Safety On The Fire Ground - Learning and Assessment Strategy

Wildfire Firefighter Safety on the Fireground PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene PUAOHS002A Prevent Injury
Learning and Assessment Strategy
Version 1.0 26 April, 2006

First published February 2005 in Australia by: CFA Operations, CFA Headquarters, 8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151. CFA 2005 Other than that permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without written permission from the Country Fire Authority Victoria. Enquiries should be addressed to the publisher.
Table of Contents
Learning Materials Control Sheet ..................................................................................3 Record of Version ..........................................................................................................3 Contact for Enquiries and Proposed Changes ..............................................................3 PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene .....................................................4 PUAOHS002A Prevent Injury ......................................................................................11 Competency Map: PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene.................15 Competency Map: PUAFIR201A Prevent injury ......................................................16
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Learning Materials Control Sheet

Record of Version
No 1.00 Date 26/04/2006 Nature of Amendment Initial draft learning and assessment strategy
Contact for Enquiries and Proposed Changes

If you have any questions regarding this learning document please contact the responsible area identified below:
Name Designation
Tony Duckmanton Manager Learning and Development CFA Headquarters, 8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151
Phone Fax Email
(03) 9262 8310 (03) 9262 8576 t.duckmanton@cfa.vic.gov.au
PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene

This unit covers the competency to recognise potential health and safety risks and take action to eliminate or control those risks at incident scenes, to prevent injury to self, other personnel or members of the public. Element 1. Determine hazards at incident site. 1.1. Performance Criteria Issues affecting safety of self and other personnel are established by identification of hazards and assessment of risks, and by liaison with others at the scene. 1.2. Relevant operational safety procedures are implemented in accordance with organisations policies. 1.3. Duties are undertaken in line with organisational health and safety codes of practice and relevant legislation. 2. Implement hazard controls at incident scene. 2.1. Hazards are identified and mitigation procedures are selected in line with work instructions and procedures. 2.2. Hazardous situations rectified where possible and reported and/or recorded according to organisations policies and procedures. 2.3. Changes in situation and/or conditions are reported immediately to designated person. 2.4. Hazard controls are monitored and communicated to relevant personnel to ensure continuing effectiveness. 2.5. Hazard control and mitigation measures are implemented with minimum damage to the environment, while maintaining safety of self and others. 2.6. Incident/accident scene is effectively secured to preserve the scene and maintain public safety in line with legislative requirements.
Element 3. Maintain personal safety. 3.1.
Performance Criteria Personal protective clothing and equipment is selected and checked according to organisational procedures to ensure it is operational prior to entry into incident situation. 3.2. Personal protective clothing and equipment appropriate to dealing with the hazard is worn/fitted and used in accordance with organisations policies and procedures and manufacturers guidelines. 3.3. Water and food intake, rest breaks and shelter requirements are maintained. 3.4. Survival technique strategies are implemented in accordance with organisations policies and guidelines.
4. Contribute to maintaining safety of other work group members.
4.1.
Impact of own actions on safety of others is recognised.
4.2.
Contact is maintained at all times with other work group members.
4.3.
Signals are correctly used, interpreted, confirmed and acted upon in a timely manner.
4.4.
Warnings of hazardous situations are clearly relayed to work group members using appropriate terminology and codes.
4.5.
Assistance is given to work group members in danger in accordance with standard operating procedures, ensuring personal safety is maintained.
RANGE STATEMENT Working environment may Hazardous be Unpredictable Subject to time pressure Chaotic and expose responders to risk Public Safety workplaces Any location where a Public Safety incident occurs include Response situation includes Single and multi agency response situations
Risk is The likelihood of injury or damage occurring and the potential consequences of any injury or damage Hazards include All potential sources of injury or damage to property or the environment including identified and potential hazards to persons equipment or the environment Incidents may include A variety of natural or man made events including but not limited to rescues and extrications (flood storm tempest natural disaster vehicle aircraft rail industrial civil defence) fires (structural wild prescribed burning) search and rescue (urban rural sea) hazardous materials and dangerous goods Hazards may be identified Scene assessment by Visual inspections Plan reviews Recognising hazard warnings Accessing data bases Interviewing others at scene Seeking expert advice Others at scene may include Organisational personnel Personnel from other organisations General public Hazardous materials may Thermal include Mechanical Explosives Toxic Corrosive Asphyxiant Radiation Etiological hazards Mutagenic materials Biological hazards may Bacteria include Viruses Fungi and yeasts Including exotic organisms Physical hazards may Noise include Slippery surfaces Poor visibility Smoky environments
Fallen/falling objects Fatigue Electrical hazards may Pole fires include Electrical fires Electricity in damaged/burning structures Energised vehicles/structures due to downed wires Manual handling hazards Heavy objects may include Content and shape of containers Environmental hazards may Temperature include Darkness Fire Snow Floods Winds Rain Hail Flora Fauna Postural restrictions and access Terrain Traffic Hazard control measures Erection of barriers may include Establishment of control zone Use of spill clean up kits Use of electrically insulated tools and equipment Vehicle protection hoses and devices Life support equipment (heat radiation shielded crew cabin Vehicle cabins with/without sprays) Entry control procedures to hazardous areas Decontamination Relevant legislation may State or territory occupational health and safety acts and include regulations Personal protective clothing Breathing apparatus and equipment may include Personal lines Air lines Personal distress units
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Respiratory protection Protective hoods Goggles Hearing protectors Sunscreen Chemical protective clothing Personal flotation devices Wet suits Turnout uniform Gloves Hard hat Safety boots Overalls Chainsaw chaps Bullet proof vests Firearms Batons Handcuffs Hazard control equipment Atmospheric monitoring equipment may include Meteorological equipment Radiation monitoring equipment Oxygen meters Flammable gas detectors Reporting may include Verbal Written reports Completing standard forms Logs Sitreps Note taking Logging entry to hazardous areas Designated person may Supervisor include Team leader Workplace occupational health and safety representative Officer in charge
Survival strategies which Buildings maybe applied in Wildfire situations Water Extreme heat or cold Factors which may require Traffic monitoring may include Weather conditions Vegetation type Spectators Temperature Structural integrity Relative humidity Slope Terrain Water supply/pressure Fire development Stream flows Suspect atmospheres Contact with other Visual personnel may include Vocal Touch Radio Audible warnings Signalling EVIDENCE GUIDE Critical aspects of evidence It is essential for this unit that competence be demonstrated in maintaining personal safety and safety of others Interdependent assessment Pre-requisite units: PUAFIR201A Prevent Injury (Fire of units Specific) Co-requisite units: Nil Underpinning knowledge Accidents and incidents commonly encountered Hazards and procedures and safety precautions to prevent injury on encountering various hazards employee responsibilities and obligations. Food intake Hazards: Heat induced illnessfactors leading to prevention injuries; Labelling and storage of hazardous substances; Manual handling hazards; Means of relaying
warnings to other personnel; Methods of hazard control and reporting; Organisations occupational health and safety policy; Problems associated with insufficient water intake ;Procedures for investigating injuries; Procedures for participating in occupational health and safety arrangements; Procedures for reporting hazards protection; Relevant standard operating procedures; Respiratory systemfunctions Rest breaks State and territory occupational health and safety requirements Survival techniques for various situations Symptoms and treatment Techniques and aids Use and limitations of relevant protective clothing and equipment Underpinning skills Communicate non-verbally and verbally Follow procedures and instructions Record information Use communication equipment Work with others in a team situation Resource implications A range of protective clothing and equipment may be required Consistency in performance Evidence should be gathered over a period of time in a range of actual or simulated workplace environments Context of assessment A real life incident, exercise or simulation, or series of tasks are required to demonstrate competence in this unit. This may involve setting scenarios to be completed either individually or as a member of a team. Written or verbal questions may be used as supporting evidence
PUAOHS002A Prevent Injury

This unit covers the competency associated with the identification, avoidance, review and evaluation of workplace risks and hazards, maintenance of personal safety and the reporting to supervisors and team members. Element 1. Identify workplace hazards and risks and advise others Performance Criteria 1.1. Procedures and practices are followed to identify workplace hazards and risks. 1.2. Appropriate procedures for dealing with hazards in the workplace are followed in accordance with Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) guidelines and the organisations procedures. 1.3. Contact is maintained at all times with other crew members and supervisor. 1.4. Hazards in the work area and warnings of hazardous situations are recognised and reported to designated personnel. 1.5. Stressful situations are recognised and support is sought or given to minimise effect. 2. Implement hazard control procedures 2.1. Personal protective clothing and equipment is selected and donned in accordance with the organisations procedures and within its limitations. 2.2. Appropriate procedures and work instructions for controlling risks and hazards are followed. 2.3. Personal health is protected in accordance with legislative and organisations procedures. 2.4. Equipment appropriate to dealing with a hazard is used in accordance with standard operating procedures. 2.5. Controls are implemented to minimise damage to the environment. 2.6. Fluid and food intake and rest breaks are maintained in accordance with environmental and working conditions and the organisations policy. 2.7. Assistance is given to crew members in danger while maintaining personal safety in accordance with the organisations procedures.
Element 3. Review effectiveness of hazard control procedures 3.1. 3.2. 3.3.
Performance Criteria Hazard controls are monitored to ensure continued effectiveness. Changes in incident behaviour and conditions are reported immediately to supervisor. Factors which may create or increase risk to life, property or the environment are identified, reported and controlled in so far as possible.
4. Participate in the implementation of OH&S in the workplace
4.1. OH&S issues are raised with designated personnel in accordance with procedures and OH&S legislation. 4.2. Contributions to OH&S implementation in the workplace are made within organisations procedures and scope of responsibilities and competencies. 4.3. Activities/debriefings are undertaken which alleviate occupational stress.
RANGE STATEMENT Workplaces may include Locations where activities and operations may occur such as structures, open spaces, water, public and private property, (including crown land), mobile property, confined spaces. Activities to alleviate Avoidance limiting exposure, withdrawal, defusion / occupational stress include debriefing, counselling services, referral to medical services or relevant government agencies Hazards must include those Urban, rural and aircraft fires training and simulation associated with activities hazardous materials electricity and may also include Prescribed burning activities, vehicle and industrial rescue/extrication flood, storm and tempest rescues. Travelling in vehicles and travelling in aircraft. The nature of the hazard Chemical spills such as those involving dangerous goods; must include Incident vapours/poisonous gases/smoke; contaminated fire water; explosions/flammability; radioactivity; environmental contamination of air/land/water, appliances and equipment. Biological Biological such as infections, bites, stings, radiation. Personal Heat stress, dehydration, psychological such as critical incident stress; shock, drowning. Environmental Fire and explosions; falling objects (trees, masonry, rocks etc.); subsidence; water load; structural collapse, radiant heat, entrapment by fire in a vehicle or on foot, chemical
types, heavy machinery, confined space/structure. and may also include Aerial retardant drops; broken terrain. Risk control measures must Use of clothing and equipment to provide protection, eye, include sight, hearing protection, appropriate training barriers, vehicle protection hoses and devices survival techniques, life support equipment/features and may also include Spill clean up kits, electrically insulated tools and equipment fire blankets/roll over protection goggles, face shield, hearing protection and chainsaw chaps, adequate food, fluid and other welfare needs during extended operations Personal protective clothing Turnout uniform and gloves respiratory protection, eye and equipment must include protection. and may also include Face shield, chemical protective clothing, personal lines, personal distress units, personal accessories kit, chainsaw chaps. Life support equipment / Radiation shielding vehicle, cabins with/without sprays, features may include low water level indicators, protective vests, fire blankets, first aid kit. Factors which must require Available resources, traffic and spectators, wind evaluation and review strength/direction, temperature and relative humidity, fire include development/behaviour structural and equipment integrity, water supply/pressure, vegetation type, topographical features including slope, terrain and aspect. Contact with crew members Visual, touch, radio, verbal. and supervisors must include and may also include Electronic and written. Designated personnel must Other crew members/supervisors/OH&S representatives. include EVIDENCE GUIDE Critical aspects of evidence It is essential for this unit that competence be demonstrated in: correct identification of hazards in the workplace, application of the organisations procedures including the correct selection and use of PPE, advising and reporting of workplace hazards in accordance with the organisations requirements, notification of risk to the team and supervisor in a timely manner. Interdependent assessment Pre-requisite units: Nil of units Co-requisite units: PUATEA001A Work in a team Underpinning knowledge Health and fitness requirements such as diet and nutrition, exercise, impact of smoking, alcohol and drugs on the
body. Occupational hazards encountered in the workplace such as structural collapse, electricity, chemicals, dust, wildfires, extreme temperatures, biological, radiation, hazardous atmospheres, flammable and combustible liquids and gases and manual handling. Personal protection such as clothing and equipment requirements, survival in life threatening situations and health hazards. Signs of occupational stress, limiting stress, dealing with stress and seeking assistance. Signs of fatigue and dealing with fatigue. Methods of hazard control and reporting in accordance with the organisations procedures. Procedures for participating in OH&S arrangements Underpinning skills Identification of typical hazards in the workplace, use of protective clothing and equipment Resource implications Availability of appropriate protective clothing, equipment and organisational procedures. Consistency in performance Evidence should be gathered over a period of time in a range of actual or simulated workplace environments. Context of assessment A combination of oral or written presentations, observations, on the job and/or in a range of simulated environments.
Competency Map: PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene

Elements of competency unit addressed in this training program 1
Determine hazards at incident site.
2
Implement hazard controls at incident scene.
3
Maintain personal safety
4
Contribute to maintaining safety of other work group members.
CFA required Underpinning Knowledge
Skills Assessment
Remarks
Sessions Session One Introduction to the Safe Person Approach Session Two Protective clothing and equipment Session Three General incident scene hazards Session Four Wildfire hazards Session Five Other incident scene hazards Session Six Hazard management considerations 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 2.1, 2.2, 2.5
1.1, 1.2, 1.3
2.1, 2.5
3.1, 3.2
3.2, 3.3
1.1, 1.2, 1.3
2.1, 2.5
3.2, 3.4
All underpinning knowledge and skills covered
2.1, 2.5
3.2
1.3
2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5
Competency Map: PUAFIR201A Prevent injury

Elements of competency unit addressed in this training program 1
Identify workplace hazards and risks and advise others
2
Implement hazard control procedures
3
Review effectiveness of hazard control procedures
4
Participate in the implementation of OH&S in the workplace
CFA required Underpinning Knowledge
Skills Assessment
Remarks
Sessions Session One Introduction to the Safe Person Approach Session Two Protective clothing and equipment Session Three General incident scene hazards Session Four Wildfire hazards Session Five Other incident scene hazards Session Six Hazard management considerations 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.1, 1.2 2.2, 2.3
2.1, 2.4 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6 2.1, 2.2, 2.4 2.1, 2.2, 2.4
All underpinning knowledge and skills completed
1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5
2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7
3.1, 3.2, 3.3
4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Section 1 Learning Strategy Program Introduction Help learners to feel comfortable about attending this Program Welcome the participants: Introduce yourself; your background and your relevant qualifications. Have the participants introduce themselves. Conduct the site induction and participant registration. OHT 2
Aids
OHT 1
Time
15 mins
Inform learners of Programs aim and objectives: Inform learners of Programs timetable:
Show OHT1 - Program objectives . Explain the outcomes that will need to be achieved. Show OHT 2 Program Outline. Discuss the program outline (Sessions and timings) and explain how the program will be conducted.
OHT 3
Section 2 Learning Strategy Session 1: Safe Person Approach Time: 0.5 Hours Aids Introduce Session: OHT 1 Time
Inform learners of Session enabling objectives:
Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on the overhead. At the end of this session participants will be able to: Explain the importance of safety on the fire ground. Conduct a dynamic risk assessment on the fire ground. Implement the risk assessment matrix on the fire ground
OHT 2
OHT 3
Clarify participant understanding of objectives as required. Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session: Topics covered in this session: The importance of firefighter safety The Safe Person Approach Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA) Risk Assessment Matrix Stimulate recall of prior/ prerequisite learning?:
Session 1: Safe Person Approach Enabling Objective: Explain the importance of safety on the fire ground Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment The importance of firefighter safety: It is the highest priority. CFA working environment is constantly changing and can be inherently hazardous. To maintain effectiveness, crews need to be as safe as reasonably practical. Injury or illness will reduce crew effectiveness and can place the entire crew in danger. Using OHT 4: Discuss the importance of firefighter safety at the incident scene. Provide an example where an entire crew has been placed in danger by an avoidable firefighter injury/illness. Example OHT 4 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
The Safe Person Approach: Safety is empowered to every individual; it cannot be delegated. The Safe Person Approach is based on having the right support mechanisms in place to ensure firefighters are safe while at work. Organisational responsibility under the Safe Person Approach. Personal responsibility under the Safe Person Approach.
Using OHT 5: Introduce the quote. Have the participants comment on its meaning. Introduce the Safe Person Approach concept.
OHT 5
Using OHT 6-9: Discuss organisational and personal responsibility for safety.
Identify a firefighters personal responsibilities under the safe person approach
OHT 6-9
Session 1: Safe Person Approach Enabling Objective: Conduct a dynamic risk assessment on the fire ground Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA): Process for identifying hazards, establishing a plan to achieve an objective, assessing and classifying risks, making adjustments to the plan based on the level of risk, and continually monitoring the situation. A risk is the likelihood of injury or illness arising from exposure to a hazard. Used on arrival at the scene, constantly while at the scene and when departing the scene. A mental process of constant monitoring. Using OHT10: Provide introductory information on DRA. Use a relevant CFA example to clarify the five step process. Given a scenario carry out a DRA OHT 10 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Activity: Divide the participants into groups and allocate each group flipchart paper and pens. Using an action of their choice (e.g. climbing a ladder or crossing a road) have the participants conduct a DRA, recording the five steps on the flipchart paper. Have each group briefly summarise their DRA.
Flipchart paper and pens
Session 1: Safe Person Approach Enabling Objective: Implement the risk assessment matrix on the fire ground Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Risk Assessment Matrix: Tool for assessing the level of risk for a planned action. Based on likelihood verses consequence. Selected actions must be inline with standards determined by the organisation. Matrix structure. Likelihood rated as rare, unlikely, very likely or certain. Consequence rated as insignificant, moderate, major or catastrophic. Level of risk determined by where a planned action intersects on the matrix. Level of risk is rated as low, medium, high or extreme. Planned action should be replaced when the level of risk is extreme. Planned action should be reconsidered when the level of risk is high. Planned action may be implemented when the level of risk is medium or low. Using OHT 11: Introduce the matrix purpose and layout. Explain, using a CFA example, how the matrix assists with decision making. OHT 11 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Activity: Have the participants return to their groups from the previous activity. Using the matrix, have the participants assess the level of risk associated with their action. Each group should briefly summarise their assessment. Provide a number of other actions and have the groups assess the risk using the matrix.
Given a scenario carry out a Risk Assessment
Flipchart paper and pens
Section 2 Learning Strategy Session 2: Protective clothing and equipment Time: 0.5 Hours Aids OHT 1 Time
Introduce Session:
Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on the overhead. At the end of this session participants will be able to: Select protective clothing and equipment appropriate to the incident scene. Conduct appropriate checks on protective clothing and equipment prior to use. Don protective clothing using appropriate procedures.
OHT 2
Clarify participant understanding of objectives as required. Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session: Topics covered in this session: Types of protective clothing and equipment Provision, specification and use of protective clothing and equipment Donning Wildfire PPC and PPE OHT 3
Stimulate recall of prior/ prerequisite learning?:
Session 2: Protective clothing and equipment Enabling Objective: range of protective clothing Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment A range of protective clothing and equipment is available to assist with safety at the incident scene. CFA has policies and procedures covering the provision, specification and use of protective clothing and equipment. Protective clothing and equipment used by CFA includes. Overalls, wildfire jacket and over trousers Structural turnout coats Helmets Boots Gloves Respiratory equipment Eye protection Hearing protection Reflective/high visibility vests First aid kits Sunscreen Fire blankets Chainsaw chaps Low water level indicators Vehicle protection hoses and devices Chemical protection suits Using OHT 4-5 and examples of protective clothing and equipment, discuss: When and how the clothing and equipment is used. Advantages/disadvantages provided. Differences between wildfire and structural firefighting clothing. Operational checks required. Donning procedures. OHT 4-5 Samples of protective gear Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Session 2: Protective clothing and equipment Enabling Objective: provision, specification and use of protective clothing and equipment Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Protective clothing limitations: Protective clothing used for wildfire firefighting does not provide sufficient protection for offensive structural firefighting. Protective clothing used for structural firefighting can increase metabolic rate and cause heat stress during wildfire firefighting. Protective clothing does not make a firefighter invincible. All protective clothing will have limitations at some point. Donning wildfire PPC/E Operational pre checks required. Donning procedures. Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Emphasise safety point
Demonstrate correct method for donning and wearing wildfire PPC/E. Activity: Have participants practice donning PPC/E. Continue until satisfied that they are proficient. Given examples of PPC and equipment, practice donning procedures Wildfire firefighter PPC/E kits
Section 2 Learning Strategy Session 3: General incident scene hazards Time: 1.5 Hours Aids OHT 1 Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on the overhead. At the end of this session participants will be able to: Identify general incident scene hazards, including smoke, dust, sunburn, dehydration, heat illness, lifting injuries, working on or around vehicles, electricity, traffic, darkness, noise and slippery surfaces. Implement control measures to eliminate/minimise general incident scene hazards. OHT 2 Time
Introduce Session: Inform learners of Session enabling objectives:
Clarify participant understanding of objectives as required. Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session: Topics covered in this session: Smoke and dust Fatigue Heat related illnesses Lifting related injuries Working on and around vehicles Electricity Traffic Noise Slippery surfaces Working in darkness Stimulate recall of prior/ prerequisite learning?:
OHT 3
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method Using OHT 4: Discuss each of the general incident scene hazards. Provide relevant CFA examples. Involve the participants, ask questions. View the video clips and conduct demonstrations as indicated. Practice/Feedback Assessment Smoke and dust: Can irritate the eyes and lungs. Inhalation can reduce performance, increase fatigue, lead to illness and affect judgement. Smoke contains carbon monoxide, which is poisonous and inhalation can result in serious injury or death. Can reduce visibility. Avoid unnecessary exposure and wear appropriate eye and respiratory protection. Fatigue: Conditions at the fire ground can be physically stressful. Even the fittest person will tire without appropriate rest, food and fluids. Fatigue can affect performance and lead to mistakes. Symptoms include slow reactions, impaired judgement, inability to make decisions/concentrate and erratic performance. Treat by taking regular breaks in the shade/away from wind and rain, pacing work, drinking water and eating energy foods, and avoid working in excessive smoke and heat. OHT 4 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Using OHT 5: Discuss each of the general incident scene hazards. Provide relevant CFA examples. Involve the participants, ask questions.
OHT 5
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method Using OHT 6: Discuss each of the general incident scene hazards. Provide relevant CFA examples. Involve the participants, ask questions. Practice/Feedback Assessment Sunburn: Prolong exposure to the sun can lead to sunburn, even on overcast days. Sun burn can reduce effectiveness at an incident. Limit the amount of exposed skin with appropriate PPC. Apply water resistant sunscreen with a SPF factor of at least 30+. Reapply regularly. Treat sunburn by applying cool, moist compresses to the affected areas. Rest in a cool place and drink cool water and an electrolyte replacement pack. Dehydration: Occurs when fluids lost through perspiration are not replaced. Thirst is not a true indication of how much water the body needs. Levels of perspiration are a better indication. Drink at least 150 200ml of water every 10 15 minutes. (this level of hydration is aligned to continuous physical work on the fire line, hydration levels may reduce in line with assigned work). Plain cool water alternated with an electrolyte drink is best. OHT 6 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Using OHT 7: Discuss each of the general incident scene hazards. Provide relevant CFA examples. Involve the participants, ask questions.
OHT7
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method View the OHP 8 Heat illness clip. Click in the middle of the black box to start the clip. Using OHT 9 and 10 discuss this topic in detail Practice/Feedback Assessment Heat illness: Occurs when the bodys ability to cool itself is overwhelmed. Can occur when the environment is too hot, perspiration cannot evaporate, you are ill or unfit, you have used drugs or alcohol, you have failed to maintain adequate fluid intake or you over exert. Sufferers may not be aware of the problem. Crews need to look after each other and report occurrences to the Crew Leader. Heat cramps are muscular pain or spasms. May not be able to relax contracted muscles. Treat with rest, slow sips of water, energy foods, gentle stretching and massage. Heat stress occurs when the body is stressed but not overwhelmed. Symptoms include feeling very hot or having flushed skin, vigorous perspiration and headaches. Treat by taking a break and regular sips of water, and loosen clothing. Sufferers of heat stress should seek medical attention. OHT 8 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
OHT 9-10
Emphasise need for medical attention
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Heat exhaustion will eventually occur if physical exercise continues beyond endurance levels. Symptoms include faintness, pale face, clammy skin, loss of appetite and headaches. More serious symptoms include vomiting, confusion, shallow breathing and unconsciousness. Crews must assist sufferers of heat exhaustion by moving them away from the heat source, lying them in shade, giving them frequent drinks of water and sponging or spraying them with water. If the sufferer is unconscious lie them in the recovery position. Heat stroke is the least common but most severe form of heat illness. It can be irreversible and lead to death. Symptoms include high body temperature, red skin, unconsciousness, rapid pulse and breathing, and seizures. Treatment must be immediate and effective cooling is essential. Remove from the environment, remove clothing, sponge or spray with water, and fan or expose to wind Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Emphasise that urgent medical attention is required once more serious symptoms are noted.
Safety point
Emphasise that urgent medical attention is required for victims of heat stroke
Safety point
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Injuries related to lifting incorrectly: Lifting and moving heavy objects requires great care. Additional care should be taken in slippery conditions, when visibility is poor, and when sharp objects and mechanical devices are present. Injuries from lifting include abdominal hernias, back injuries, muscular and joint pain, and impact injuries. Before moving an object, consider its weight, size, shape, temperature and contents. When lifting, space feet apart, bend at the knees, keep the back straight and take a firm grip. Consider lifting objects in pairs or small groups. Demonstrate and have the participants practice safe lifting procedures with a variety of CFA equipment. OHT 11 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
A variety of CFA equipment
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Working on or around vehicles: Know the dimensions of the vehicle. Wear seat belt. Ensure all equipment is appropriately stowed. Do not ride on the back of the vehicle unless it is designed for that purpose or unless seated in ROPS. Mount and dismount using the steps and rails. OHT 12 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Demonstrate and have the participants practise the safe method for mounting and dismounting an appliance.
Appliance
Electricity: CFA attend various incidents where electricity is involved. For example, wildfires involving downed power lines or structure fires where the power supply has not been isolated. Power lines and electrical appliances must always be considered live until an electrical expert informs otherwise. The area surrounding an electrical hazard should be cordoned off and the appropriate authorities notified.
OHT 13
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Downed live lines will pass electricity through the objects it contacts. This includes passing electricity several meters through the ground surface. Do not approach within 8m of a downed live line. This distance should be increased if the ground is wet. Do not work under, apply water to, or park near live lines. OHT 14 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Traffic: Traffic movement around the incident scene can present a significant hazard. Park appliance in a defensive position to protect the crew. Cordon the area with traffic cones. If Police are at the scene they will be responsible for traffic control. Noise: Appropriate hearing protection should be worn at incident scenes involving high levels of noise. Move away from the noise source if possible. Hand signals can be used to assist with communication.
Demonstrate and have the participants practice the safe method of turning off a mains switch.
OHT 15
Demonstrate and have the participants practice appropriate hand signals.
Session 3: General incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Slippery surfaces: Appropriate footwear should be worn. Alternative routes may be investigated. Use ladders as temporary steps. Use absorbents. Working in darkness: Hazards can present additional difficulties at night. Carry light weight torches. Wear high visibility clothing and use portable and appliance lights. OHT 15 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
OHT 15
Section 2 Learning Strategy Session 4: Wildfire Hazards Time: 1 Hour Aids Introduce Session: Time
OHT 1
Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on the overhead. At the end of this session participants will be able to: Identify wildfire hazards, including radiant heat, changes in wind direction and typography, heavy machinery, chainsaws, mineshafts, falling debris, aircraft and foam. Implement control measures to eliminate/minimise the wildfire hazards.
OHT 2
Clarify participant understanding of objectives as required. Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session: Topics covered in this session: Radiant heat Changes in wind direction and typography Heavy machinery Chainsaws Mineshafts Falling debris Working near aircraft Foam Stimulate recall of prior/ prerequisite learning?: Remind the participants that many of the general hazards already discussed may be present at a wildfire. OHT 3
Session 4: Wildfire Hazards Enabling Objective: Identify wildfire hazards Instructional Method Using OHT 4: View the Radiant heat clip. Click in the middle of the black box to start the clip. Question the participants about the core content and safety issues. Using OHT 5: Support the discussion Using OHT 6: Reinforce the importance of distance. Use relevant CFA examples to provide emphasis. Using OHT 7:View the Taking refuge clip. Click in the middle of the black box to start the clip. Question the participants about the core content. Using OHT 8 - 9: Explain the procedures for taking refuge in a vehicle and an appliance. Emphasise that firefighters should not place themselves in situations requiring refuge. Activity: Demonstrate and practice taking refuge in a tanker, on the back and in the cabin as appropriate. Make use of heat shielding, (including heat reflective blinds where fitted to tanker ROPS and cabin windows) and spray systems where fitted
Time: Practice/Feedback Assessment Provide a variety of incident scenes (photographs) and have them identify the hazards, symptoms, and recommended control measures. Questions regarding survival techniques on foot and in a vehicle. Aids/Refs OHT 4
Content Points Radiant heat: The direct heat felt from the fire. As flame height increases so does the radiant heat. PPC only provides a degree of protection. The most effective protection is distance. Remain at least four times the height of the flame away for the fire. Take refuge behind a solid object, keep low and cover exposed skin. If taking refuge in a vehicle, leave the motor running, wind up the windows, close all vents, turn the fan and air conditioner (if fitted) on to recycle, turn the headlights on, get as low as possible, and cover up with a dry woollen blanket.
OHT 5
OHT 6
OHT 7
Safety point Dry activity
OHT 8 - 9
Appliance
Session 4: Wildfire Hazards Enabling Objective: Identify wildfire hazards Instructional Method Using OHT 10: Describe the impact that changes in wind and typography can have on a fire. Using OHT 11 and 12: View the Dead Man Zone clips (1 and 2). Ask the participants: What caught your attention? What can be learnt from the examples? How can you ensure that you are not caught in the Dead Man Zone? Using OHT 13: Summarise key points of Deadman zone clips Heavy machinery: Often in use at wildfires, for example bulldozers and tractors. Drivers may have restricted vision and hearing. Do not approach until contact with the driver is established and approval gained (using approved methods). Machinery can create intense amounts of dust and noise. Using OHT 14: Discuss the hazards presented by heavy machinery. OHT 13 Practice/Feedback Assessment Changes in wind direction and typography: Changes in wind direction and typography can have a major impact on a fires rate and direction of spread. Firefighter must be aware of these changes and ensure that they do not lead to entrapment. OHT 10 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
OHT 11 - 12
OHT 14
Session 4: Wildfire Hazards Enabling Objective: Identify wildfire hazards Instructional Method Using OHT 15:Discuss the hazards presented by chainsaws. Practice/Feedback Assessment Chainsaws: Should only be operated by those appropriately trained. When operating always wear PPC, including helmet, face shield, hearing protection, gloves, chaps, high visibility clothing and safety boots. Do not approach a chainsaw operator until you have established contact and gained approval. Mineshafts: Many areas are dotted with disused mine shafts. Often concealed by overgrowth. Falling debris: Debris can be released by strong winds, machinery or fire damage. Always wear PPC, including a helmet. Listen and react quickly. Look for dead trees or trees with burning limbs. OHT 15 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Using OHT 16: Discuss the hazards presented by mineshafts.
OHT 16
Using OHT 17:Discuss the hazards presented by falling debris.
OHT 17
Session 4: Wildfire Hazards Enabling Objective: Identify wildfire hazards Instructional Method Using OHT 18 and 19: Discuss the hazards presented by aircraft. Practice/Feedback Assessment Working near aircraft: Remain well clear during landing and take off. Wear eye and ear protection. Do not smoke within 30 metres. Approaching a helicopter: Stay in the pilots field of view. Approach in a crouch, after approval given by the pilot (using approve contact methods). Approach on the lowest slope. Be aware of ground irregularities. Remove headgear unless chin strapped. Carry equipment horizontally, firmly and below the waist. Fire bombing drop zones: Ensure you are well clear of drop zones. Maintain an awareness of aircraft operating in the area. If caught in a drop zone, secure hard hat, move away from the fire line, place hand tools well away, and watch for falling debris. If hit with retardant, wash it off with cold water as soon as possible. OHT 18 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
OHT 19
Session 4: Wildfire Hazards Enabling Objective: Identify wildfire hazards Instructional Method Using OHT 20: Discuss the hazards presented by working with foam. Practice/Feedback Assessment Foam: Concentrates and retardants can remove skin oils and cause rashes and should be handled with care. Never drink water from containers that have been used to store or move concentrates. Do not work with foam in poorly ventilated areas. When handling, wear gloves, a respirator and eye protection. Ensure container lids are tightly secures and drums are stored safely. Dispose of old drums responsibly. OHT 20 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Section 2 Learning Strategy Session 5: Alternative incident scene hazards Time: 30 Mins Aids OHT 1 Time
Introduce Session:
Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on the overhead. At the end of this session participants will be able to: Identify hazards at the alternative incident scenes attended by the CFA. Implement control measures to eliminate/minimise the hazards.
OHT 2
Clarify participant understanding of objectives as required. Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session: Topics covered in this session: Structure fire hazards Hazmat incident hazards Other incidents
OHT 3
Stimulate recall of prior/ prerequisite learning?:
Session 5: Alternative incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify hazards and mitigate risks at the alternative incident scenes attended by the CFA Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Provide a variety of incident scenes (photographs) and have them identify the hazards, symptoms, and recommended control measures. Time: Aids/Refs OHT 4
Content Points Structure fire hazards: Radiant heat. Electricity. Smoke and dust. Traffic. Structural collapse. Signs of collapse include cracks, movement of floor/roof, concave floors, walls out of alignment, steel distorting, and noise. Avoid blows to the structure, and direct water with care. If collapse is suspected, advise others in area and the Crew Leader. The area should be evacuated and cordoned off.
Using OHT 4: Remind the participants that many of the hazards already discussed may be present at a structure fire. Discuss structural collapse and have the participants suggest methods of eliminating the hazard.
Activity: Using OHT 5 - 6: Have the participants identify the hazards at the scene and use DRA to identify risks and a safer course of action.
OHT 5 - 6
Confirm that all hazards have been identified.
Session 5: Alternative incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify hazards and mitigate risks at the alternative incident scenes attended by the CFA Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment HAZMAT incident hazards: Hazard may be: Thermal injuries caused by extreme temperatures created by hazardous substances. Toxic injuries/illness caused by the inhalation, absorption or ingestion of hazardous substances. Corrosive injuries from contact with hazardous substances. Asphyxiant injuries/illness from hazardous substances reducing oxygen. Mechanical injuries from an explosion created by hazardous substances. Radiological injuries from sources of radiation. Biological injuries from bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts, and infections from bites and stings. Symptoms include rashes, weeping eyes, blurred vision, respiratory problems, lightheadedness and organ failure. Using OHT 7: Discuss the hazards presented by HAZMAT incidents. OHT 7 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Session 5: Alternative incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify hazards and mitigate risks at the alternative incident scenes attended by the CFA Instructional Method Using OHT 8: Discuss control measures. Emphasise need for caution, If in doubt do not approach. Practice/Feedback Assessment HAZMAT scene requires extreme care. Remain at a safe distance (70m buffer zone). Remain up wind and uphill, and monitor the wind for changes in direction.
Time: Aids/Refs OHT 8
Content Points
Safety point
Identify the material.
Ask participants: How they you identify whether materials are hazardous?
Assess the hazard.
If unsure whether materials pose a threat and you can see someone at the incident scene requires assistance, what should you do?
Review DRA 5 step process for assessing risk and determining appropriate course of action. Gas and splash suits
Wear appropriate PPC. Carry out appropriate decontamination procedures.
Show the participants gas and splash suits. Revise their limitations.
Session 5: Alternative incident scene hazards Enabling Objective: Identify hazards and mitigate risks at the alternative incident scenes attended by the CFA Instructional Method Using OHT 9: Briefly discuss the hazards presented by the incident types listed. Practice/Feedback Assessment Other incidents: Motor vehicle accidents. Hazards include spilt oil, sharp objects, fire and explosions and blood and biological hazards. Double glove, wear goggles, disconnect the battery and isolate the gas. Explosions. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, subsidence, storms and floods. Aircraft incidents. Incidents involving lifts, cranes & scaffolding. Incidents in snow. Incidents involving contaminated water. Training exercises. OHT 9 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Section 2 Learning Strategy Session 6: Hazard management considerations Time: 1 Hour Aids OHT 1 Time
Introduce Session:
Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on the overhead. At the end of this session participants will be able to: Identify the procedures for managing hazards at the incident scene. Monitor the effectiveness of implemented control measures. Provide assistance to crew members and identify and respond to instances of critical incident stress. Observe Occupational Health and Safety procedures.
OHT 2
Clarify participant understanding of objectives as required. Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session: Topics covered in this session: Procedures for managing hazards Monitoring hazards Assistance to crew Critical incident stress (CIS) Occupation Health and Safety Stimulate recall of prior/ prerequisite learning?: OHT 3
Session 6: Hazard management considerations Enabling Objective: Identify the procedures for managing hazards at the incident scene Instructional Method Using OHT 4 5 discuss the general procedures for managing hazards at the incident scene. Practice/Feedback Assessment Identify the general procedures for managing hazards. Time: Aids/Refs OHT 4 -5
Content Points Procedures for managing hazards: Requirements dependant on the circumstances at the incident scene. Implement DRA and risk assessment matrix. Wear appropriate levels of protective clothing. Participate in the operational briefing. Follow the instructions of the Crew Leader. Identify hazards: Visual inspections. Recognise hazard warnings.
Activity: Present examples of incident scene warning. Use CFA examples to add emphasis. Ask the participants: How would you respond to these warnings?
Incident scene warnings
Interview others at the scene.
Provide examples where information from the public assisted with the identification and reduction of a hazard. Identify the expert agencies commonly found at the incident scene. Explain how these agencies assist with the identification and reduction of hazards. Provide examples of SITREPs and databases and discuss how they assist with hazard identification and reduction. SITREPs
Seek expert advice.
Review SITREPs and databases.
Session 6: Hazard management considerations Enabling Objective: Identify the procedures for managing hazards at the incident scene Instructional Method Practice/Feedback Assessment Report all identified hazards to the Crew Leader and crew members. Verbal communication/radio Signals Secure the scene. Scene tape Operational zones Minimise impact on the environment. Including air, land and water. Identify control measures that minimise damage to the environment Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Provide examples of hand signals and warnings, and have them identify the meaning
Assistance to crew: Must consider how your actions will impact on the safety of others. This includes maintaining physical fitness. Should remain in regular contact with other crew members. Use appropriate signals, signals should be confirmed and acted on in a timely manner. Assistance should be given to crew members in danger whilst following safe working procedures and ensuring personal safety.
Using OHT 6: Discuss providing assistance to crew members. Use CFA examples to add emphasis. Identify the important considerations when providing assistance to crew members.
OHT 6 CFA examples
Session 6: Hazard management considerations Enabling Objective: Recognising and managing critical incident stress (CIS) Instructional Method Using OHT 7: discuss CIS. Practice/Feedback Assessment Critical incident stress (CIS): Those attending emergency situations, particularly those involving death or serious injury, can be placed under extreme stress. Signs of CIS Physical chills, fatigue, nausea, fainting, chest pain, headaches, elevated blood pressure and heart rate, visual difficulties, profuse sweating, and difficultly breathing. Cognitive confusion, nightmares, uncertainty, hyper vigilance, suspiciousness, reduced abstract thinking and attention span, and increased or decreased awareness. Emotional fear, guilt, grief, panic, denial, anxiety, agitation, depression, and inappropriate emotional responses. Behavioural withdrawal, antisocial acts, inability to rest, erratic movements, changing speech patterns or social activity, and increase alcohol or drug consumption. OHT 7 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Identify signs of CIS and treatments.
Session 6: Hazard management considerations Enabling Objective: Recognising and managing critical incident stress (CIS) Occupation Health and Safety procedures Instructional Method Emphasise that effects may not be apparent for months or even years. Practice/Feedback Assessment Reactions may not be immediate or obvious and crew members should keep an eye on each other. Treatments for CIS include limiting exposure to a traumatic scene, withdrawal from the scene, defusion/debriefing, counselling services, and referral to medical services. Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Provide the participants with CFA relevant CISM information.
CISM contact details
Occupation Health and Safety: OHS plays a vital role in ensuring that the workplace is safe. Under OHS, CFA are required to implement procedures to protect health, safety and welfare of employees. Under OSH, employees must undertake all work activities in a safe manner, look after the safety of others and wear appropriate PPC. Any breeches in safety in the workplace must be reported by the employer/employees to OHS representatives.
Using OHT 8 discuss OHS. identify the employee requirements under OHS.
OHT 8
Discuss procedures for reporting incidents and near misses.
Incident and near miss report forms
Session 6: Hazard management considerations Enabling Objective: Summary and revision Instructional Method Using OHT 9 - 16: Review the Dynamic Risk Assessment process and the Risk Assessment Matrix. Activity: Divide the participants into groups. For each of the incident scenes presented on the OHTs, have the groups conduct a dynamic risk assessment. Provide further incident details as required, for example identify their role at the incident scene. The dynamic risk assessment should include: Risk assessment matrix for planned actions. Identification of hazards. Identification of control measures. PPC and equipment used. Factors that can change the identified hazards. Have each group report its finding. Practice/Feedback Assessment Summary and revision OHT 9-16 Time: Aids/Refs
Content Points
Section 4 Session/Program Summary/Review:

Summary and review may be conducted using a combination of directed questioning techniques, practical activities and the summary/self assessment sections provided in participants learner manuals
Aids
Time
Learning Check: On the Job Practice: Support/Encouragement Techniques:
Written and practical assessment in the form of Skillspak for Wildfire Firefighting.
As specified by Brigade.
Brigade training personnel must take an active role in ensuring new firefighters are trained, mentored by competent, experienced personnel and are provided opportunities to develop and maintain the required skills.
Further Training: Program/ Unit Evaluation:
Refer to Brigade training officer or Regional HQ training manager.
Program and delivery will be evaluated using a CFA standard feedback sheet. Comments will be collated at brigade/regional level and fed back to HQ L&D for consideration and action..

Safety On The Fire Ground - Learning and Assessment Strategy

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Wildfire Firefighter Safety on the Fireground PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene PUAOHS002A Prevent Injury

Learning and Assessment Strategy

Version 1.0 26 April, 2006

Learning and Assessment Strategy

Safety on the Fireground Page 2 of 51

Learning and Assessment Strategy

Learning Materials Control Sheet

Contact for Enquiries and Proposed Changes

Phone Fax Email

(03) 9262 8310 (03) 9262 8576 t.duckmanton@cfa.vic.gov.au

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Element 3. Maintain personal safety. 3.1.

4. Contribute to maintaining safety of other work group members.

Impact of own actions on safety of others is recognised.

Contact is maintained at all times with other work group members.

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Learning and Assessment Strategy

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Learning and Assessment Strategy

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

PUAOHS002A Prevent Injury

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Element 3. Review effectiveness of hazard control procedures 3.1. 3.2. 3.3.

4. Participate in the implementation of OH&S in the workplace

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Learning and Assessment Strategy

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Competency Map: PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene

CFA required Underpinning Knowledge

1.1, 1.2, 1.3

1.1, 1.2, 1.3

All underpinning knowledge and skills covered

2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Competency Map: PUAFIR201A Prevent injury

CFA required Underpinning Knowledge

All underpinning knowledge and skills completed

1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5

2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7

3.1, 3.2, 3.3

4.1, 4.2, 4.3

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

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Learning and Assessment Strategy

Inform learners of Session enabling objectives:

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Learning and Assessment Strategy