule china in her own name, encouraged spread of Buddhism in China.
Exams on Confucian classics are rekindled, Gave China intelligent ruling class
became gentry class. Literature, art, educated person expected to write poetry.
Lost power due to crushing taxes, inability to control large empie led to Arab
conquest, Chang-an sacked in 905.
Li Po: Celebrated poet of T’ang, wrote about pleasures of life.
Sung dynasty: (960-1279) founded by Sung-Tai’tsu, never regained western or
northern lands,moved south to Hangchow after losing yellow river valley to Tatars.
Printed paper money, Silk and Porcelain trade. Painted beauties of nature, Block
printing in 600s followed by moveable press in 1040s. Magnetic compass first used
to make sure houses faced south,then used for direction at sea.. Gunpowder in 600s
led to explosive weapons in 1000. Sung lost dynasty to Mongols.
Mongol Conquest: 1200-1350, Mongols conquered Islamic empire, Russia, China,
India, formed largest unified land empire ever. Came from steppe north of great
wall, most important weapon was bow. Kept peace in Asia.
Genghis Khan: United Mongols in 1200, formerly Temuijin. Crushed all rivals and
became accepted ruler of all steppe people. Brilliant Organizer, shrewd, employed
spies, used cruelty as a weapon. Died in 1227
Kublai Khan: conquered Sung China, took Chinese name Yuan, enjoyed living
luxuriously like Chinese emperor, ruled from Khanbalik now Peking. Tried to extend
rulue to Japan, but failed due to storm
Marco Polo: Italian youth traveled to Khanbalik, became trusted official of Kublai
Khan.
Yuan dynasty: Kublai Khan’s dynasty, weakened after his death 1295-1333.
Ming dynasty: Chu Yuanchang freed china from Mongols, became Ming Tai-Tsu, bult
capital in south at Nanking, Yung-lo moves it to Peking, built forbidden city.
Restored examination system,public elementary, high literacy rates, country turns
in on itself, Peasant revolt and invasion of Manchus
Cheng Ho: Great naval admiral that led Grand Fleet. Traveled to indies and east
Africa, died in 1433
Manchus: Manchurian people from north and east of China who adopted Chinese ways
and invaded. Called their Chinese dynasty the Ching dynasty.
Ching Dynasty: Manchurian dynasty, ending of examination systems banned
intermarriages with Chinese and made Chinese braid their hair.
Yamato emperors: Leading clan of pre-shogunate japan.
Shinto: Combined customs of the clans, Worship of nature.
Prince Shotoku: Influencial Japanese convert to Buddhism,sent group to study
Chinese civilization, led to adoption of Chinese writing, wrote up plan for
government based on Confucianism, tried for examination system and central
government,
Heian Age: Now Kyoto, became capital of Japan under emperor kammu, center on
poetry, influence from T’ang China, Women writers including Lady Murasaki and Tale
of Genji. Rare time of strong central government.
Samurai: Warriors who fought for lords, lived by bushido. Courage and absolute
loyalty
Bushido: Harsh code meaning way of the warrior.
Shogun: “supreme general of emperors army” , in actuality was military dictator
that controlled officials, judges, taxes, armies, and roads. Ruled from Kamakura.
Kamakura: First shogunate family. Built on feudalism. Turned back Kublai Khan
naval invasion. Lost power to samurai civil war.
Daimyo: Stronger feudal lords that became nearly independent rulers. Fought during
age of country at war.
Francis Xavier: Catholic missionary. Leader of first Christian mission
Japan under the Tokugawa: reunited japan, crushed daimyo. Moved administrative
center to Edo Tokyo, Christianity and missionaries banned, all European merchants
except the dutch banned , dutch confined to Nagasaki, Japan fell behind Europe in
tehnology, science, and military power, but developed own culture, peace, and
stability,
Zen: Type of Buddhism that stressed meditation, art suggesting nature, gardens w/
symbolic meaning.

Chapter 13
Chandra Gupta II: Unites northern India from sea to sea. Kept oral histories
called itihas. Free hospitals
Science and learning under the Gupta: Learning thrived, university of Nalada
attracted students of philosophy from everywhere, Innoculation, Successful
surgery, Number system and understanding of concept zero
Kalidasa: Poet and dramatist, wrote Shakuntala, plays ended happily. 8 pure
emotions known as rasas. Overtaken by Dehli sultanate
Rajputs: New ruling groups after Huns invade India, Led small kings, converted to
Hinduism, became warrior class. Code of bravery. Buddhism ceases to exist
Suttee: Showed woman’s devotion to man, burned body next to husbands on funeral
pyre.
Tamerlane: Turk, destroyed dehli sultanate, failed to build powerful empire,
Babur: Turk ended dehli sultanate for good, founded mughal empire.
Mughal Empire: Wealth and imperial splendor, muslim, most powerful leader was
Akbar.
Akbar: Added northern India to Mughal empire, did not seek revenge against hindus
and gained their support. Tax system stressed fairness, created new religion
called Din Ilahi that embraced all faiths, made few converts.
Jahangir: Akbar’s son, opium addict, didn’t govern much. Instead his wife a
Persian princes named Nur Jahan
Shah Jahan: Stopped treating muslims and hindus as equals and began religious
intolerance. Peaked mughal empire, riches built Taj mahal and Red fort at Agra
Taj Mahal: Built during time of Shah Jahan
Aurangzeb: Tried to make India a muslim state. Taxed nonmuslims.
Red Fort at Agra: Royal residence and one of 3 mughal capitals,
Nanak: Thinker that tried to blend the ideas of Hinduism and Islam. Became guru of
Sikhs.
Sikhs: Led by Nanak, blend between islam and Hinduism, community of soldiers ready
to defend themselves or attack because mughals persecuted them. Independent
military state in northern India after mughals collapse
Angkor Wat: Temple to hindu god Vishnu
Khmers: Longast lasting empire in Southeast Asia came from northern Cambodia,
Angkor period under Jayavarman II was greatest period of power, most famous
building was Angkor Wat, Women held high status. Muslim traders introduced islam.
Fell to thai army.

Chapter 14
Sub-Saharan Africa: Lands south of the Sahara, high plateu turns into coastal
plain. Altitude offsets heat of tropics,Shoreline and vast desert distances
limited contact with outside world.
Sahara: Large totally arid African desert. 90 inhabited Oases.
Kalahari: Desert in the south.
Desertification: The process of overgrazing killing the grass and light soil
drying out and turning to desert in dry grasslands.
Kingdom of Kush: First major sub-saharan kingdom, was dominated by Egyptians for a
period and learned hyroglyphics, Piankhi overthrew Egypt and became Egyptian
dynasty. Was conquered by Assyrians. Forced to withdraw from Egypt, recovered and
built capital city of Meroe in 550 B.C. Fell for unknown reason
Meroe: Kushite capital city. Abundant source of Iron ore, became major center for
iron and red sea trase.
Axum: Capital of Ethiopia, became powerful by controlling trade between Middle
Africa and Red Sea. Christian kingdom with churches hollowed from solid rock.
Survived through muslim conquests.
Swahili: Blending of Bantu and Arab cultures.
Kingdom of Zimbabwe: African kingdom in southeast Africa, protected from muslim
influence, Portruguese arrival shatters power.
Ghana: Soninke people, west African savannah, Heavily taxed salt trade, and
surrounding kingdoms, The Ghana was chief preist, judge, and military leader.
Muslim Berbers overran from north, salt trade never recovered and Ghana never
recovered power.
Mali: Mandigo people, controlled trade as well, Sundiata funded Mali. Mansa Musa
comes to power. Under him Mali becomes powerful empire that dominates west Africa.
Was taken over by Songhai.
Mansa Musa: Powerful Mali leader makes mali an empire with powerful army and fair
efficient government, made famous pilgrimage to mecca.
Ibn Battuta: Islamic traveler that came to Sulayman’s Mali. Praised people of
Mali.
Songhai: replaced Mandigo as controllers of trade routes. 2 important kings Sunni
Ali the conqueror and Askia Muhammed the administrator under whom the songhai
flourished. Lacjed gunpowder and was taken over by Morroccan sultan.
Timbuktu: Had famous university that attracted many scholars.
Griots: Trained record keepers in West Africa that memorized oral histories.
Anasazi: 800 AD lived in Pueblos around northwestern New Mexico. Most important
was pueblo bonito. Prolonged drought ends Anasazi at 1200
Hopewell: built distinctive culture in Southern Ohio. Skilled craftspeople and
ohio river trade route. Buried products in Cburial mounds
Chillicothe: Burial Mounds where Hopewell buried finest products in Chillicothe
Ohio. Mysteriously disappeared.
Moche: Peruvian coastal civilization, Irrigation canals produce fertile farmlands.
Elite warrior priest class in power lived and worshipped in Giant pyramid temples,
metal working and irrigation but no written records, detailed pottery drawings.
Mysterious decline.
Inca: Ruled over Cuzco initially then 1438 Pachacuti unites western South American
coast. Emperors- escendants of the Sun God. Absolute authority. Commands of
emperor carrid out by beaurocracy, 10,000 mile network of stone highways that held
together Incan empire across which runners carried quipu. Built mountain terraces
that prevented erosion, and grew Corn and Potatoes on them.
Quipu: Series of knotted strings that tallied births, crops, herds, and deaths.
Cuzco: Inca Capital, containted Temple of the sun.
Olmec: Mexican gulf coast civilization, 1200 B.C. mysteriously collapsed after 800
years. Giant stone heads.
Maya: Built great cities in central American Rainforests. Governed by warlord and
aristocracies. Cities were important centers of trade. Tikal is most important
city, has 5 pyramids and temples. Polytheistic, Intricate calendar system, amazing
astronomy, use of zero, careful historians, system of writing, mysterious end.
Tenochtitlan: Capital city of Aztec empire, had large central marketplace,
Aztec: Warlike inveaders swept Valley of Mexico between 900-1300, fierce and poor,
made large city called Tenochtitlan in center of lake texoco. Aztec king took
tribute in taxes. King was religious and political leader, sacrifices for the sun
god, Skilled goldsmiths..

Chapter 15
Renaissance: 1300-1600 known as the “rebirth”. Educated people in italy hoped to
bring back the Classical Culture of Greece and Rome. Began in Northern Italy.
Spread Northward. Began in City states of North Italy particularly Florence.,
Genoa and Venice. Politics and society dominated by merchants; sponsored painters.
Theme of Individual achievement, Love of Classical Learning, Enjoyment of Worldly
pleasures. Ideal man is expert of all trades.
Dante: Poet of Early Rennaisance, wrote The Divine Comedy. Philosophical bridge
between Europe’s past and future. Wrote in vernacular, sometimes called creator of
modern Italian.
Vernacular: Common language of homeland
Humanism: Scholars who studied Classical Text, first was Petrarch
Petrarch: Italian Poet wrote in both Italian and Latin. Wrote Letters in Latin,
imitated style of Roman author Cicero, strove for classical virtues of simplicit
and purity.
Raphael: Painted walls of Julius II’s private library, Rennaisance hall of fame,
“School of Athens”
Castiglione: Writer of The Courtier that told young people how to become
accomplished. Said that men were expected to be skilled in all fields and educated
in the classics. Women were to know theClassics and write well, paint, make music,
dance, be charming, not to seek fame.
Isabella d’Este: Most famous woman of Rennaisance, famous art collection,
politically influencial.
Medici Family: Powerful family under whom Florence reached its golden age. Cosimo
de Medici was wealthiest man of time. Did not seek political office, ruled behind
the scenes, maintained loyalty to him, lower class loved him. Beautified the city.
Florence: Front of Italian Rennaisance golden age. City of flowers, 1400s
Quattrocento, extremely beautiful. Home to young artists.
Donatello: Sculptor, carved front and back of sculptures, figures seemed real and
alive, carved David, First European to make nude freestanding human figures.
Machiavelli: Wrote The Prince about power and how it can be obtained, rulers must
always seem honest, even if they are not always so. Ideal ruler: Ferdinand of
Aragon
Michelangelo: Commisioned by Pope Julius II to revive Rome. Sculpted David, and
painted Sistine Chapel ceiling. Came back later to paint Last Judgement on
Altarpiece.
Leonardo da Vinci: Aging artist, scientist, inventors, painted Last Supper
fascination of human personality. and Mona Lisa.
Northern Renaissance: Rennaisance spreads north. Royal courts helped spread
Rennaisance ideas as painters invited to northern courts. German Masters. Centerd
on Flanders similar merchant families to Florence. Interest in realism. Van Eyck,
Breugel. Ended in 1600s
Age of Exploration: Rennaisance encouraged spirit of adventure and curiosity.
Ambitious curious eager for individual glory. Search for spices and profits and
search for new routes to Asia. Desire to spread Christianity. New technology such
as caravel, compass, and astrolabe.
Caravel: New type of ship with both triangular and square sails, built to ride out
storms.
Christopher Columbus: Read Marco Polo’s book, resolved to reach Japan. Crossed
Atlantic 4 times. Though he had reached India
Prince Henry the Navigator: Portruguese, prince, built center for Navigation at
Sagres, helped launch age of exploration, Paid for voyages along African west
coast,, trading ports there got huge business,
Bartholomeu Dias: Portruguese captain, reached cape of good hope.
Vasco da Gama: Portruguese, reached Calicut India by going around Africa.
Magellan: Spanish, first to Circumnavigate the globe, did not survive
journey.Proved that Americas were separate, and earth was way bigger than anyone
thought.
Vespucci: Florentine Merchant, sailed for spain, realized that he had reached new
world, not asia.
Balboa: Spaniard walked across panama and reached pacific ocean.
Line of Demarcation: Line drawn by Pope Alexander IV to limit rivalry in the New
World between Spain and Portrugal all lands east belong to Portrugal, West belong
to Spain. Line later moved in Treaty of Tordesillas.
Verrazano: French sponsored to find new route to pacific, northwest passage.
Discovered New York harbor.
Champlain: French explorer, sailed up St. Lawrence river founded Quebec, Drew
accurate map of East Canada. Allied French with Algonquin and Huron and started
fur trade.
Henry Hudson: Dutch captain, sailed up Hudson river, discovered rich fur bearing
South Canada. Traded with local Indians.
John Cabot: Sailed for English, reached Newfoundland and claimed it for English,
first English lands in America.
Columbian Exchange: Epidemics introduced to America devastate natives. European
ships introduced farm animals and new plants to Americas and American plants went
to Europe, most influencial was potatoes.
Transatlantic slave trade: Started by Prince Henry the Navigator, African rulers
traded slaves to Portrugues for guns. European colonies needed slaves to work on
mines and plantations in Americas. Epidemics wiped out native Americans. Lasted
350 years.

Chapter 16
Protestant Reformation: Led by Martin Luther, many Europeans stop accepting pope
as head of united church. Provoked by lavish life of Rennaisance popes. People
came to expect higher standard of conduct from priests and church leaders, higher
level of learning expected. Led by two groups, popular religious leaders, and
rennaisance writers or Christian humanists. And German Princes later becoming
Lutheran and turning against pope.
Savonarola: Italian friar who ccame to Florence and preached eloquent sermons
calling for reform, helped overthrow Piero de Medici, demanded that Florentines
burn their vanities. Florentines later turn on and hang him.
Erasmus: Christian Humanist author. Dutch, wrote In Praise of Folly making fun of
members of society, especially clergy. Utilized printing press
Sir Thomas More: Englishman, wrote Utopia, about perfect society. Utilized
printing press
Gutenberg Bible: First full sized book printed with moveable type.
Martin Luther: German struck by lightning, becomes a monk, believed in salvation
by faith in God, was enraged by indulgence selling of Johann Tetzel. Wrote up 95
theses against indulgence sellers. Salvation by faith alone, Bible as only
authority for chrisian life, Priesthood of all believers. Followers formed
separate group called Lutherans. Does not support Peasant revolt in Germany and
95 Theses: Written by Martin Luther in Response to indulgence selling, posted on
door of Wittenburg Cathedral
indulgences: Pardons that released buyer from time in Purgatory.
Pope Leo X: Excommunicated Luther.
Tetzel: Friar that sold letters of indulgence to raise money to build Saint
Peter’s Cathedral. Gave people impression that they could buy their way into
heaven.
Wittenberg: German castle on which Luther posted 95 theses.
Trial at Worms: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summons Luther to stand trial at
Worms. Asked Luther to back down, luther refused. Charles passed edict of Worms
declaring Luther an outlaw and asking for the burning of his books.
German Peasants’ Revolt: Excited by Christian freedom, peasants call for end to
Serfdom. Turned against by Luther. Lower classes feel betrayed.
John Calvin: French, inspired by luther, published Institutes of the Christian
Religion which set forth systematic protestant philosophy, taught that men and
women are sinful by nature and that God knows the few that will be saved. Called
Predestination, supported theocracy. Supported revolution against ungodly rulers.
Henry VIII: English King fears civil war after inability to produce son, needs to
divorce but is outlawed by Pope, had “Reformation parliament” pass laws that
stripped away Pope’s power in England. Legalized his divorce and he married Anne
Boleyn, divorces her. Passed Act of Supremecy declared that king is only earthly
head of Church of England. Executed Thomas More, Closed all English monasteries
and seized their lands, sold this land to nobles and middle class, this led to
solid base of Protestant Reformation in England. Jane Seymour eventually bore him
a son.
Catherine of Aragon: Henry’ s original unwanted wife,
Anne Boleyn: Henry VIII’s second wife also gave birth to daughter who turned out
to be Elizabeth who would be greatest Tudor monarch.
Church of England: English Church after Henry splits with Pope, priests and
bishops are subject to kings appointment and approval, and king collected all
church taxes.
Predestination: Calvin doctrine that says that God already knows who will be
saved.
Theocracy: Government controlled by Church leaders, supported by Calvin
“City of Saints”: Calvin’s attempt at trying to set up ideal theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland.
John Knox: Led Scottish reformation, followers were called Presbyterians. Led
bloodless protestant revolt of nobles against Mary Stuart and made Calvinism
Scottish official religion.
Huguenots: French Calvinist followers.
Catholic Reformation: The Church’s counter to the Protestant Reformation. Led by
Ignatius Loyola
Council of Trent: Council of church leaders called by Pope Paul III. Agreed on 4
doctrines: Popes interpretation of bible is final, Christians not saved by faith
alone but faith and good works, bible and church share equal authority,
Indulgences, pilgrimages, and veneration of holy relics were all justified.
Ignatius Loyola: Spanish, began Jesuits, was injured in war and wrote meditation
book called Spiritual Exercises. Won support of Pope Paul III who made him head of
monastic order called society of Jesus. Jesuits were disciplined and well
educated. 3 goals, Education, stop spread of Christianity, convert non-christians.
Pope Paul III: Commisioned Loyola to start Jesuits. Led counter reformation, 3
steps, stop simony, indulgence selling, approve Jesuits, call great council of
church leaders.
Index of Forbidden Books: List of books dangerous to Catholic faith that were
ordered to be burned by Pope Paul IV.
Counter-Reformation: Catholic Church Reformation to squash Protestantism.
Peace at Augsburg: Religious settlement between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and
the German princes after years of fighting, German princes are allowed to choose
between Lutheranism and Catholicism, all other protestant religions were outlawed
Scientific Revolution: Group of Scholars challenge accepted ideas about earth and
universe. Challenged ideas of Ancient thinkers.
Geocentric and heliocentric theories: Geocentric theory said that sun and all
planets and all heavens circle the earth. Supported by Ptolemy. Church supported
this theory saying that God made it purposefully.
Copernicus: Concluded that Sun was center of universe. Was eventually persuaded to
publish his heliocentric theory before his death. First new view of universe in
2,000 years. Stimulated scientific revolution. His work angered Church leaders.
Kepler: Continued Copernicus’ theories, based his on direct observation. Proposed
3 laws of planetary motion. Proved heliocentric theory true. Used new systematic
approach to study of science
Scientific method: Systematic approach to science developed by Kepler.
Galileo: Analyzed natural world. Proved Aristotle wrong with law of Pendulum,
objects fall at same speed. Developed telscope and discovered 4 moons of Jupiter.
Sun had dak spots, moon had uneven surface. Supported heliocentric theory and idea
that same physical laws applied throughout the universe.Church banned his ideas,
Galileo forced to confess that his ideas were false.
Vesalius: Published medical book called On the Fabric of the Human body drew
anatomy
Harvey: Showed that heart was pump that circulated blood. Proved Galen’s theory
that blood came from liver false.
Leeuwenhoek: Used microscope to observe bacteria and red blood cells.

Chapter 17
Montezuma: Emperor of the Aztecs. Invited Spaniards to Tenochtitlan as honored
guests thinking they were gods. Feared that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl. Taken
prisoner and killed during a riot.
Hernan Cortes: early Spanish Conquistador set out to New world for gold, found
Aztecs and conquered Aztecs with help of Malinche. Took Montezuma prisoner, Aztecs
thought he killed Montezuma and revolted Spaniards ran, Cortes returned a year
later with a large army of Aztec hating natives who fought way into city. Rebuilt
it as Spanish colony
Malinche: Native American woman who spoke Aztec language and came with Cortsd and
learned Spanish. Became Cortes’ aide. Won allies among natives scared of Aztecs
Conquistador: Spanish fortune hunters.
Atahualpa: Incan ruler who had just won throne after war that weakened Inca.
Pizarro: Conquistador that landed in Peru in 1532 with 200 men and followed Incan
road to Cajamarca. Invited Atahualpa to friendly meeting, then massacred the
unarmed Ince, Atahualpa taken prisoner, forced him to sign away large ransom and
then killed him. Took control of Peru. Killed by own forces.
Machu Picchu: Legendary city and Incan resort.
Ponce de Leon: Governon of Puerto Rico, searched in Florida for fountain of youth.
De Soto: Conquistador, one of Pizarros chief officers, explored Southeast from
atlantic to Mississippi. Didn’t find any gold.
Encomienda: Special prvielege granted to certain settlers that made him master of
a particular area. He could enslave all people in this area.
Viceroy: Spanish Royal Agents who ruled from Mexico City and Lima. Noblemen born
in Spain.
Philip II: King of spain, Inhereted spain, American colonies, Milan, Naples, and
the Netherlands. Seized Portrugal. Trusted noone. Sought to Strengthen monarchy
and Catholicism. Defeated Ottoman Turks with Stunning victory at Battle of
Lepanto. Hated Dutch and Elizabeth I of England.
Charles V: Also King Charles I of Spain. Held first empire in history separated by
ocean. Claimed absolute power over American lands. Gave spain to Philip II
Battle of Lepanto: Between Ottoman Navy and Spanish and Venetians. Major victory
for Christianity.
Armada: Philip II’s huge fleet of ships with which he struck against the English.
El Greco: Great Spanish Artist during golden age, initially greek. Painted
Catholic saints and martyrs with swirling gray backgrounds, deep vibrant colors,
drama, and religious intensity.
Velazquez: Showed pride in Spanish royal family with portraits.
Cervantes: Wrote Don Quixote. Showed that age of chivalry is dead.
Duke of Alva: Sent to squash Protestantism in response to Calvinist revolts, broke
into dutch homes and carried off suspected heretics, executed many.
Dutch Republic: Great Enemies of Spain, protestant congregations, weak feudal
system, New ways of doing business. Many Calvinists, Philip II sent sister
Margaret to govern Netherlands with 2 goals.Stamp out Protestants and raise taxes.
Policies antagonized dutch. Calvinist Dutch Sea beggers rampaged through Catholic
churches. In response Philip II sent Duke of Alva to destroy Protestantism.
Rebelled against spain and formed republic. Held rare religious tolerance.
Capitilism. Led commercial revolution.
Commercial Revolution: Dutch economy booms due to beginning of Capitalism, and
Banking. Other nations follow new system of Trade, profit, and investment
Dutch East Indies Company: Dutch Merchants took spice trade routes from
Portruguese, Merchants owners used profits to invest in new ventures and Dutch
citizens bought shares in these companies.
Rembrandt: Greatest Dutch Artist of 1600s, captured moments of drama, mastery of
light and dark, focused on group.
French Religious Wars of the 16th century: Calvinist minority is growing,, major
towns divided between catholics and Huguenots who fought frequently. 2 familes at
head: Protestant house of Bourbons, and Catholic house of Guise, Catherine de
Medici largely to blame for violence. Many Huguenots killed in St. Bartholomew’s
day Massacre. Valois empire comes to an end. French Catholic leaders were
politiques who wanted peace, worked for religious toleration and strong monarchy.
Henry IV of Navarre: Huguenot form house of Bourbon, supported by both protestants
and politiques, first Bourbon king of France, Secured crown and brought peace to
France. Gave up religion and became Catholic for peace. Passed Edict of Nances.
Rebuilt France and restored its prosperity.
Edict of Nantes: Huguenots could set up one house of worship in each district
except for Paris.
Cardinal Richelieu: Louis XIII employed Richelieu to be his chief minister. 2
goals: Increase power of Bourbon monarchy, and make France strongest state in
Europe. 3 Dangers: independence of Huguenots, Power of French nobility, and
Hapsburg armies. Took Huguenot right to fortify their cities. Orded nobles to take
down their castles. Hired intendants to make sure none resisted. Bourbons became
absolute monarchs triumphed over Spanish and Hapsburgs.
Intendants: Richilieu’s spies from the middle class who made sure nobles didn’t
resist
Descartes: French Writer and thinker: Discourse on Method, “I think therefore I
am”
Thirty Years War: Tension between Catholic and Lutheran German princes. Protestant
mob riots in Prague due to leader from different country Ferdinand II who was
hated as a foreigner, a Catholic, and a Hapsburg. Lutheran princes, French kings,
and Czechs revolt. Ferdinand sends army to Bohemia to put down protestant revolt.
War splits between Hapsburg successes and failures. At first Hapsburg crush
protestant princes and Czech uprising. Protestants find new leader in Sweedish
Adolphus drive Hapsburgs out of North Germany, Richilieu dominates final years by
bringing France into war on protestant side,
Treaty of Westphalia: Ends 30 years war, Germany becomes almost free. Calvinism
gains equal privelege as Lutheranism, Dutch Republic gains independence. Hapsburgs
are biggest losers, French are biggest winners.

Chapter 18
Elizabeth I: Child of Henry VIII, led through English golden age. Never married.
Established moderate state church by passing 2 acts: Act of Uniformity set up
national church that was only legal church of England, every had to attend
services. Act of Supremecy which made Elizabeth supreme ruler of Church. Executed
Mary Stuart. Was threatened by Philip II of Spain who was angered. Sent Drake’s
sea dogs to attack Spanish ships and knighted him. Defeated Spanish Armada to
bring about golden age. Suffered financial problems due to lack of taxes.
Quarelled with parliament near end.
Mary Stuart: Catholic queen of Scots sent to unseat Elizabeth who found out and
executed her.
Joint-stock company: Special business organization used to set up funding for
colonization. Investors bought shares in a business if business fell they lost
money, if it prospered they gained. Sign of Commercial revolution spread.
Strengthened England economically.
Act of Supremacy: Act of Supremecy which made Elizabeth supreme ruler of Church of
England
Shakespeare: Wrote famous dramas and poetry during Elizabethian era.Revealed human
nature through understanding and observation
James I: Successor of Elizabeth, Mary stuart’s son, Clashed with Parliament
because he believed he had absolute authority and God’s divine right. Needed money
which parliament refused to give him. Also got fire for being “too Catholic”.
Creative single authoritative text called king James bible
Divine Right: Theory that royal power comes from god.
King James Bible: Bible created by King James still read by Protestants worldwide,
noted for eloquence.
Charles I: Suceeded James I believed in divine right, clashed with parliament over
money. Needed funds for war with England, dismissed parliament, taxed knights and
nobles imprisoning those who didn’t pay, quartered troops in private homes, King
needed parliament again who forced him to sign Petition of Right which made the
king agree to not imprison subjects without cause, not force loans or levy taxes
without parliaments consent, not house soldiers in private homes, not impose
martial law during peacetime. Charles refused to call parliament for 11years.
Chose William Laud to be archbishop who decided to force Presbyterians to follow
church of England resulting in Scots gathering army to invade England. Parliament
refused him money and passed laws to limit his power. He charged into house of
commons. Fled north.
English Civil War: Fought between Cavaliers and Roundheads, Cavaliers held
advantage at first but Roundheads found Oliver Cromwell who won the war for them
Oliver Cromwell: Roundhead military leader, defeated Kings forces with new model
army. Refused to dissolve army and executed Charles. Ruled as a military dictator
disguised in republic “Lord protector” . Wrote first constitution for European
nation outlawed fun. Severely crushed irish rebellion.
Cavaliers: Those loyal to King Charles
Roundheads: Puritan townspeople who supported parliament
New Model Army: Cromwell’s military machine.
Puritans: Roundheads and parliament members who wanted England to be purely
protestant.
Charles II: Parliament invited Charles stuart out of Exile and began restoration.
Restored monarchy, drama, poetry, and fun. Did not try to restore divine right.
Parliament passes Habeus corpus during his reign. Sympathy towards catholicms led
to formation of political parties
Habeas Corpus Act: Gave every prisoner right to be brought before a judge
James II: Openly catholic and led to formation of political parties. Whigs against
him and Torries supporting him. Asserted divine right. Appointed several catholics
to high office. Opened government posts to Catholics. Gave birth to son which made
English scared that line of catholic kings would start
Glorious Revolution: Whigs and torries invite William the Orange and James’ first
wife mary to overthrow James II. English army deserts James who flees for france,
bloodless
Bill of Rights: Parliament passes Bill of Rights which listed things ruler could
not do.and makes clear limits of royal power.
absolute monarchy: Government with complete power
Thomas Hobbes: Felt that humans were evil and Governments were meant to protect
people from themselves. Said no to the overthrowing of James II. Wrote Leviathan.
Best way to govern is absolute monarchy.
John Locke: People have gift of reason, natural ability to govern own affairs,
governments formed to protect right to life, liberty, and property. If government
abused this people could rebel. Published Treatises on Government to justify
rebellion.

Chapter 19
Mercantilism: Exporting more than importing
Louis XIV: Moved royal palace to Versailles, wanted to make france leader of
Europe, absolute monarch. Made mistake of recanting edict of Nances which resulted
in many Huguenots fleeing and economy falling. Popularized opera, patronized
artists. Purpose of art is to glorify king. Fought costly wars that brought France
to bankruptcy,
Colbert: Louis’ minister of finance who believed in mercantilism. Gave out
subsidies to expand manufacturing, encouraged those from other countries to settle
in France. Imposed high tariff on incoming goods. Built roads and canals to
encourage trade and added to French navy, encouraged migration to Canada to
increase fur trade.
Versailles Palace: Created by Louis was huge and beautiful, giant garden. Chapel,
theater, library. Hall of Mirrors.Fountains.
Balance of Power: Small countries join together to equal large ones.
Sun King: Louis XIV
War of the Spanish Succession: England, Austria, Dutch, Denmark, Portrugal, and
Savoy fight war against France and Spain to fight there unison and inicrease of
Bourbon power. Ended in treaty of Utrecht. Philip V allowed to remain king of
Spain if France and Spain were not united. England wins Strait of Gibraltar and
North American territories. Hapsburgs gain Spanish Netherlands.Prussia and Savoy
recognized as kingdoms.
Romanovs: Russian royal dynasty.
Peter the Great: Main goals: to give Russia warm water port, modernize Russia.
Went to Netherlands and worked there, toured London, raised status of women,
Started following of European Calendar in Russia, brought back potatoes, Adopted
mercantilist ideas. Started Russia’s first newspaper. Absolute monarch, reduced
boyar power, Modernized army, laid heavy taxes on Russia. Used army to crush
peasant revolts, took Azov on Black sea from Ottoman Turks but lost it right away,
Fought Great Northern War, moved capital to saint Petersburg. Made Russia a
European power.
Great Northern War: Russia against Swedes. Sweeden gains early advantage and tried
to take Ukraine, the Russians left the Swedes to starve for the winter, and then
attacked them weakened in the spring. As a result, Russia gained land on Baltic
Sea.
St. Petersburg: Low lying swamp area which Peter turned into capital because of
its proximity to rivers.
Ottoman Empire: Corrupt government, decline since death of Sulieman, poorly
equipped army, Sultan still held some power.
Maria Therasa: Pragmatic Sanction made her sole heir to Austria. Faced Years of
War against Prussia. In response to invasions quickly gained Hungarian support and
got help from Britain and Russia and Dutch. Stopped Prussia from swallowing
Austria.
Prussia: Country North of Holy Roman Emprie, ruled by hohenzollerns
Hohenzollerns: North German power family ruled Prussia.
Frederick William I: Ruler of Prussia, spent all his money on military power. Only
promoted Junkers to office. Makes Prussia “army that posses a state”
Junkers: Prussia’s landowning nobility. Superior in statys and power to civilians.
Frederick II: Invaded Hapsburg empire and started several countries trying to take
advantage of woman leader