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Sarah E. Morgan, Ph.D. School of Polymers and High Performance Materials University of Southern Mississippi
Small molecule fluids follow classical Newtonian fluid mechanics Polymers exhibit complex non-Newtonian flow behavior
Fluid
A substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress; includes gases, liquids and solids like polymers (under certain conditions)
Shear stress:
Stress: F/A Axial stress = (normal) Shear stress = F perpendicular to an area divided by area F parallel to an area divided by area
VISOCITY
Resistance to deformation or flow Internal resistance to flow or fluid friction
Viscoelastic Behavior
Solid responds to shear stress with elastic deformation when the stress is removed, it returns to its original shape Fluid responds to shear stress with continuous deformation or flow when the stress is removed, flow stops Polymer exhibits a viscoelastic response, with behavior of both a solid and a liquid
g = magnitude of strain or angle of deformation dg/dt = g = rate of deformation = rate of increase of angle = strain rate = shear rate
Dr. Sarah E. Morgan, Rheology Class Notes, 2013
F = frictional force that resists flow of layers past one another h = viscosity A = area of contact of layers dV/dy = velocity gradient = shear rate = (dx/dt)/dy t = F/A = shear stress . g = dV/dy = shear rate . h = t/g
Newtonian Fluid: plot of shear stress vs shear rate yields a straight line with slope = viscosity
Dr. Sarah E. Morgan, Rheology Class Notes, 2013
Newtonian Fluid
Shear Stress, t
Slope = h
Shear Rate, g
Newtonian Fluid
Viscosity
Shear Rate, g
SI UNITS Length Mass Time Temp. Plane Angle Acceleration Angular Velocity Density Energy Force Power Pressure Velocity
called Viscosity)
1000 mPa s (millipascal seconds) 1000 cP (centipoise) 10 P (poise) 10 dyne sec/ cm2 1 kg/m s 1.45 x 10-4 psi sec
Kinematic Viscosity 1 m2/sec = 1 x 106 centistokes 10,000 stokes 1 x 106 mm2/sec 10.76 ft2/sec
Kinematic Viscosity has same units as diffusion coefficient in mass transfer and thermal diffusivity in heat transfer.
For more units see: http://www.onlineconversion.com/viscosity.htm
Flow Curves for Newtonian and Simple Non-Newtonian Fluids with Increasing and Decreasing Shear Rate
Bingham Fluid (yield stress fluid) High Viscosity Newtonian Pseudoplastic Fluid
Shear Stress, t
Dilatant Fluid
Shear Rate, g
Shear Stress
Bingham Fluids
Dilatant
Viscosity
Newtonian
Pseudoplastic
Shear Rate, g
Dr. Sarah E. Morgan, Rheology Class Notes, 2013
Thixotropic viscosity decreases with time at constant shear rate: some suspensions with particulates and polymer molecules, such as paint, cosmetic formulations Rheopectic viscosity increases with time at constant shear rate: some lubricants
Viscoelastic Behavior
Viscous Fluid
Deforms continuously
Viscoelastic Fluid
Elastic Solid
Returns to original shape when stress removed
Die Swell
http://web.mit.edu/nnf/research/phenomena/Demos.pdf
Weissenberg Effect
Silly Putty
chemistry.about.com
blog.modernmechanix.com
NRe
D Vav r m
4 r Q mD
NRe = dimensionless Reynolds number D = diameter of circular pipe Vav = average velocity of fluid r = density of fluid m = viscosity of fluid Q = volumetric flow rate
NRe
D Vav r m
2
4 r Q mD
2
D 2
Vav S
NRe = dimensionless Reynolds number D = diameter of circular pipe Vav = average velocity of fluid r = density of fluid m = viscosity of fluid Q = volumetric flow rate
Dr. Sarah E. Morgan, Rheology Class Notes, 2013
NRe
D Vav r m
4 r Q mD
NRe
NRe < 2100, flow is laminar NRe > 4000, flow is turbulent NRe = 2100 4000, transition region
Understanding of rheology is important for: Polymer melt and solution processing Polymer reaction processes Polymer formulation Polymer fabrication