7 Properties of an Area

KL2103 Class 01 Semester I 2009/2010

Introduction
We have been able to determine the internal forces in statically determinate structures subjected to given loads. The internal forces will be the same regardless of the materials (steel, concrete, wood, etc.) or the size of the structural members. The strength of a structure, however, will depend on the material properties and cross-sectional properties of its members. Knowing the properties of a cross-sectional area is the first step to analyze the strength of a structure.

Cross-Sectional Area

When we cut a member of a structure and look in the direction perpendicular to the section line, we will see the cross-sectional area of the member.

First Moments of an Area

Qx = y dA
A

Qy = x dA
A

Centroid of an Area

x dA = Ax
A

y dA = Ay
A

Qx = Ay Qy = Ax

First Moments of an Area

The first moments could be positive, zero, or negative, depending upon the position of the coordinate axes. The first moment of an area with respect to an axis that passes the centroid of the area is zero.

Composite Area

Qx = y dA = y dA +
A A1

A2

y dA + + y dA
An

Qx = A1 y1 + A2 y2 + + An yn = Ai yi
Ax x= A
i

i i

Ay y= A
i i

Second Moments / Moments of Inertia

I x = y 2 dA
A

I y = x 2 dA
A

Polar moment of inertia

I O = r 2 dA
A

Product of inertia

I xy = xy dA
A

Example 1

Determine the first and second moment about the x and y axes for the rectangular section shown.
y

h x

Example 1
bh 2 Qx = y dA = y dx dy = by dy = 2 A 0 0 0 b2 b2h Qy = x dA = x dx dy = dy = 2 2 A 0 0 0
I x = y dA = y dx dy = by 2 dy =
2 2 A 0 0 0 h b h 2 2 h b h

h b

First moments

h b

Second moments

bh3 3

b3 b3h I y = x dA = x dx dy = dy = 3 3 0 0 0 A

Example 2

Determine the moment of inertia about the x and y axes that pass through the centroid of the rectangular section.
y

Example 2
bh3 I x = y dA = y dx dy = by dy = 12 A h b h
2 2 2
2 2 2 h 2 b 2 h 2

b3 b3h I y = x dA = x dx dy = dy = 12 12 h b h A
2 2
2 2 2

h 2

b 2

h 2

Moments of Inertia for Some Common Sections

y h C b y h C b

bh3 12 x b3h Iy = 12 Ix =
bh3 36 x b3h Iy = 36 Ix =

y
C

Ix = I y =
x

r4
4

D
64

b2h2 I xy = 72

Moments of Inertia
Moments of inertia are always positive. Product of inertia Ixy can be positive, zero, or negative, depending upon the position of the coordinate axes. Ixy will be zero if either x or y is an axis of symmetry.

Parallel-Axis Theorem
I x = I x0 + d x2 A
2 I y = I y0 + d y A

IO = IC + d 2 A I xy = I x0 y0 + d x d y A

Example 3

Determine the moments of inertia and product of inertia for the angle section shown about the x and y axes that pass through the centroid of the area.
y
7 C 1 5 1

Example 3

Location of the centroid (1)(8)( 0.5) + ( 5 )(1)( 3.5) = 1.65" x= (1)(8 ) + ( 5)(1) (1)(8 )( 4 ) + ( 5 )(1)( 0.5) = 2.65" y= (1)(8) + ( 5)(1) Moments of inertia
1 3 2 (1)(8) + ( 4 2.65) (1)(8) 12 1 3 2 + ( 5 )(1) + ( 0.5 2.65 ) ( 5 )(1) 12 = 80.78 in.4
Iy =

Ix =

1 3 2 (1) (8) + ( 0.5 1.65) (1)(8) 12 1 3 2 + ( 5 ) (1) + ( 3.5 1.65 ) ( 5 )(1) 12 = 38.78 in.4

Product of inertia

I xy = 0 + ( 4 2.65 )( 0.5 1.65 )(1)( 8 ) +0 + ( 0.5 2.65 )( 3.5 1.65 )( 5 )(1) = 32.31 in.4

Moments of Inertia about Inclined Axes

Moments of Inertia about Inclined Axes

I x' = I y' = I x' y' = Ix + I y 2 Ix + I y 2 Ix I y 2 + Ix I y 2 Ix I y 2 cos 2 I xy sin 2 cos 2 + I xy sin 2

sin 2 + I xy cos 2

Example 4

Determine the moments of inertia and product of inertia for the angle section shown about the x and y axes given. x
y
7 C 1 5 1 60o

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Example 4
80.78 + 38.78 80.78 38.78 cos120o ( 32.31) sin120o + 2 2 4 = 77.25 in. 80.78 + 38.78 80.78 38.78 cos120o + ( 32.31) sin120o I y' = 2 2 4 = 42.30 in. I x' = I x' y' = 80.78 38.78 sin120o + ( 32.31) cos120o 2 = 34.34 in.4

Principal Moments of Inertia

Ix + I y 2 I I 2 x y + I xy 2
2

I max,min =

Principal axes

tan 2 p =

2 I xy I y Ix

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Example 5

Determine the principal moments of inertia for the section shown about the axes that pass through the centroid of the area, and the rotation angles that produce the principal axes.
y
7 C 1 5 1

Example 5
80.78 + 38.78 2 80.78 38.78 I1 = + + ( 32.31) 2 2
2

= 98.31 in.4 80.78 + 38.78 2 80.78 38.78 I2 = + ( 32.31) 2 2

2

= 21.24 in.4

p = tan 1 2 38.78 80.78 p1 = 28.5o p 2 = 118.5o

2 ( 32.31)

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Example 5
p1 = 28.5o I x ' = 98.31 in.4 p 2 = 118.5o I x ' = 21.24 in.4
2 1
7 C 1 5 1 28.5o

Mohrs Circle

A graphical way to transform Ix, Iy, and Ixy into Ix, Iy, and Ixy and the principal moments of inertia.
y y y y

Establish a coordinate system with horizontal axis I and vertical axis Ixy. Plot point O on I axis at a distance (Ix + Iy)/2 from the origin. This is the center of the Mohrs circle. Plot point A (Ix, Ixy). Draw the circle with O as the center and OA as the radius of the circle.

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Mohrs Circle
Point C represents (Ix, Ixy) if the x-y axes are rotated with an angle counterclockwise. Point E is the maximum moment of inertia Imax or I1. Point F is the minimum moment of inertia Imin or I2. The angle is the rotation angle for x-axis to obtain the principal axis.

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Example 6

Use Mohrs circle to reproduce the results of Examples 4 and 5 for the section shown.
y
7 C 1 5 1

Example 6
Ixy
34.34

10

20

30

40

50 in.4

120o 42.30 21.24 38.78

57o

80.78 77.25

98.31

32.31

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