Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
PROJECT WORK
2009
IC NO. : 920323-14-6699
CLASS: 5 AWAM 1
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Part 01
3. Part 02
4. Part 03
5. conclusion
INTRODUCTION
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in
a plane which are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The
common distance of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius. A
diameter is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which passes
through the centre of the circle. The length of a diameter is twice the length of
the radius. A circle is never a polygon because it has no sides or vertices.
Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an
interior and an exterior. In everyday use the term "circle" may be used
interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (known as the
perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior, but in strict technical
usage "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a
disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when
referring to its length).
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are
conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the cone.
The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is
the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes
much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has
helped inspire the development of geometry and calculus.
Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was
connected to the divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that
there was something intrinsically "divine" or "perfect" that could be found in
circles.
Some highlights in the history of the circle are:
• 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular
field. The result corresponds to 256/81 as an approximate value of π.[1]
• 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.
• 1880 – Lindemann proves that π is transcendental, effectively settling the
millennia-old problem of squaring the circle.[2]
PART 01
There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of circles.
(b) Definition of
History of
(a) C
A
P d1 R d2
d B d
10 10cm
Length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in d₁ and d₂ as long as the the
sum of both length equals to d.
5 = 1.5 + 3.5
5 =5
(b)
i.
ii. The length of arc of outer semicircle is equals to the sum of length of arc in the
inner semi circle.
Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 .......
(c) Assume the diameter of outer semicircle ABC is 30cm and 4 semicircles
are inscribed in the outer semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ),
d2(QRS), d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal to 30cm.
d d d d
Arc ABC Arc APQ Arc QRS Arc STU Arc UVC
1 2 3 4
1 8 6 6 15 5 4 3 3
0
1 3 5 1 15 6 3/2 5/2 5
2 0
1 8 4 4 15 7 4 2 2
4
1 5 3 7 15 15/2 5/2 3/2 7/2
5
15 = 5 + 4 + 3 + 3
15 = 15
Thus, the generalisation is still true.
PART 03
y in terms of and χ
Y = 52 /2 - ½( χ2/4) - ½((10-χ)2/4)
Y = (2(10χ - χ2)/8)
Y = ((10χ - χ2)/4)
21 = -7χ2 + 70χ
8.0 2
Y/x0 = 7χ - 70χ + 21
0 = χ2 - 10χ + 3
07.0
= (χ - 3)(χ - 7)
χ=3,χ=7
6.0
(c)
y = ((10χ - χ2)/4)
5.0
y/χ = 10 /4 - χ /4
χ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.0
y/χ 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4
3.0
2.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
when χ = 4.5 , y/χ = 4.3
thus,
area = χ × y/χ
area = 19.35 m2
(d)
y = ((10χ - χ2)/4)
0 = 5 /2 – χ /2
χ /2 = 5 /2
χ=5
y = - /4(χ - 5) - 25
χ=5
(e)
n = 12 , a = 30 cm , d = ? S12 = 1000 cm
640 = 66d
d = 9.697
bed)
3 39.6 49.3 59.0 68.7 78.4 88.1 97.8 107.5 117.2 126. 136.6
Diamet 0 97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73 97 67
er (cm)
conclusion
part 01
Not all objects are related to circle. If all the objects are in circles, there
will be no balance and stability. In our daily life, there are many objects related to
circle. For example, ball, fan, clock etc. we accept pi( ) as 3.142 or 22/7 as the
best value. The circumference is directly proportional to the diameter × pi( ). For
example, if a circle has length of twice diameter, the circumference is also twice.
part 02
The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB, and BCR where the
semicircle PQR is the outer semicircle and PAB and BCR are the inner semicircles.
The length of arc PQR = length of arc PAB + length of arc BCR. The length of arc
obtained as the length of arc = ½(2 r). as the conclusion, the outer semicircles
are equals to the inner semicircles, Souter = Sinner
part 03
The shaded region can be defined as, the shaded region = area of ADC –
(area of AEB + area of BFC). When we plot a graph, we can still get a linear
graph because Souter = Sinner, where the diameter has a constant value for a
semicircle.